ISO 12215-7 2020 (En)

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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12215-7
First edition
2020-11
Small craft — Hull construction and

scantlings —
Part 7:
Determination of loads for multihulls
and of their local scantlings using
ISO 12215-5
Petits navires — Construction de la coque et échantillonnage —
Partie 7: Détermination des charges des multicoques et de leur
échantillonnage local en utilisant l'ISO 12215-5
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ISO 12215-7:2020(E)
© ISO 2020
Licensed to Al Seer Marine / elavarasan muruganantham (elavarasan@alseermarine.ae)
ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

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ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Contents Page
Foreword...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4 Symbols........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
5 Application of this document................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.1 Materials........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
5.2 Limitations................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.3 Overall procedure for the application of this document...................................................................................... 7
6 Main dimensions, data and areas......................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.1 Dimensions and data.......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.1.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.1.2 Bottom deadrise of the hulls βx and chine beam BCx of planing multihulls.................. 7
6.1.3 Wet deck bottom............................................................................................................................................................... 8
6.1.4 Crossbeams............................................................................................................................................................................ 8
6.2 Areas.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
7 Dimensions and pressure for panels and stiffeners under local loads.....................................................14
7.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
7.2 Example of application on multihulls................................................................................................................................ 14
7.2.1 Sections.................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
7.2.2 Details on panel assessment and dimensions...................................................................................... 16
7.2.3 The constant averaged pressure method................................................................................................. 16
7.2.4 Other assessment and dimensioning methods.................................................................................... 17
7.2.5 Panels acting as "natural" stiffeners............................................................................................................. 17
7.3 Other topics on panel or stiffener dimensions.......................................................................................................... 17
8 Local pressure-adjusting factors.......................................................................................................................................................17
9 Local design pressures.................................................................................................................................................................................24
9.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
9.2 Limits of areas....................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
9.3 Tables defining the local design pressures for multihulls............................................................................... 24
9.4 Design pressure for trimaran floats PTRFx .................................................................................................................... 27
9.4.1 Pressure reduction factors.................................................................................................................................... 27
9.4.2 Pressure................................................................................................................................................................................. 27
9.5 Design pressure on watertight bulkheads and integral tanks..................................................................... 27
10 Further treatment of structural elements subject to local loads.....................................................................27
11 Assessment of multihulls rudders, appendages and their wells......................................................................28
12 Multihull global loads....................................................................................................................................................................................28
12.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
12.2 Typical structural arrangements........................................................................................................................................... 28
12.3 Global load assessment.................................................................................................................................................................. 30
12.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
12.3.2 The simplified method.............................................................................................................................................. 30
12.3.3 The enhanced method............................................................................................................................................... 31
12.4 Design stresses under global loads..................................................................................................................................... 32
12.5 Global load case GLC1: Diagonal load in quartering sea................................................................................... 32
12.6 Global load case GLC 2: Rig loads.......................................................................................................................................... 33
12.7 Combination of diagonal load GLC 1 and rig load GLC 2 for sailing multihulls............................. 33
12.8 Global load case GLC 3: Asymmetric broaching loads in sailing multihulls..................................... 33
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

12.9 Global load case GLC 4: Longitudinal broaching/pitchpoling...................................................................... 34

12.9.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
12.9.2 Full method of analysis of the buoyancy load when the craft pitchpoles..................... 35
12.10 Global load case GLC 5: Longitudinal force on one hull..................................................................................... 36
12.10.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
12.10.2 Longitudinal force......................................................................................................................................................... 36
12.11 Global load case GLC 6: Bending of crossbeams connecting hulls for motor catamarans... 37
13 Structural arrangement for supporting global loads...................................................................................................38
14 Multihulls used as commercial craft and workboats....................................................................................................38
15 Information to be included in the owner's manual........................................................................................................38
15.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
15.2 Respect of maximum loaded displacement.................................................................................................................. 38
15.3 Operational guidance...................................................................................................................................................................... 38
15.4 Information to take care of sandwich plating............................................................................................................ 38
15.5 Information required by Annex J of ISO 12215-5:2019 - for commercial craft and
workboat.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Annex A (informative) Application sheet of ISO 12215-7.............................................................................................................39
Annex B (informative) "Established practice" recommendations for global loads
assessment using FEM methods and reporting..................................................................................................................41
Annex C (informative) "Established practice" details.......................................................................................................................43
Annex D (informative) Technical background and example of torsional moment analysis
with differential deflection of crossbeams.............................................................................................................................51
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 58
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/
iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 188, Small craft.
A list of all parts in the ISO 12215 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Introduction
The reason underlying the preparation of this document is that standards and recommended
practices for loads on the hull and the dimensioning of small craft differ considerably, thus limiting the
general worldwide acceptability of boat scantlings. This document has been set towards the minimal
requirements of the current practice.
The dimensioning according to this document is regarded as reflecting current practice, provided
the craft is correctly handled in the sense of good seamanship and operated at a speed appropriate
to the prevailing sea state in a safe and responsible manner, having due cognisance of the prevailing
conditions.
Implementation of this document allows to achieve an overall structural strength that ensures the
watertight and weathertight integrity of the craft. This document is intended to be a tool to determine
the scantlings of a craft as per minimal requirements. It is not intended to be a structural design
procedure.
The mechanical property data supplied as default values in this document make no explicit allowance
for deterioration in service nor provide any guarantee that these values can be obtained for any
particular craft.
Like the other parts of ISO 12215, this document was developed to assess the structure of recreational
craft up to 24 m LH, but it can also be used, where relevant, for non-recreational craft, workboats or
yachts with an IMO load line length of up to 24 m, with the necessary critical mind.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12215-7:2020(E)
Small craft — Hull construction and scantlings —

Part 7:
Determination of loads for multihulls and of their local
scantlings using ISO 12215-5
1 Scope
This document defines the dimensions, local design pressures and global loads acting on multihull
craft with a hull length (LH) or load line length of up to 24 m (see Note). It considers all parts of the
craft that are assumed watertight or weathertight when assessing stability, freeboard and buoyancy in
accordance with ISO 12217 (all parts). Scantlings corresponding to the local design pressures are then
assessed using ISO 12215-5.
NOTE The load line length is defined in the OMI "International Load Lines Convention 1966/2005", it can
be smaller than LH for craft with overhangs. This length also sets up at 24 m the lower limit of several IMO
conventions.
This document is applicable to multihulls built from the same materials as in ISO 12215-5, in intact
condition, and of the two following types:
— recreational craft, including recreational charter vessels;
— commercial craft and workboats.
It is not applicable to multihull racing craft designed only for professional racing.
This document is applicable to the structures supporting windows, portlights, hatches, deadlights
and doors.
For the complete scantlings of the craft, this document is intended to be used in conjunction with
ISO 12215-8 for rudders, ISO 12215-9 for appendages of sailing craft and ISO 12215-10 for rig loads and
rig attachment in sailing craft. ISO 12215-6 can be used for additional details.
Throughout this document, unless otherwise specified, dimensions are in (m), areas in (m2), masses
in (kg), forces in (N), moments in (Nm), Pressures in (kN/m2) (1 kN/m2 = 1 kPa), stresses and elastic
modulus in (N/mm2) (1 N/mm2 = 1 MPa).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 8666:2020, Small craft — Principal data
ISO 12215-5:2019, Small craft — Hull construction and scantlings — Part 5: Design pressures for monohulls,
design stress, scantlings determination
ISO 12215-8:2009, Small craft — Hull construction and scantlings — Part 8: Rudders
ISO 12215-9:2012, Small craft — Hull construction and scantlings — Part 9: Sailing craft appendages
ISO 12215-10:2020, Small craft — Hull construction and scantlings — Part 10: Rig loads and rig
attachments in sailing craft
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 1

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

ISO 12217-1:2015, Small craft — Stability and buoyancy assessment and categorization — Part 1: Non-
sailing boats of hull length greater than or equal to 6 m
ISO 12217-2:2015, Small craft — Stability and buoyancy assessment and categorization — Part 2: Sailing
boats of hull length greater than or equal to 6 m
ISO 12217-3:2015, Small craft — Stability and buoyancy assessment and categorization — Part 3: Boats of
hull length less than 6 m
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://w ww.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://w ww.electropedia.org/
3.1
multihull
craft with two or more hulls with a connecting wet deck (3.8)/crossbeams above the loaded waterline,
as opposed to a tunnel boat or scow
Note 1 to entry: See Clause 6 and Figure 2 for the main dimensions of a multihull.
3.2
design categories
description of the sea and wind conditions for which a craft is assessed to be suitable
Note 1 to entry: The design categories are defined in ISO 12217 (all parts).
Note 2 to entry: The definitions of the design categories are in line with the European Recreational Craft Directive
2013/53/EU.
[SOURCE: ISO 12215-5:2019, 3.1.]

3.3
loaded displacement
mLDC
mass of water displaced by the craft, including all appendages, when in fully loaded ready for use
condition
Note 1 to entry: The fully loaded ready for use condition is further defined in ISO 8666.
[SOURCE: ISO 12215-5:2019, 3.2.]

