Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics
- A branch of science that deals with the study of water and other fluids that are at rest or in
motion.
Fundamental Properties of Fluids

Fluids are substances capable of flowing, having particles that easily move and change their position
without separation of mass. Fluids offer practically no resistance to changing the form. They readily
conform to the shape of the solid body with which they come in contact.
Distinction Between a Gas and a Liquid.

A liquid has a free surface and given the mass of the liquid occupies only a given volume in a container,
whereas gas does not have a free surface and given mass occupies all portions of any container regardless
of its shape and size.
Properties of Fluids
1. Unit Weight, (ω) – the weight of a unit volume of fluid. It also represents the force exerted by
N kN
gravity on a unit volume of fluid. It is expressed in 3 . ωwater = 9.81 3 .
m m
W
γ=
V
kg
2. Mass Density, (ρ) – the mass per unit volume of fluid. In SI density will be 3 which may also
m
4
N −s kg m
be expressed in 4 . ρh20 = 1000 3 . ρ = .
m m v
Relation Between Unit weight and Density
ω
ρ= ω=ρ g
g
where:
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
3. Specific Volume, (Vs) – is the volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid commonly applied to
gasses. Specific Volume is the reciprocal of density. Vs = 1 / ρ .
4. Specific Gravity (Sp. Gr) –the ratio of the density or unit weight of the fluid to that of pure water
@ 4degC.
Sp .Gr (fluid ) ρ (fluid ) γ (fluid )
=¿ ¿ Sp. Gr H20 = 1.0
Sp . Gr (H 20) ρ(H 20) γ (H 20)
Sample Problem
1. The unit weight of water at ordinary temperature & pressure is 9.81kN/m 3. If the specific gravity
of mercury is 13.6, compute the density of water, unit weight and density of mercury.
2. If a certain gasoline weighing 7000 N/m3. What are the values of its density, specific volume and
specific gravity gas to water.
3. A quart of water weighs 4.08lb. Compute the following:
i. Mass in Slugs, ii. Mass in kg, iii. Volume in cu,ft.
4. A 10m dia. Cylindrical tank has a height of 5m and full of water at 20degC. (unit weight of water
= 9.789kN/m3). If the water is heated to a temperature of 50deg.C (unit weight of water =
9.689kN/m3),
i. Compute the weight of water
ii. What is the final volume when heated to a temp 50deg.C
iii. Determine the volume of the tank of water that will spill over the edge of the tank.
Viscosity – is a measure of fluid resistance to shearing stress. Water is less viscous fluid whereas glycerin;
heavy oils and molasses are liquid having comparatively high viscosities. The viscosity of a fluid
decreases with increasing temperature. The unit of viscosity which is also known as absolute or dynamic
4
n−s
viscosity is express in 2
m
μ
Kinematic Viscosity v, is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to the mass density. v=
ρ
Viscosity can be measured by the use of an instrument called viscosimeter.
Vapor Pressure
All liquid has the tendency to vaporized or to changes from liquid to solid state to gaseous state, that is
due mainly the continual projection of molecules into space above the liquid surface and gas molecules. It
confined in a close space which are capable of exerting pressure since the pressure is primarily dependent
on the molecular activities of vapored liquid, if will increase with increasing temperature.
Principle of Hydrostatic Pressure
A. Unit Pressure P
Is the intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid
Is the amount of force per unit area.
F
P=
A
Where:
P = Pressure, N/m2, Pa
F = Force Applied, N
A = Unit Area where the force being applied, m2
Sample Problem
1. Determine the pressure on the face of a dam at 12m below the liquid surface of the water.
2. An open tank contains 3m of water and 0.60m of oil (Sp. Gr (oil) = 0.85). Find the pressure at the
interface between the liquids @ the bottom of the tank.
3. From the figure shown, determine the pressure at the oil surface of liquid and at the bottom of the
tank.
Relative and Absolute Pressure

The intensity of pressure measured above absolute zero is called absolute pressure usually pressure
gauges are designed to measure intensities of the pressure above or below the atmospheric pressure as
base. Pressure measured are called relative or gauge Pressure. Negative Pressure indicate the amount of
vacuum and its gauge value is the amount by which it is below the of the atmospheric. At sea level under
normal condition, the atmospheric pressure amounts to 101.325 which is equivalent to 760mm of
mercury.
Pabsolute = Pgauge + Patmospheric
Sample Problem
1. Determine the absolute pressure in the vessel containing mercury (Sg = 13.6) at a point 8m below
the liquid surface.
2. In the figure shown, if the atmospheric pressure is 101.3kPA and the absolute pressure at the
bottom of the tank is 231kPA, determine the specific gravity of olive oil.

Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Mechanics

Fundamental Properties of Fluids

Distinction Between a Gas and a Liquid.

Viscosity can be measured by the use of an instrument called viscosimeter.

Relative and Absolute Pressure

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