Module 1 Introduction to Hydraulics

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO HYDRAULICS

Introduction
This module will discuss the different fluid properties which is extremely important in
several areas of engineering.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, the students must be able to:
1. Know the three branches of hydraulics and their differences with each other.
2. Identify the different fluid properties.
2. Solve problems involving fluid properties.

INTRODUCTION TO HYDRAULICS
The term hydraulics is generally used to specify that branch of mechanics which is
concerned with the laws controlling the behavior of water and other liquids in the states of rest
and motion.

Branches of Hydraulics
1. Hydrostatics: Study of liquids at rest.
2. Hydrokinetics: Deals with the geometry of motion without considering the forces causing
that motion.
3. Hydrodynamics: Deals with the forces exerted by or upon liquids in motion including
relations between velocities and acceleration involved in such fluid motion.

Properties of Fluids
1. Weight, W

It is defined as the earth’s gravitational pull upon a body. The dimension or unitis
Newton (N) in SI.
The basic relation between the weight and the mass of the body is:

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Where g= 9.81 m/s2, the acceleration of gravity at sea level.

2. Mass, M
It is defined as the quantitative measure of the amount of matter in a given body.
The dimension or units for the mass in the SI units is the kilogram (Kg) which is the base
unit.
The basic relation between the weight and the mass of the body is

Where g= 9.81 m/s2, the acceleration of gravity at sea level

3. Density, ρ
It is defined as the mass of fluid contained in a unit volume. The unit or
dimension of density in SI is kg/m3.

𝑴
𝝆 =
𝑽

𝜸
𝝆=
𝒈

4. Specific Weight, γ
It is defined as the weight of fluid contained in a unit volume. The unit or
dimension is Newton per cubic meter (N/m3) .

𝑾
𝜸 =
𝑽

𝜸 = 𝝆𝒈

𝑷𝒈
𝜸 =
𝑹𝑻

Where: P- absolute pressure in Pa

R- gas constant in N-m/ kg-K
T- absolute temperature in Kelvin (K= °C + 273)

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5. Specific Gravity, s
It is defined as the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of the water
or the ratio of the specific weight of the substance to the specific weight of the water.
It is defined as the dimensionless ratio of the specific weight w or density ρ of a
fluid to the specific weight w or density ρ of water.

𝜸𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅
𝒔 =
𝜸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

6. Specific Volume, v
It is defined as the volume per unit mass of the fluid. The dimension is m3/ kg.

7. Viscosity
It is defined as that property of a fluid which determines the amount of its
resistance to a shearing stress or tensile stress.
For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness". For example,
honey has a much higher viscosity than water.
This property is basically due to cohesion and interaction among fluid molecules
and, when there is motion, these affects appear as shear stress between moving fluid
layers.
a. Dynamic or Absolute Viscosity or Coefficient of Viscosity, μ
The numerical value of μ is expressed in Newton-second per square meter (N-
2
s/m ) or Pascal-second (Pa-s).

𝐹𝑇
𝜇 =
𝐿2

Where:
F, T and L - force, time and length respectively.
Note: Pouiseuille and Reynolds have developed a

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practical formula for the determination of of μ for

water

𝟏. 𝟕𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝝁 = 𝑷𝒂 − 𝒔
𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟔𝟖𝑻 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟏𝑻𝟐
where T is the temperature of water in °C.

b. Kinematic Viscosity, ν
Define as the ratio of the viscosity to the density, μ /ρ

𝝁
𝝂 =
𝝆

𝑳𝟐
𝞶 =
𝑻
The numerical value is square meter per second (m2/s)
8. Cohesion
The property of fluid which enables it to resist tensile stress.

9. Adhesion
The property of fluid which enables it to adhere to another body.

10. Surface Tension, δ

The noticeable tension effects between the liquid molecules of two liquids in
contact.

𝑷𝒅
𝜹 =
𝟒

Where:
P – pressure in Pa or N/m2
d- diameter in m
The dimension is N/m.

11. Capillarity
A phenomenon which arises when surfaces of liquids come in contact with
vertical solid surfaces.
When cohesion has greater effect than adhesion, the liquid surface will be
depressed at the point of contact.
If adhesion predominates, the liquid will wet the solid surface with which

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it is in contact and rise at the point of contact.

To determine the capillary rise (or depression) h

𝟐𝛅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
𝐡 =
𝛄𝐫
where:
r- inside radius of the tube in m
γ- unit weight of the liquid in N/m3
θ – angle of contact

12. Vapor Pressure

All liquids have the tendency to vaporize or to change from the liquid state into
the gaseous state.
This is due mainly to the continual projection of molecules into the space above
the liquid surface and these gas molecules if confined in a closed space is capable of
exerting a pressure called vapor pressure.

Example 1.1
The specific weight of water at ordinary pressure and temperature is 9.81 KN/m3. The
specific gravity of mercury is 13.6. Compute the density of water and the specific weight of
mercury.
Given:
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 9.81 𝐾𝑁/𝑚3
𝑆𝐻𝑔 = 13.6

Required:
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ?
𝛾𝐻𝑔 = ?