3.4
mass in minimum operating conditions
mOC
mass of the craft in minimum operating condition
Note 1 to entry: The minimum operating condition is further defined in ISO 8666.
3.5
sailing craft
craft for which the primary means of propulsion is wind power
Note 1 to entry: It is further defined in ISO 8666.
Note 2 to entry: In this document, non-sailing craft are considered as motor craft.
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

[SOURCE: ISO 12215-5:2019, 3.3.]

3.6
beam of hull
BH
beam across the outer hulls
Note 1 to entry: The measurement of the beam of hulls is specified in ISO 8666.
3.7
chine beam
BC
beam at chine of planing hulls
Note 1 to entry: It is further characterized in 6.1.2.
3.8
wet deck
underside area of the structure connecting hulls with an area greater than 5 % LH BH
Note 1 to entry: Some multihulls (3.1) have no wet deck but just crossbeams. i.e. connecting beams.
3.9
craft speed
V
for motor craft, maximum speed in calm water and mLDC condition that is declared by the manufacturer,
expressed in knots
[SOURCE: ISO 12215-5:2019, 3.6.]
3.10
displacement craft
motor craft whose speed is such that V < 5 LWL
[SOURCE: ISO 12215-5:2019, 3.7, modified - the definition is reworded.]
3.11
displacement mode
mode of running of a motor craft in the sea such that its mass is mainly supported by buoyancy forces
Note 1 to entry: This is the case where the actual speed in a seaway in mLDC condition is such that its speed/
length ratio makes the craft behave as a displacement craft (3.10).
[SOURCE: ISO 12215-5:2019, 3.8, modified - in the definition, "craft" is replaced with "motor craft".]
3.12
planing craft
motor craft whose speed is such that V ≥ 5 LWL
Note 1 to entry: This speed/length ratio limit has been arbitrarily set up in this document, but it can vary from
one craft to another according to hull shape and other parameters.
[SOURCE: ISO 12215-5:2019, 3.9, modified - the definition is reworded.]

3.13
planing mode
mode of running of a motor craft in the sea such that a significantly part of its mass is supported by
forces coming from dynamic lift due to speed in the water
Note 1 to entry: A planing craft (3.12) in calm water runs in planing mode, but it can be obliged to significantly
reduce its speed when the sea gets worse, running in that case in displacement mode (3.11).

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

[SOURCE: ISO 12215-5:2019, 3.10, modified - the definition slightly reworded and "craft" replaced with
"motor craft".]
3.14
non-walking area
area of the craft comprising those areas defined in the owner's manual as being both outside of the
working deck and where people are not liable to stand or walk in normal or emergency operation, and
those of the working deck of a multihull (3.1) with an inclination of more than 25° against the horizontal
in the longitudinal and transverse directions
Note 1 to entry: All other areas of the working deck, cockpit bottom and superstructures are deemed to be
walking areas.
4 Symbols
Unless specifically otherwise defined, the symbols shown in Table 1 are used in this document. The
symbols are shown by group type and in alphabetical order.
Unless otherwise specified, all dimensions, measured in mLDC condition, are according to ISO 12217.
Table 1 — Symbols, dimensions, factors, parameters

Reference/
Symbol Unit Designation/Meaning of symbol Clause
concerned
General dimensions and data
6.1, Fig 2 &
BBH m Beam between hulls as defined in Table 4
Annex D
6.1.1, Fig 1 &
BC m Chine beam at 0,4 LWL from the origin used for kDYNM1 and P BMUP BASE
Table 7
6.1, 12.5 &
BCB m Beam between centres of buoyancy
Fig 2
BCP m Beam between upper shrouds chainplates Annex B
B WDx m Beam at the inside of wet deck/beam connection with hulls at section x 6.1.3 & Fig 2
BH m Beam of hull according to 3.6 6.1 & Fig 2
BnOHi m Beam at overhang root, n = F(fwd) M(mid), A(Aft), and i = H(Hull), F(Float) Table 11, Fig 9
LnOHi m Length of overhang, n = F(fwd) M(mid), A(Aft), and i = H(Hull), F(Float) Table 11, Fig 9
DROH m Depth of hull at overhang root Table 11, Fig 9
DWL Design Waterline plan or section 6.1.3, Figure 2
hSIDEx m Height of mid panel of cockpit side or stiffener below overflow level Table 5 it. 10
HSUPx m Height of mid panel or stiffener above the lesser of ZSDTMx or ZSDAMx Table 5 it. 10
LC i m Length of crossbeam i Table 11, Fig 9
LBB m Length between main beams centre of inertia Annex B & C
LH m Length of hull 1
LFLOAT m Length of a trimaran float 9.4 & Fig 9
LWL m Length of waterline Fig 2
mLDC kg Mass of craft in fully loaded condition 3.3, 9
mMO kg Mass in minimum operating condition 3.4, 11
TC m Max canoe body draught (see Figure 2) Fig 2, 9.3
V Knots Craft maximum speed in mLDC condition 3.9, Table 5 it. 2
Panels, stiffeners and local dimensions and data
AD m2 Panel or stiffener supported area Table 5 it. 9

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Table 1 (continued)
Reference/
concerned
b mm Small unsupported dimension of panel plating Table 5 it. 9
l mm Large unsupported dimension of panel plating Table 5 it. 9
s mm Stiffener spacing (small unsupported dimension of stiffener) Table 5 it. 9
Stiffener length: long unsupported dimension of stiffener (frame/
lu mm Table 5 it. 9
stringer)
Qx Point at section x where the pressure is assessed Figures 2 & 3
Tx m Local canoe body draught at section x (see Figure 2) Fig 2
x m Distance of a section x from aft of LWL Fig 2, 9.3
ZQx m Height of point QX above DWL at section x Fig 2, 9.3
ZTx m Height of local canoe body above DWL at section x (usually <0) Fig 2, 9.3
ZCx m Height of local hard chine above DWL at section x for planing craft Fig 2, 9.3
ZSDAFx m Height of actual side/deck limit for trimaran float at section x Fig 2, Table 4
ZSDTMx m Height above DWL of the theoretical side/deck limit at section x Fig 2, Table 3
ZSDAMx m Height above DWL of the actual side/deck limit at section x Fig 2, Table 3
ZWDTx m Height above DWL of the theoretical wet deck height at section x Fig 2, 9.3
ZWDAx m Height above DWL of the actual height of wet deck at section x Fig 2, 9.3
αLSx, α TSx, Degree Longitudinal and transverse angle of superstructure at section x Fig 2, Table 5
αLWDx Longitudinal slope angle against horizontal of wet deck or deck/cross-
Degree Fig 8, Table 5 it 9
αLDx, beam at section x
βx Degree Deadrise at section x, of planing craft, not to be taken <30° nor >60° Fig 2, 9.3
β0,4 Degree Deadrise of planing craft at section x/LWL = 0,4, Fig 2, 9.3
Calculation data, factors, etc.
kAR 1 Area pressure distribution factor Table 5 it. 9
kBWD 1 Wet deck transverse pressure distribution factor Table 5 it. 6
kDC 1 Design category factor Table 5 it. 1
kDRx 1 Deadrise pressure reduction factor for planing multihulls in planing mode Table 5 it. 8
kDYNM g’s Dynamic load factor for multihulls, see Figure 4 Table 5 it. 2
kLDMx 1 Deck longitudinal pressure distribution factor for multihulls Table 5, Fig 4
kLMx 1 Side longitudinal pressure distribution factor for multihulls Table 5, Fig 3
kLMTx 1 Side longitudinal pressure distribution factor for trimaran float 9.4.1
kDLMTx 1 Deck longitudinal pressure distribution factor for trimaran float 9.4.1
kLWDx 1 Wet deck longitudinal pressure distribution factor Table 5, Fig 5
kSUPx 1 Superstructure/deckhouse pressure distribution factor for multihulls Table 5 it. 10
kSx 1 Slope factor respectively kSDx or kSDx for deck and wet deck, see Figure 8 Table 5 it. 11
k ZDMx 1 Vertical pressure correction for deck where ZSDAMx < ZSDTMx Table 6 it. 1
Inner side/bottom vertical pressure correction factor in way of wet deck
k ZMIx 1 Table 6 it. 3
for sail and displacement multihulls
Outer and inner side/bottom vertical pressure correction factor clear of
k ZMOx 1 Table 6 it. 2
wet deck for sail and displacement multihulls
Inner side/bottom vertical pressure correction factor in way of wet deck
k ZPMIx 1 Table 7 it. 3
for planing multihulls in planing mode
Outer and inner side/bottom vertical pressure correction factor clear of
k ZPMOx 1 Table 7 it. 2
wet deck for planing multihulls in planing mode
k ZWDx 1 Wet deck vertical pressure correction factor Table 5 it. 7

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Table 1 (continued)
Reference/
concerned
Design pressures for sailing and displacement motor multihulls
Base pressure for sailing and displacement catamarans and trimarans
P BMU BASE kN/m2 Table 6 it. 1
central hull
P BMUx kN/m2 Design pressure at lowest point of section x Table 6 it. 1
P WDx kN/m2 Design wet deck/crossbeam bottom design pressure at section x Table 6 it. 1
P DMU BASE kN/m2 Base design pressure for deck and cockpit bottom Table 6 it. 1
P DMUx kN/m2 Design pressure for deck and cockpit bottom at section x Table 6 it. 1
P HMUIx kN/m2 Inner design pressure in way of wet deck/crossbeam at section x Table 6 it. 3
P HMUOx kN/m2 Outer and inner design pressure clear of wet deck/crossbeam at section x Table 6 it. 2
PSUPMx kN/m2 Superstructure and cockpit side design pressure at section x Table 6 it. 4
Design pressures for planing multihulls in planing mode
P BMUP
kN/m2 Base bottom design pressure for planing multihulls in planing mode Table 7 it. 1
BASE
Inner design pressure in way of wet deck/crossbeam for planing multihulls
P HMUIPx kN/m2 Table 7 it. 1
in planing mode at section x
Outer and inner design pressure for planing multihulls in planing mode
P HMUOPx kN/m2 Table 7 it. 2
clear of wet deck/crossbeam at section x
Design pressures for trimaran floats
P TRF BASE kN/m2 Base bottom pressure for trimaran float (same as for central hull) Table 8
P TRFx kN/m2 Bottom/side design pressure for trimaran floats at section x Table 8
Stresses, shear forces and moments
σd , τd N/mm2 Design stress for global loads Table 12
q N/mm Shear flow such as τ = q/t Tables C.1, C.3
MB Nm, kNm Bending moment, design or ultimate Annex D
MT Nm, kNm Torsional moment, design or ultimate Table 14
F N, kN Force, shear force Tables 14, 15
5 Application of this document
5.1 Materials
The materials considered in this document are the main modern building materials listed in Clause 1
and Table 17 of ISO 12215-5:2019. This document may be used with other materials, including new fibres
and resins, provided that they show similar cohesion, durability, resistance to marine environment and
elongation at break as the ones quoted in Table 17 of ISO 12215-5:2019.
5.2 Limitations
The shape of multihulls entails that significant deflexions are observed without rupture of structural
elements. In contrast, non-structural elements (i.e. accommodations) are sometimes stiffer, but not
necessarily stronger, than the structural elements and can suffer from this difference of behaviour.
This is not considered in this document provided the structural elements are strong enough. The
strength and arrangements of non-structural elements are left to the responsibility and experience of
the manufacturer.
On multihulls, the value of the loaded displacement mLDC has a greater influence on the loads than for
monohulls. Exceeding the mLDC value can cause significant load increase which can transform a craft

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

meeting the requirements of this document into a non-conform craft, for example a lower wet deck
clearance induces a much greater pressure. Overloading shall therefore be avoided, and a caution
information shall be included in the owner's manual, see 15.2.
5.3 Overall procedure for the application of this document

Table 2 describes, by steps, the overall procedure of this document for scantlings determination.
Table 2 — Overall procedure for scantlings determination

Step N° Subject Clause N°
1 Main dimensions, data and areas 6
2 Dimensions of panels and stiffeners under local loads 7
3 Local pressure adjustment factors 8
4 Local design pressures 9
5 Further analysis of structural elements subject to local loads 10
6 Multihull rudders, appendages and their wells 11
7 Multihull global loads 12
8 Structural arrangements for supporting global loads 13
9 Multihulls used as commercial craft and workboats 14
10 Information to be included in the owner’s manual 15
6 Main dimensions, data and areas
6.1 Dimensions and data
6.1.1 General
The dimensions are usually the same as in ISO 12215-5:2019, many of them being as defined in ISO 8666,
see Table 1 and Figures 1 and 2. The figures show sections at any longitudinal coordinate x, measured
from aft of DWL and some values like B WD, BBH, etc. shall be taken as the average values of B WDx, BBHx,
etc. For clarification, data that vary with length x are followed by index x.
6.1.2 Bottom deadrise of the hulls βx and chine beam BCx of planing multihulls
Figure 1 explains local chine beam BCx and deadrise determination for planing craft at any section x:
— where the bottom hulls sections of planing multihulls are approximately straight lines, the deadrise
is the actual deadrise βx [see Figures 1 a), b) and d) and at right part of Figure 2 c)], and
— where the bottom has round bilges, the deadrise βx shall be measured as the angle between lowest
point of the hull bottom (hull centreline) and the point where the bottom is tangent to a line angled
50° from horizontal [see Figure 1 c) and at right part of Figure 2 c)].
For planing multihulls that reach speeds allowing them to progress in planing mode (3.13), the chine
beam BC and corresponding deadrise angle β0,4, measured at x = 0,4 LWL from their aft end, are used for
the determination of kDYNM1 and bottom pressure of planing multihulls PBMU BASE .
Where the bottom of a planing catamaran is not symmetrical, as in Figure 2 g), the bottom has an angle
βxo on the outer side and βxi on the inner side. In the inner side, the deadrise factor kDR defined in item 8
of Table 5 lowers significantly the design pressure.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

a) b) c) d)
Figure 1 — Measurement of chine beam BCx and deadrise angle βx
6.1.3 Wet deck bottom
See definitions of wet deck in Table 4.

For catamarans: the actual local height of the wet deck ZWDAx at section x is its height above DWL, see
Figure 2 b). Where the wet deck bottom height is not constant, it shall be taken as the average height of
80 % of its width inside the limits of its connection with the hull plating BBWDx. Where there are parts
with a width greater than 0,33 B WDx and with a height differing by more than 10 % from ZWDAx, each of
these panels shall be assessed as a specific panel. B WDx is the beam of the wet deck, averaged if variable,
inside the angle or fairing/connection with the hulls, it is used for the calculation of kBWD in item 6 of
Table 5.
Where different from horizontal, the angles of the wet deck bottom αWDLx against the horizontal increase
the wet deck pressure of the wet deck or crossbeams, see item 11 of Table 5 and corresponding figure.
For sailing trimarans, the wet-deck height is measured perpendicular to a sloped plan angled from DWL ,
cutting it a CL and at x = 0,5 LWL and the float axis at key point 17 of Figure 2 d) to e) at the height ZWDT
above its bottom; see left part of Figure 2 d). This point 17 needs not be taken higher than the point at
which the float is dipped in the water in sail configuration SC1 of ISO 12215-10 (apparent wind speed
where the full sail area begins to be reduced).
For motor trimarans, the wet-deck height is measured perpendicular to the same sloped plan as for
sailing trimarans but angled so that point 17 is taken at a height 0,5 ZWDT above the float’s bottom.
NOTE This sloped plan for trimarans considers the "envelope" of the waterline both when the craft heels
when beating upwind and when it is close to upright when running.
6.1.4 Crossbeams
Crossbeams for catamarans and trimarans are defined in Table 4.

For local loads, the front and bottom parts of crossbeams lower than ZWDTx are considered as part of the
wet deck bottom, and the parts above are considered side or deck whether they are below or above ZSDTMx

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

a) Typical sailing catamaran, side view
b) Typical sailing catamaran, view at main section and any section x

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

c) Typical motor catamaran, view at main section and any section x (round bilge/hard chined)
d) Typical sailing trimaran, view at mid-section x/LWL = 0,5

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

e) Trimaran with merging crossbeam, end 1 f) Trimaran with merging crossbeam, end 2
g) Non-symmetrical planing hull section

Keys
1 bottom area (planing) 10 ZSDTMx theoretical limit side/deck
2 bottom/side area (non planing) 11 ZSDAMx actual limit side/deck
3 deck area 12 protected aft bulkhead/superstructure (if ≥0,04 LH, see Table 5,
item 10)
4 wet deck/crossbeam bottom area 13 mainsheet bulkhead/crossbeam (sailing multi)
5 superstructure side area 14 mast bulkhead/cross beam (sailing multi)
6 superstructure top area 15 side of trimaran float
7 bottom front of wet deck (angle αLWDx) 16 sloped plan between CL at 0 and height ZWDTM
8 front of deck (angle αLDx) along float CL at section x/LWL = 0,5
9 front of superstructure (angle αSL) 17 point defining the end of the sloped plan
Figure 2 — General dimensions of a multihull
6.2 Areas
The hull, deck and superstructure are divided into various areas: bottom/side, wet deck/crossbeams,
deck and cockpit bottom, cockpit sides and superstructure, see Figure 2.
The "theoretical" hull/deck connection height ZSDTMx is defined in item 1 of Table 3. Above this height,
the side pressure is considered to be the deck pressure to avoid penalizing the structure of craft with
a high freeboard. In contrast, below ZSDTMx the deck pressure and side pressure are increased as more
prone to be submerged or subject to wave shocks, see Tables 6 and 7. The hatched area in Figure 2 a)
represents the outer plating subject to bottom/side pressure PBHMUx.
Figure 2 b) shows a section of a typical sailing catamaran, whereas Figure 2 c) shows a section of a
typical motor multihull, the right part is the one of a typical, hard-chined planing catamaran and the
left part, a section with round bilges. The bottom/side pressure PHMUOx or PHMUOPx, (in displacement or