Solution:
a. 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = (𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟) 𝑔
𝑁 𝑚
9810 3
= 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (9.81 2 )
𝑚 𝑠
𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚
9810 𝑠2
𝑚 3
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚
9.81 2
𝑠
𝒌𝒈
𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒎𝟑

b. 𝜸𝑯𝒈 = 𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 (𝑺𝑯𝒈 ) (𝒈)

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𝒌𝒈 𝒎
𝜸𝑯𝒈 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑
(𝟏𝟑. 𝟔) (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟐 )
𝒎 𝒔

𝒌𝒈 − 𝒎
𝜸𝑯𝒈 = 𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟏𝟔 𝒔𝟐
𝒎𝟑

𝑵
𝜸𝑯𝒈 = 𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟏𝟔
𝒎𝟑

Example 1.2
A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1200 kg and a volume of 0.952 m 3. Find the
glycerin’s weight, mass density, specific weight and specific gravity.
Given:
M = 1200 kg
V= 0.952 m3

Required:
𝑊 =?
𝜌 =?
𝛾 =?
𝑠 =?
Solution:
a. 𝑾 = 𝑴𝒈

𝑚
𝑊 = 1200 𝑘𝑔 ( 9.81 )
𝑠2

𝒌𝒈 − 𝒎
𝑾 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝑵
𝒔𝟐

𝑀
b. 𝜌 = 𝑉

1200 𝑘𝑔
𝜌 =
0.952 𝑚3

𝒌𝒈
𝝆 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟒
𝒎𝟑

c. 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
𝑘𝑔 𝒎
𝛾 = 1260.504 3
( 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟐 )
𝑚 𝒔

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𝒌𝒈 − 𝒎
𝒔𝟐 𝑵
𝜸 = 𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟔𝟓. 𝟓𝟓 𝟑
𝒐𝒓 𝟑
𝒎 𝒎

𝜌𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛
d. 𝑠 = 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑘𝑔
1260.504 3
𝑠 = 𝑚
𝑘𝑔
1000 3
𝑚
𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔

Example 1.3
A 10 m diameter cylindrical tank has a height of 5 m and full water at 20 C (unit weight of
water= 9.789 kN/𝑚3 )If the water is heated to a temperature of 50 C (unit weight of water = 9.689
kN/𝑚3 )
a. Compute the weight of water
b. What is the final volume of water when heated to a temp. of 50 C
c. Determined the volume of water that will spill over the edge of the tank

Solution:
a. Weight of water
Vtank= (𝜋/4)(10)2 (5)
Vtank= 392.70 𝑚3

𝑊
𝛾 =
𝑉𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
𝑘𝑁 𝑊
9.789 3
=
𝑚 392.70𝑚3
W= 3844.14 KN

b. Final volume when heated a temp of 50 Cº and the unit weight is 9.689 kN/𝑚3
𝑊
𝛾 =
𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝑘𝑁 3844.14 𝑘𝑁
9.689 =
𝑚3 𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙

Vfinal = 396.75 𝒎𝟑

c. Volume of water spilled

𝑉𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 = 𝑉𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 − 𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑉𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 = 396.75𝑚3 − 392.70𝑚3

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𝑽𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 =4.05𝒎𝟑

Exercises
1. A 1 m x 1 m board that weighs 28 N slides down an inclined ramp (slope = 25°) with a velocity
of 2.1 cm/s. The board is separated from the ramp by a thin film of oil with a viscosity of
0.05 N-s/m . Neglecting edge effects, calculate the space between the board and the ramp.
2

2. A pressure of 2 x 10 N/m is applied to a mass of water that initially filled a 2000 cm container.
6 2 3

Estimate its volume after the pressure is applied.

3. Water is at 20°C, and the pressure is lowered until bubbles are noticed to be forming. What must
be the magnitude of the pressure?
4. To what height of the reservoir level will water (@ 20°C) rise in a glass tube as shown below if
the diameter of the tube is 1.6mm?

5. Air at standard sea-level pressure (p=101 kN/m ) has a temperature of 4°C. What is the density of
2

air?

6. Carbon tetrachloride with a mass of 500 kg is place in container with 0.325 𝑚 3 in volume .
a. Calculate its density
b. Calculate its specific weight
c. Determined also its weight
7. A certain liquid has a unit weight of 56 kN//𝑚 3 .
a. Compute the mass density
b. Compute its specific volume
c. Compute its specific gravity
8. An object has specific weight of 2.23 kN/𝑚 3 . Compute the following:
a. Mass density
b. Mass if the volume is 0.001 𝑚 3
c. Specific volume
9. The unit weight of water at 50 F is 62.4 pcf. If the volume of the vessel that contains water is 3.50
𝑓𝑡 3
a. What will the change in its volume when it is heated to 160 F (Unit weight of pcf. At 160
F)
b. Compute the percentage change in volume
c. What weight of water must be removed to maintain the original volume ?
10. A gas having a volume of 40 liters has a pressure of 0.24 Mpa at 24 C If the gas constant R is
equal to 212 M.N/kg.k compute
a. Density of gas
b. Mass of the gas
c. Weight of the gas

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