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

planing mode) applies up to the ZSTDMx line, i.e. the hatched area in Figure 2 a). This applies to the outer
plating or the inner plating not in way of the wet deck/crossbeams.
NOTE According to the multihull design, the ZSDTMx line for the theoretical side/deck limit can be above or
below the actual height. ZSDTMx . Figure 2 a) shows a cruising catamaran with ZSDAMx > ZSDTMx .
The "theoretical" wet deck height ZWDTx line is defined in item 2 of Table 3. Above this height, the
pressure lowers slowly with freeboard and below this height, the pressure raises quickly when wet
deck height is closer to the waterline, see k ZWD in Table 5.
Table 3 — Height of theoretical hull deck connection and wet deck connection
according to LWL and x/LWL
1- Theoretical height of hull/deck connection
ZSTDMx = (0,028 6 × LWL + 0,115) x/LWL + 0,057 1 LWL + 0,229 (m)
LWL (m) 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Values of ZSTDM x at section x according to LWL and x/LWL
0,00 0,69 0,80 0,91 1,03 1,14 1,26 1,37 1,49 1,60
x/LWL 0,50 0,86 1,00 1,14 1,29 1,43 1,57 1,71 1,86 2,00
1,00 1,03 1,20 1,37 1,54 1,72 1,89 2,06 2,23 2,40
2- Theoretical height of hull/wet deck connection
ZWDTx = (0,018 6 × LWL + 0,074 8) x/LWL + 0,037 1 LWL + 0,148 9 (m)
LWL (m) 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Values of ZWDT x at section x according to LWL and x/LWL
0,00 0,45 0,52 0,59 0,67 0,74 0,82 0,89 0,97 1,045
x/LWL 0,50 0,56 0,65 0,74 0,84 0,93 1,02 1,11 1,21 1,30
1,00 0,67 0,78 0,89 1,00 1,11 1,23 1,34 1,45 1,56
Table 4 defines the various areas of a multihull.
Table 4 — Definition of bottom/side, transom, wet deck and crossbeams deck, cockpit and
superstructure areas
1-Sailing craft and motor catamarans in displacement mode, see Figure 2 b) and 2 c)
Area Definition
Outside wet deck/crossbeam area, anywhere from lower limit of TCx up to ZSDTMx the
"theoretical limit" side/deck connection, or actual side deck connection ZSDAMx, whichever
Bottom/ the lower.
side + transom
In way of wet deck/crossbeams: from lower limit of TCx up to actual wet deck/crossbeam
bottom connection/fairing or ZWDTx, whichever the lower.
Lower horizontal or near horizontal area of the craft structure located above hull side. If
Deck and cockpit there are several deck levels, it is the lower one at the considered section. Where ZSDA ≤ ZSDT
bottom it is subject to bottom/side/transom pressure, otherwise it is subject to deck pressure (see
Tables 6 and 7).

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Table 4 (continued)
Area between the intersection of inner bottom/side with centre hull of trimaran or other
hull of catamaran, where not permanently below DWL at actual height ZWDAx or average
height if differences of height. Also, any area with an angle <15° from the horizontal pro-
truding more than 0,2 m from the inner side of a catamaran or trimaran float or central hull
shall be considered subject to the wet deck pressure. Other such areas with another angle
Wet deck/ or less and protruding less than 0,2 m are part or inner hull sides or trimaran centre hull.
crossbeams
B WD is the beam of the wet deck, averaged if variable, inside the angle or fairing connection
with the hulls.
BBH is the beam of the wet deck at its connection with the hulls, averaged if variable, i.e.
outside the angle or fairing connection with the hulls. If there is not fairing or connection
B WD = BBH.
2-Motor catamarans in planing mode, see Figure 2 b)
Area Definition
Where β x ≤ 20° and where local chine is below DWL .: up to local chine ZCx .
Bottom Where β x > 20° and/or where local chine is above DWL .: up to DWL . This is the case for the
bottom/side plating on the inside in Figure 2 g).
Side+ transom Above the local chine Zcx or DWL , whichever the lower.
Deck and cockpit
Same definition as for sailing and motor displacement multihulls.
bottom
Wet deck/
Same definition as for sailing and motor displacement multihulls.
crossbeams
3-Sailing and motor trimarans, see Figure 2 d) to 2 f)
Area Definition
Main hull: bottom, Same as for catamarans (item 1 for sailing/displacement and item 2 for planing) and meas-
side and transom ured with the craft upright. See Note a in Table 7 defining Bc for trimarans.
For sailing trimarans ZWDAx is measured perpendicular to a sloped plan defined in 6.1.3,
see Figure 2 d) right.
Wet deck/ For motor trimarans ZWDAx is measured perpendicular to the waterline, craft upright.
crossbeams
For trimarans, BBH is as defined for catamarans, except that it is measured between the
main hull and the floats, whichever the greatest value being chosen, where not symmetrical,
and considering possible main hull bulges, see Figure 2 d).
For the outer sides and inner side of floats outside of wet deck/crossbeams area, the ac-
tual height of the intersection between side/bottom and deck, see key 4 in Figure 2 c), is
called ZSDAFx (height of actual float side/deck limit) and is measured along the float axis
perpendicularly from float bottom.
Where the bottom of the wet deck/crossbeams bottom does not merge with the inner
sides of floats, the pressure of the inner side of floats is considered as for the outer sides.
Trimaran floats Where the bottom of the wet deck/crossbeams bottom merges with the inner sides of floats,
the inner float pressure is calculated as P HMUIx or P HMUIPx in Table 6 or 7.
Figure 2 e) and f) show details of calculation of the heights (and therefore pressure) of
the inner side of float where the wet-deck/crossbeams merge with the inner plating of
floats. Point Q2 is the intersection of the extension of the wet-deck/crossbeam before the
fairing radius with a line parallel to the float axis extending the float plating. This point
defines the height ZWDAMQx2 where the wet deck/inner plating pressure is calculated, as
per Tables 6 and 8.
CAUTION — As the hull/float pressure increases in way of wet deck/crossbeams areas, the scantlings shall vary
progressively longitudinally forward or aft the wet deck/crossbeam limit.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Table 4 (continued)
4-Cockpit and superstructure of catamarans and trimarans
(see 3.14 for the definition of non-walking areas and item 10 of Table 5)
Area Walking area Non-walking area
Cockpit bottom, bench top Yes No
Cockpit side No Yes
Superstructure front Depends on angle, see 3.14 Depends on angle, see 3.14
Superstructure side Depends on angle, see 3.14 Depends on angle, see 3.14
Yes, unless specified in No, unless specified in
Superstructure top including upper tiers
the owner’s manual the owner’s manual
7 Dimensions and pressure for panels and stiffeners under local loads
7.1 General
Apart from specific details between monohulls and multihulls (e.g. presence of wet deck), the dimensions
of panels and stiffeners shall be determined according to ISO 12215-5:2019. Same for natural stiffeners
and pressure determination, except that for multihulls the pressure varies constantly from the bottom
at hull/float centreline to side/deck actual limit, i.e. there is no sharp variation between bottom and
side at waterline or chine. The pressure applied to a panel follows the logic of ISO 12215-5:2019 and
particularly its Clause A.7 (panel across several areas) and is based on several possible methods:
weighted average pressure and constant panel thickness, or variable pressure with variable panel
thickness, FEM, etc. The same approach is used for a stiffener whose loading is proportional to the
pressure of the area it supports.
7.2 Example of application on multihulls
7.2.1 Sections
Figure 3 shows examples of panel section analysis for sailing and displacement multihulls; details and
comments are given in 7.2.2.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

a) Section clear of wet deck
b) Section in way of catamaran wet deck
c) Two natural stiffeners plus side deck/angles

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

d) One natural stiffener plus e) No natural stiffener except

side/deck angles side/deck angles
Key
1 theoretical hull deck limit defined in Table 3
2 Z of hull/wet deck intersection taken at the intersection of the tangent to the hull at BBH and the tangent to the
wet deck at BBH/4 from CL
Figure 3 — Example of panel assessment for sailing and displacement multihulls
7.2.2 Details on panel assessment and dimensions
The pressure on a panel or its stiffener is not constant, even if it is only in one area, as the pressure varies
with its size (kAR), longitudinal position (kLMx), and vertical position (k Z ), with additional corrections
for wet deck beam (kBWD) or longitudinal angle (kSx). Where a panel or stiffener extends over several
areas, its final design pressure and corresponding scantlings may be determined by several possible
methods.
7.2.3 The constant averaged pressure method
The "constant averaged pressure" method determines a constant pressure over the entire design area,
calculated as a weighted average between the pressures, as explained in the following examples:
In Figure 3 b left: first of all, determine x, the distance of the mid-section from the aft end of LWL , then
the distance from flotation of the following points:
ZSDTMx height of the theoretical side/deck limit
ZSDAMx height of the actual side/deck limit
ZTx height (negative) of the bottom at centreline
Zbs4x height of the outer intersection of the wet deck with the hull of a perpendicular to the chord
bs4 at its middle. This chord is the part of the chord b4 inside the side/bottom area, the other
part of the chord bD4 is in the deck area, above theoretical side/deck limit. The pressure is
calculated according to Table 6 at point S4.
( PLS4 × bS4 )+( PLD4 × bD4 )
The final plating pressure PL4 on the outer side is PL4 = with b4=bS4+bD4, where
b4
PPLS4 is the plating pressure on side/bottom plating and PPLD4 is the deck plating pressure. Same
method for the left side of Figure 3 a).

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

As explained in ISO 12215-5:2019, the scantling of the panel b4 may be determined from the pressure
PP4 considering the curvature correction for camber c4 for the whole panel b4;
The right side of Figures 3 a) and b) shows examples with a stringer, and how to calculate the pressure
of the panel or its stiffener with the same averaged pressure method.
The height of the connection between the wet deck and the hulls is normally its actual connection
height or, the intersection of the tangents to the hulls and wet deck, see Figure 3 b). Where there is no
clear intersection or tangents as in Figure 3 b), it shall be taken as the outer intersection of the wet deck
with the hull with the tangent to the wet deck at BBH/4 from CL .
NOTE The disadvantage of this method is that it is conservative for the upper part of the hull structure and
non-conservative for the rest.
7.2.4 Other assessment and dimensioning methods
A possible alternative solution is to calculate first the scantlings of the whole panel as if it was below
waterline, then the scantlings of the whole panel if it was above DWL or above ZSDTMx. Then use the
bottom scantlings below waterline and lower scantling in the upper parts (playing, for example, on
skin thickness), ensuring that the pressure at any point is not lower than required by Tables 6 or 7. This
method is explained in A.7.3 of ISO 12215-5:2019.
More developed methods such as FEM (Finite elements methods), as explained in Clause 11 of
ISO 12215-5:2019 may also be used to determine the final panel scantlings with variable pressure.
7.2.5 Panels acting as "natural" stiffeners
The analysis is the same as explained in Clause A.5 of ISO 12215-5:2019 where a part of the section
corresponds to the inscribed circle with a radius R ≤ 0,4 times L diagonal, with an inscribed
chord > 0,8 R. This section can therefore be considered as a "natural" stiffener, the curve(s) or chine(s)
acting as "natural" stiffener(s).
Figure 3 c) shows a section with two such "natural" stiffeners. Figure 3 d) shows a limit case with
only one natural stiffener, for relatively narrow section. Figure 3 e) shows a "squat" section where the
radius is too large to act as a natural stiffener, and the panel shall be calculated as section with chord
b7 and camber c7. The large value of camber c allows a small value of the curvature correction factor kC,
defined in ISO 12215-5:2019.
NOTE The hull/deck or hull/wet deck connections are usually considered as natural stiffeners as they fulfil
the requirements of this subclause.
7.3 Other topics on panel or stiffener dimensions

For other topics on panel or stiffener assessment, e.g. rectangular grid, non-rectangular panels, natural
stiffeners, etc. see ISO 12215-5:2019.
8 Local pressure-adjusting factors

The final local design pressure is adjusted by a set of factors, adjusting the base pressure according to
design category, boat type, location, etc. as defined in Table 5:
— The design category factor kDC is the same as in ISO 12215-5:2019, see item 1.
— The dynamic load factor for multihulls kDYNM has the same purpose and logic as in ISO 12215-5:2019
but has been adapted to multihulls, see item 2; it has a direct influence on the bottom pressure of
sailing and motor craft, and it has an indirect influence on all pressures as the values of its kLx for
hull and deck are connected to it.
— The longitudinal pressure-adjusting factors kLMx, kLDMx, and, kLWDx defined in items 3, 4 and 5,
consider the variation of pressure loads due to location in the craft, respectively for hull, deck,

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

and wet deck. The fore and aft overhangs have the same value as kL of ISO 12215-5:2019 at their
respective end of the waterline but are extended outside of DWL . Figures 4, 5, and 6 show computed
values of these factors.
— The transverse and vertical pressure-adjusting factors for wet deck kBWD and k ZWD consider the
vertical pressure variation on wet deck or crossbeam bottom. For the effect of k ZWD, see 6.2.
— The deadrise pressure-adjusting factor kDR considers that deadrise reduces the pressure when a
planing multihull slams without heeling. kDR applies at any section x and is a function of the bottom
deadrise angle βx, measured according to Figure 1. It lowers the bottom pressure if βx > 30° and is
equal to 0,5, its lower limit is for βx = 60°; see item 8.
— The superstructure pressure is adjusted from the deck pressure by kSUP, see item 10.
— The pressure in front of deck is adjusted by the front slope factor kSx, see item 11.
— The pressure in the front of wet deck is adjusted by kSDx, probably with a different angle, see item 11.
NOTE 1 The deadrise pressure-adjusting factor is not applied in ISO 12215-5:2019 as monohulls move in a
seaway while heeling whereas multihulls are considered to pitch without heeling.
NOTE 2 For clarity, the factors and dimensions that vary with x have an index x .
Table 5 — Values of pressure-adjusting factors

Remark: All dimensions are defined in Table 1.
1-Design category factor kDC
Design category as defined in 3.2 A B C D
Values of kDC 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4
2-Dynamic load factor kDYNM for sailing and motor multihulls in displacement or planing mode
Definition Formulas/specifications
2
2 , 5 × L WL
Sailing multihulls k DYNM = that shall not be taken <1 nor >2
0 ,66
m LDC
Displacement motor multihulls kDYNM = 1

Planing motor multihulls in  L WL  V 2 × B C2
planing mode k DYNM1 = 0 , 32  ( )
+ 0 , 084  × 50 − β 0,4 ×
kDYNM shall be taken as:a  10 × B C  mLDC
where Bc is, for catamarans, taken as the sum of the chine beams for both hulls
— kDYNM = kDYNM1 where and β0,4 is the value of β for x/LWL = 0,4, not to be taken less than 10° nor more
kDYNM1 ≤ 3, or than 30°, or
— kDYNM = kDYNM2, where 0,5×V
kDYNM1 > 3 k DYNMM2 = where kDYNM1 ≥ 3 but not to be taken > 6
mLDC
0,17
a Thevalue of kDYNM is considered to not be higher than 6: when running in rough sea, the crew usually limits
the speed to keep the slamming accelerations within acceptable comfort and safety limits. This limit of 6 may be
surpassed for "heavy duty" workboats, see Annex J of ISO 12215-5:2019.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Table 5 (continued)
3-Longitudinal pressure distribution factor for side/bottom kLMx, see Figure 4
x
k LMx = (1,667 − 0,222 × k DYNM ) × + 0,133 × k DYNM but not taken >1, where
L WL
General formula for kLMx x
shall be taken <0 for aft overhangs and
L WL
>1 for front overhangs, even if kLMx is ≤1
For sailing and displacement
Use formula above with kDYNM = 3 (kLMx = 0,4 for x/LWL = 0)
motor multihulls
For planing multihulls in plan-
Use formula above with 3 ≤ kDYNM < 6 according to kDYNM calculation
ing mode
4-Longitudinal pressure distribution factor for deck kLDMx, see Figure 5
Motor craft kLDMx same as kLM for displacement craft using k DYNM = 3
x x
For < 0 , 6 ; k LDMx = 0 , 4 +
L WL L WL
x  x 
Sailing craft For ≥ 0 , 6 ; k LDMx = 1 + 2 , 5 × ( k DYNM − 1 ) ×  − 0 , 6  where
L WL  L WL 
x
taken <0 for aft overhangs and >1 for front overhangs, see Figure 5.
L WL
5-Longitudinal pressure distribution factor for wet deck/crossbeams kLWDx, see Figure 6
x x x x
k LWDx = 0 , 416 + 0 , 5 for < 0 , 6 and k LWDx = 1 , 25 for ≥ 0,6
Value of kLWDx L WL L WL L WL L WL
with kLWDx not to be taken >1,25
6-Transverse pressure distribution factor for wet deck and crossbeams kBWD
kBWD = 1,3 BBH /LWL + 0,39 where, BBH is defined in Table 4 and Figure 2.
7-Vertical pressure distribution factor for wet deck and crossbeams k ZWDx, see Figure 7
 z 0 ,8 
z WDAx
 WDTx 
where ≥ 1 k ZWDx = max   ;0,5 and
For k ZWD, use the formulas or z WDTx  z WDAx  
Figure 7 with interpolation be-  
tween values z WDAx  z 
1 ,5 
where < 1 k ZWDx = min  WDTx  ;2
z WDTx  z WDAx  
 
where ZWDAx and ZWDTx, are respectively the actual and theoretical wet deck height defined in Table 3 and Figure 2

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Table 5 (continued)
8-Deadrise pressure reduction factor kDRx, see Figure 1
90 − β x
k DRx = with 0 , 5 < k DRx ≤ 1 , i.e. 30 < β x ≤ 60 where βx is defined in Figure 1 as the transverse deadrise
60
angle at section x.
CAUTION — kDRx Only applies for bottom of planing multihulls.
9-Pressure reduction factor due to area kAR
0 ,15
k R × 0 , 1 × m LDC
k AR =
0 ,3
AD
General formula for kAR
not to be taken <0 nor >1
CAUTION — kAR is different for plating
and stiffeners.
Values of kR
For bottom side and deck plating and stiffeners of planing motor craft
kR = 1
in planing mode
For bottom side and deck plating of sailing craft, displacement motor
kR = 1,5 − 3 ×10−4 × b
craft and planing motor craft in displacement mode
For bottom side and deck stiffeners of sailing craft, displacement
kR = 1 − 2 ×10−4 × lu
motor craft and planing motor craft operating in displacement mode
Values of design area AD (m2)
For plating AD = (l × b) × 10−6 not to be taken > 4b2×10-6
For stiffeners AD = (lu × s) × 10−6 but need not be taken <0,33 lu2 × 10−6
Where b and l (mm) are respectively the small and large dimensions of a panel, and s and lu (mm) are respec-
tively the stiffener spacing and unsupported length, see ISO 12215-5:2019.
NOTE This document considers that the local pressure diminishes when the area of a panel increases, as the
panel is subject to an average of high slamming loads on small areas and lower sea loads on larger areas. This
approach is based on usual practice which is not valid for panels with a large aspect ratio, i.e. l/b >4. In case of
large aspect ratio, the pressure and scantlings can be smaller than acceptable in terms of safety, particularly
for planing craft, unless AD is taken = 4 b²×10-6.
10-Superstructure, cockpit and deckhouses pressure reduction factor kSUPx
Value of kSUPx motor and sail
Position of panel
Walking area Non-walking area
 0 , 3 H SUPx   0 , 3 H SUPx 
Front of superstructures max  1 − ; 0 , 67  max  1 − ; 0,5
 cos α LSx × Z SDTMx   cos α LSx × Z SDTMx 
   
 0 , 4 H SUPx   0 , 4 H SUPx 
Side of superstructures max  1 − ; 0 , 67  max  1 − ; 0,5
 cos α TSx × Z SDTMx   cos α TSx × Z SDTMx 
   
Side of "open" cockpit 0,67 0,5
Use k SUPx 0,67 or 0,5 as above
Side of "closed" cockpit
and check that the cockpit pressure is ≥10 × 2/3 × hSIDE ,
Top of superstructures, includ-  0 , 5 H SUPx   0 , 5 H SUPx 

max  1 − ; 0 , 50  max  1 − ; 0 , 35 
ing upper tiers 0 , 067 L WL 0 , 067 L WL
   
Non-protected aft side of  0 , 6 H SUPx 
superstructures, including Not relevant – see b max  1 − ; 0 , 35 
upper tiersb  0 , 067 L WL 
Protecteda aft side of super-  0 , 7 H SUPx 
structures, including upper Not relevant – see b max  1 − ; 0 , 35 
tiersb  0 , 067 L WL 

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Table 5 (continued)
where
HSUPx (m) is the height of mid panel above the lesser of actual side /deck limit ZSDAMx or theoretical value ZSDTMx
(see Table 3);
hSIDEx (m) is the height of the middle of cockpit side panel below overflow level, see Figure 6 a) of ISO 12215-5:2019.
Angles αL and α T are respectively the longitudinal and transverse angles of the faces (or their tangent when
curved) against vertical (see Figure 1).
a Protected means "protected from full force of waves" by permanent top, awning, etc. whose vertical projection
extends at least outside the bottom of the panel, and ≥0,04 LH outside the top of the panel., see Figure 1.
b Panel on non-walking areas.
11-Slope factor kSx for deck and wet deck/crossbeam, see Figures 2 a), 8 and sketch below
kSDx = min [1/cos (α LDx); 1,5] for αLx >0 or <0 for deck/crossbeam top,
kSWDx = min [1/cos (α LWDx); 1,5] for αLx >0 or <0 for wet deck or crossbeam bottom.
where αLx is either αLDx for deck/crossbeam top or αLWDx for wet deck/crossbeam bottom, the local longitudinal
angle measured from the horizontal, see sketch below.
This coefficient applies to any longitudinal angle in the deck/wet deck and increases the deck or wet deck pressure
where different from horizontal, whether upwards or downwards.
For simplicity kSDx or kSWDx shall not be measured/applied where αLx <10° and kSx reaches its upper limit at 40°.
Where the local bottom is a curve the angle shall be the one of the chord between two adjacent horizontal stiff-
eners against horizontal, see figures below.
For front of superstructure see kSUPx in item 10 of Table 5 for angle αLS.
Key
1 front of wet deck angle αLWDx
2 front of deck angle αLDx
3 top of deck angle αLDx≈0
4 front of superstructure angle αLSx
5 top of superstructure angle αLxS≈0
NOTE 3 The concept of limiting kDYNM (i.e. the vertical acceleration due to craft speed in moderate sea state)
recognizes that on motor craft running in rough sea, the helmsman usually limits the speed to keep the slamming
accelerations within acceptable comfort and safety limits for the crew. See 15.5.
NOTE 4 Figures 3 and 4 only represented 3 sets of values of kDYNM. For other values kLMx or kLDMx are
determined either by calculation, according to the respective formulas of items 3 or 4 of Table 5, or by
interpolation in Figures 3 or 4.
NOTE 5 Like for monohulls, k DYNM has an influence on the longitudinal distribution one bottom/side pressure
for fast motor craft that can jump on a wave and land in any position, increasing thus the aft pressure. Sailing
craft with a high value of kDYNM, also has a “dynamic” behaviour and can dig the front deck and stem into the
water explaining the increased value of kLDMx in that case.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Key
kDYNM = 6
kDYNM = 4,5
kDYNM = 3
Figure 4 — Value of kLMx for bottom/side of all multihulls and kLDMx for deck of motor multihulls
according to kDYNM and as a function of x/LWL
Key
kDYNM = 2
kDYNM = 1,5
kDYNM = 1
Figure 5 — Value of kLDMx for deck of sailing multihulls according to kDYNM as a function of x/LWL

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Figure 6 — Value of kLWDx as a function of x/LWL
Figure 7 — Value of k ZWD as a function of zWD/zWDT
Figure 8 — Value of kSx as a function of αLx

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

9 Local design pressures
9.1 General
For sailing and displacement multihulls, the bottom/side/transom design pressures for catamaran
hull and trimaran main hull and floats are linearly interpolated, using k ZMUOx, or k ZMUix, factors, with
height between the pressure at local deepest point ZTx of the canoe body and the deck pressure at
theoretical hull/deck limit ZSDTMx. Like for Tc, the deepest point Tx excludes appendages. Where there
is an appendage (skeg, keel) the measurement of bottom of Tx shall be measured as the prolongation of
the hull sides (least tangent as in ISO 8666.)
For planing multihulls in planing mode, the bottom pressure for catamaran hull and trimaran main hull
and floats is constant up to chine Zc or DWL , whichever the lower. Above that limit the side pressure is
interpolated between 40 % of the bottom pressure and deck pressure at theoretical hull/deck limit ZSDTMx.
In a given transverse section the deck pressure is a function of kLMx, kLDMx, k ZDMx and kDSx, whereas the
bottom/side is multiplied by kLMx. This document calculates separately PBMUx, P WDX, PDMUx and then
interpolates the final inner or outer bottom/side pressure PHMUOx or PHMUIx using k ZMOx and k ZMUIx
The connection/fairing of wet deck/crossbeams with the hull sides is subject to wet deck/crossbeams
pressure.
9.2 Limits of areas

The deck/cockpit bottom pressure is mostly due to waves, green water or people mass and applies to the
lowest horizontal areas exposed to weather, which is above the upper limit line between side pressure
and deck pressure located at theoretical side/deck limit ZSDTMx, defined in Table 3. Where the actual
side/deck limit ZSDAMx is above this limit, the side pressure applies, adversely where ZSDAMx < ZSDTMx,
the deck pressure is increased, see Tables 7 to 9. For cockpit bottom, ZQx need not be taken less than
ZSDAMx at the same section.
Superstructure, deckhouse and cockpit side pressures apply for other areas than deck, their pressure
correspond to the adjacent deck pressure multiplied by kSUP, or minimal pressure according to item 10
of Table 5.
9.3 Tables defining the local design pressures for multihulls

All local design pressures are expressed in kN/m2.
Table 6 defines the bottom/side and wet deck pressure of
— sailing catamaran hulls and central hulls of sailing trimarans, or
— motor catamarans and central hulls of motor trimarans in displacement mode.
Table 6 also applies to planing motor catamarans and central hull of trimarans when sailing in category A
and B conditions, as the helmsman needs to slow down to progress in the seaway in displacement mode
without excessive shocks.
Table 7 defines the bottom/side and wet deck pressure of motor catamarans and central hulls of motor
trimarans in planing mode.
The bottom and side pressure of planing multihulls of design categories A and B shall be taken as the
greater of the ones for planing and displacement mode. This applies to hull(s) and, where relevant,
floats of trimarans.
Table 8 defines the bottom/side pressure of trimaran floats, sail or motor.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Once the pressures are defined according to Tables 6 to 8, the average or interpolated pressure on a
panel or stiffener shall be calculated according to Clause 7, and the local scantlings assessed according
to Clause 10.
Table 6 — Design pressures for sailing and motor displacement catamarans

and for central hulls of trimarans (kN/m2)
Sailing and motor displacement catamarans and central hulls of trimarans
Pressures with index x are calculated at section x, pressures without index are base pressures or general minimum
pressure, which are independent of the position in the craft.
1-Base pressure for bottom/side, deck and cockpits
P BMUx = max (P BMU BASE × kAR × kDC × kLMx; P BMUx;MIN ) with
Design pressure at lowest
( )
point of section x of bottom/ PBMU BASE = 2 mLDC + 18 × k DYNM , and
side or transom
0,33
P BMUx MIN PLT = max [(0,3 mLDC0,33 + 0,66 LWL × kDC ) × kLMx ;10TC ; 7] for plating
P BMUx
P BMUx MIN STF = max (0,85 P BMUx MIN PLT ;5] for stiffeners
P WDx = max (PBMU BASE × kAR × kDC × kLWDx × k ZWD × kBWD × kSWDx ; P WDxMIN) where
Design pressures for wet
deck/crossbeams bottom P WDx MIN PLT = max [(0,3 mLDC0,33 + 0,66 LWL × kDC ) × kLMx; 7] for plating , and
P WDx
P WDx MIN PLT = max [(0,85 P WDx MIN PLT; 5)] for stiffeners
PDMUx= max [(PBMU BASE × kLMx − (PBMU BASE × kLM x–PDMU BASE × kLDM x) × kZDMx]× kAR
× kDC × k SDx; P DMU MIN ) with
Base and design pressures P
for deck and cockpit bottom
(
DMU BASE = 0,375 mLDC + 9 and
0,33
)
P DMUx k ZDMx = min [(ZQx − ZTx)/(ZSDTMx − ZTx);1] and;
PDMU MIN = 5 for walking areas, and 3,5 for non-walking areas for plating and stiffeners
For cockpit bottom, ZQx need not be taken less than ZSDAMx at same section
CAUTION — In the following calculations of P BMUOx or P BMUIx for a panel/stiffener, the calculations of P BMUx and
PDMUx shall be made with the kAR value of this panel/stiffener and not the ones of the actual deck or bottom panels.
2-Outer and inner design pressure clear of wet deck at a point Qx of section x and Z = ZQ
Interpolated between pressure at bottom of local canoe body Tx and deck pressure at ZSDTMx
Design pressure for outer
P HMUOx = [P BMUx − (P BMUx − P DMUx) × k ZMOx] with
and inner side/transom
Clear of wet deck or cross- k ZMOx = min [(ZQx − ZTx)/ (ZSDTMx − ZTx);1] and
beam
where MIN values apply, where relevant, for P BMUx or P DMUx
P HMUOx
3-Inner design pressure in way of wet deck at a point Qx of section x and Z = ZQ
Interpolated between pressure at bottom of local canoe body Tx and wet deck pressure
Design pressure for inner P HMUIx = [P BMUx − (P BMUx − P WDx) × k ZMIx] with
bottom/side/transom k ZMIx = min [(ZQx − ZTx)/ (ZWDAx − ZTx);1] and
In way of wet deck or cross-
beam where MIN values apply, where relevant, for P BMUx or P WDx
P HMUIx Valid up to beginning of connection/fairing with wet deck; P WDx applies above.
4-Superstructure and cockpit side design pressure
P = max ([PDMUx BASE × k AR × k DC × k LDMx × k SUP ; PSUP MIN ) where ;
Superstructures and cockpit SUPMx
side design pressure kSUP is defined in item 10 of Table 5, and;
PSUPMx
PSUP MIN = 5 for walking areas and 3,5 for non-walking areas, for plating and stiffeners
See Figures 1 and 2 and Table 4 for the definitions of Zix i.e. ZQx, ZSDTMx, ZSDAMx ZTx, ZWDTx, ZWDAx.
ZQx is the height of point Q at mid-panel or stiffener above waterline or chine, see Figure 2.
ZCx is the height of the chine above waterline, and ZSDTMx and ZSDAMx are respectively the height of actual and theo-
retical hull deck limit above waterline (see Figure 2 and Table 4), all values considered at distance x from aft of LWL .

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Table 7 — Design pressures for planing catamarans and central hulls of trimarans
in planing mode (kN/m2)
Planing motor catamarans and central hulls of trimarans in planing mode
CAUTION — For planing multihulls in design categories A and B, the design pressure for side, bottom, wet deck
and deck shall be taken as the greater of planing (this table) or displacement (Table 6) as in these conditions the
craft needs to progress in the seaway in displacement mode.
Pressures with index x are calculated at section x, pressures without index are base pressures or general minimum
pressure, which are independent of the position in the craft.
1-Base and design pressure for bottom, wet deck/crossbeams and deck of planing multihulls
in planing mode
P BMUPx = max (P BMUP BASE × kAR× kLMx× kDR ;PBMUx MIN ) with
Bottom planing design
pressure at section x
P BMUPx
PBMUP BASE =
0,1 m LDC
L WL × B C
(
× 1 + k DC
0,5
)
× k DYNM a
Applies up to ZCx P BMUx MIN PLT = max [(0,3 mLDC0,33 + 0,66 LWL × kDC ) × kLMx ;10TC; 7] for plating
P BMUx MIN STF = max (0,85 P BMUx MIN PLT;5) for stiffeners
Base and design pressures P WDx = max (PBMU BASE × kAR × kDC × kLWDx × k ZWDx × kBWD × kSWDx ; P WDxMIN) where
for wet deck/crossbeams
P WDx MIN PLT = max [(0,3 mLDC0,33 + 0,66 LWL × kDC )× kLMx ; 7] for plating , and
bottom
P WDx P WDx MIN STF = max [(0,85 P WDx MIN PLT; 5)] for stiffeners
PDMUx = max([(PBMU BASE × kLM x −(PBMU BASE × kLM x – PDMU BASE× kLDM x) × kZDMx]× kAR
× kDC × kSDX ;P DMU MIN ) with
Base and design pressures P
for deck and cockpit bottom
(
DMU BASE = 0,375 mLDC + 9 and
0,33
)
P DMUx k ZDMx = min [(ZQx − ZTx)/ (ZSDTMx − ZTx);1] and;
PDMU MIN = 5 for walking areas, and 3,5 for non-walking areas for plating and stiffeners
For cockpit bottom, ZQx need not be taken less than ZSDAMx at same section
For planing multihulls P bottom is constant up to chine or DWL , whichever is the lower.
CAUTION — In the following calculations of P BMUOx or P BMUIx for a panel/stiffener, the calculations of P BMUx and
PDMUx shall be made with the kAR value of this panel/stiffener and not the ones of the actual deck or bottom panels.
2-Outer and inner side/bottom clear of wet deck/crossbeam at a point Qx of section x interpolated be-
tween 0,4 bottom planing pressure at chine height ZCX and deck pressure at ZSDTMx
Design pressure for outer P HMUOPx = [0,4 P BMUPx − (0,4 P BMUPx − P DMUx)× k ZPMOx] with
and inner bottom/side/tran-
som k ZPMOx = min [(ZQx − ZCx)/ (ZSDTMx − ZCx);1] and
Clear of wet deck or cross- where MIN values apply, where relevant, for P BMUPx or P DMUx
beam
P HMUOP where ZCx is the local chine height defined in Figures 1 and 2 and Table 4
3-Inner side/bottom design pressure in way of wet deck crossbeam at a point Qx of section x and Z = ZQ
P HMUIPx = [0,4 P BMUPx − (0,4 P BMUPx − P DMUx)× k ZPMIx] with
Design pressure for inner
k ZPMIx = min [(ZQx − ZCx)/(ZWDTx − ZCx);1] and
bottom/side/transom
In way of wet deck or cross- where MIN values apply, where relevant, for P BMUPx or P DMUx
beam
where ZCx is the local chine height defined in Figures 1 and 2 and Table 4
P HMUIPx
Valid up to beginning of connection/fairing with wet deck; P WDx applies above.
4-Superstructure and cockpit side design pressure
Design pressure for super-
structures PSUPMx = max (P DMU BASE × kAR × kDC × kLDMx × kSUP; PSUPMx MIN ) with
and cockpit side PSUPM MIN = 5 for walking areas and 3,5 for non-walking areas for plating and stiffeners
PSUPMx

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Table 7 (continued)
See Figures 1 and 2 and Table 4 for the definitions of Zix i.e. ZQx; ZSTDMx, ZTx, ZWDx .
ZQx is the height of point Q at mid-panel or stiffener above waterline (WL or chine see Figure 2), ZCx is the height of
the chine above waterline, and ZSDTMx and ZSDAMx are respectively the height of actual and theoretical hull deck
limit above waterline (see Table 4 and Figure 2), all values considered at distance x from aft of LWL .
a For the purpose of this formula, B
C = BC1 + BC2 for catamarans and BC = BCCH + 0,5BFL for trimarans (BC of centre
hull + ½ beam of one float) even if this may differ from ISO 8666.
9.4 Design pressure for trimaran floats PTRFx
9.4.1 Pressure reduction factors
— The pressure reduction factors kLMTx and kDLMxT for trimaran floats shall be determined respectively
like kLMx and kDLMx but replacing x/LWL of hull by x/LFLOAT, where LFLOAT, is the length of the float,
see Figure 9c) and d).
— The pressure assessment explained in 6.1.3, Table 4 and Figures 3 d), e) and f) shall be performed
depending whether Point 17 of these figures is above or below ZSDTMx when the float is immersed
according to item 3 of Table 4.
9.4.2 Pressure
The design pressures for trimaran floats are defined in Table 8.
Table 8 — Design pressures for trimaran floats (kN/m2)

Sail and displacement craft
Same pressure P HMUx for sides and P WDx for wet deck/crossbeams bottom as for sail/
motor displacement catamarans, but with ZWDTx, ZWDAx, ZSDTx, ZSDATx, as defined in
Trimaran floats Table 4 and Figure 2 d) to f), i.e. where the wet deck/crossbeams intersect or not the
Displacement/planing float sides
bottom/side/transom Planing craft in planing mode
base and design pressures
Same pressure P HMUPx for bottom, P HMUPx for sides and P WDx wet deck/crossbeams
bottom as for planing catamaran in planing mode, but with ZCx, ZWDTx, ZWDAx, ZSDTx,
ZSDATx, as defined in Table 4 and Figure 2 c) to f), i.e. where the wet deck/crossbeams
intersect or not the float sides
CAUTION — As the hull/float pressure increases in way of wet deck/crossbeams areas, the scantlings shall vary
progressively longitudinally forward or aft the wet deck/crossbeam limit.
For all other data and calculations, Tables 6 or 7 apply, where relevant.
9.5 Design pressure on watertight bulkheads and integral tanks

The design pressure on watertight bulkheads and integral tanks is according to ISO 12215-5:2019.
10 Further treatment of structural elements subject to local loads

Once the local pressures are defined, ISO 12215-5:2019 shall be used to check the structural elements
subject to local loads, i.e. plating, stiffeners, etc. This includes the modification of b, AD, kAR and
pressures for hard chined sections using Annex A of ISO 12215-5:2019.
The design stresses and design analysis of structural elements subject to local loads are those of
ISO 12215-5:2019; optional recommended minimum single skin or sandwich thickness are those of
Annex I of ISO 12215-5:2019.
The design stresses and design analysis of rudders and appendages are specified in Clause 11, those of
rig elements and their connection to the structure are specified in ISO 12215-10.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Where the global loads defined in this document increase the stresses in structural elements subject
to local loads, these stresses shall be combined and still comply with design local stresses defined in
ISO 12215-5:2019.
11 Assessment of multihulls rudders, appendages and their wells

The loads on rudders, centreboards and non-ballasted appendages shall be assessed according to
ISO 12215-8 with the modifications defined in Table 9.
Table 9 — Rudder and appendages loads and their wells

1-Rudder load on sailing multihulls
ISO 12215-8 shall be applied, except that the rudder force shall be modified as follows:
1 /3
 mMO 
F1MS = 23 × LWL × kSEA × kLD2 × kGAP × k USE × A, with kLD modified as follows: k LD = LWL / 

 1 025 
NOTE mMO is used instead of mLDC , because in minimum operating condition, the speed of multihulls is larger
than on monohulls and is the criterion for rudder scantlings.
2-Rudder load on motor multihulls
ISO 12215-8 shall be applied.
3-Non-ballasted appendage loads on sailing multihulls
k 
ISO 12215-9 shall be applied except that, if the speed is not known, it shall be taken as V = 3 , 2 × L0,5  LD 
WL  6 , 15 
 
with kLD as modified above. This also applies to foils.
4-Centreboards or foil wells
The design pressure below DWL of centreboard wells shall be at least 10 TC .
For sliding/daggerboard type centreboards or foils it is a good practice to reinforce the aft bottom of well/hull
to avoid damage in case of longitudinal shock on the appendage, e.g. floor, extra laminate, UD belt, crash box, etc.
12 Multihull global loads
12.1 General
The ISO 12215 series has been developed with the idea to keep structural analysis and scantlings
assessments as simple as possible, considering that, for small craft, the loads to be assessed are mainly
local loads. However, the assessment of a multihull needs a structural analysis of global loads.
NOTE The application of global loads depends from the craft's program(s) and structural arrangement.
12.2 Typical structural arrangements

The “typical” structural arrangements as defined by this subclause only apply to recreational craft,
charter vessels and light duty workboats are represented in Figure 9. The global loads to be assessed
depend on the multihull type, i.e. sail or motor, and on its structural arrangements, i.e. wet deck plus
crossbeams, or independent crossbeams.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

a) Catamaran with wet deck and crossbeams b) Catamaran with 2 or more crossbeams
c) Trimaran with 2 or more crossbeams d) Trimaran with only one crossbeam
Figure 9 — Typical multihulls structural arrangements for global loads
NOTE In Figure 9, sailing multihulls are represented with rig but the same arrangements without rig are
valid for motor multihulls. See Tables 1, 10 and 11 for explanations of the dimensions.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

12.3 Global load assessment
12.3.1 General
This document requires to assess global loads with one of the following methods:
— the simplified method defined in 12.3.2, to be considered as a basic assessment approach for
“typical” structures arrangements as defined in 12.2;
— the enhanced method defined in 12.3.3 which provides a more accurate analysis and results, and
which is applicable to any structural arrangement, typical or non-typical.
12.3.2 The simplified method
The simplified method consists in applying the relevant global load cases listed in Table 10;
— used as specified in Table 11;
— with resulting stresses complying with Table 12.
For this purpose, an analytical method, a FEM method, or a mixing of both shall be used.
Table 11 gives the global load cases to be checked, considering that very wide structural elements for
lateral loads and bending moments or very high elements for vertical loads and bending moments are
strong enough and do not need to be checked.
12.3.2.1 Global loads for the simplified method
Table 10 lists the main individual global loads that are considered in this document. Other global
loads can also be significant, e.g. foils, appendages, connected structural elements, etc. and shall be
considered with an appropriate method.
Table 10 — Main individual global loads to be checked, where relevant

Global load
Definition Craft type Defined in
case (GLC)
GLC 1 Diagonal loads GLC 1 in quartering sea Sail and motor 12.5
GLC 2 Rig load GLC 2 Sail 12.6
GLC 3 Asymmetric broaching loads GCL 3 Sail 12.8
GLC 4 Longitudinal broaching/Pitchpoling GLC 4 Sail and motor 12.9
GLC 5 Longitudinal force/shock on one hull GLC 5 Sail and motor 12.10
GLC 6 Bending on crossbeams of motor multihulls GLC 6 motor 12.11
Table 11 provides the method to be used to check the global load cases of Table 10 with the simplified
method, individually or combined according to boat type and dimensions of structural elements.
NOTE This analysis only deals with strength issues, and the analysis of deflexion, stress concentration in
the long term are better analysed with the enhanced method.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Table 11 — Conditions where loads are considered to need assessment

Structural GLC 1 GLC 3a,d GLC 4a GLC 5b GLC 6
GLC 2d
arrangement of Quartering Asymmetric Longitudinal Longitudinal Free
Rig loads
Figure 9 sea broaching broaching force standing
On motor multihulls no Hull/floats Hull/floats Wet deck
Figure 9 a)
rig loads if LnOHi > 4BnOH i if LnOHi > 4 DnOHi if LWD ≤ 0,4 LHb
Quartering sea to be Crossbeams Crossbeams Usually
Figures 9 Crossbeams
checked in Design catego- hull/floats hull/floats only rel-
b) and c) if ΣLc ≤ 0,4LHb
ries A and B sail and motor if LnOHi > 4 BnOH i if LnOHi > 4 DnOHi evant for
Crossbeams hull/ Crossbeams motor
For sailing multihulls, Crossbeams
Figure 9 d) GLC1 and GLC2 combined floats hull/floats
if Lic ≤ 0,4 LHb
according toc if LnOHi > 4 BnOHi if LnOHi > 4 DnOHi
a LnOHi is the length of overhang or between supports with n = F(fwd), A(aft) and M(mid) and i = H(hull) of F(Float)
BnOHi is the beam at overhang root or between supports with n = F(fwd), A(aft) and M(mid) and i = H(hull) of F(Float)
DnOHi is the depth at overhang root or between supports with n = F(fwd), A(aft) and M(mid) and i = H(hull) or F(Float).
b LWD is the length of the wet deck and LCi he lengthwise dimension of crossbeam i.
c Combine 0,5 GLC1 + GLC2 or GLC1 + 0,5 GLC2 whichever the greater.
d Only for sailing multihulls.
See Figures 9 to 14.
NOTE The wish to simplify calculations and the limited bending moments due to small overhangs or distance between
supports, and hulls/floats with large beam or depth are the basis for the exemption of checking.
12.3.3 The enhanced method
This method analyses as follows the craft through a modelisation of the loads exerted when moving in
a seaway.
a) Sailing multihulls:
1) When sailing upwind, the loads from the rig (given by ISO 12215-10 or equivalent) induce
longitudinal and transverse forces and moments on the craft, which are balanced by forces
and moments from the hulls and appendages. The resulting loads on the structure are similar
to load cases GLC 2 to GLC 4 defined in 12.4 but adjusted so that the whole system is globally
balanced (zero final forces and moments).
2) When sailing in waves or swell in a quartering sea, the loads of indent 1) shall be combined
with GLC 1.
3) When sailing downwind, the loads of indent 1) shall be combined with GLC 5.
NOTE GLC 6 is usually not relevant, as less demanding than GLC 3 or GLC 4.
b) Motor multihulls:
All combinations of GLC 6 with GLC 1 and GLC 3 to GLC5 shall be assessed, or its worst combination.
c) Analysis method:
FEM analysis, using beam elements and/or full modelisation shall be applied.
The stresses shall not be greater than the ones defined in Table 12.
The scale and method of meshing are quite sensible and need experience and specific expertise in
the applied method compared to other methods.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

12.4 Design stresses under global loads

The stresses (direct, shear, or buckling) deriving from single or combined global loads shall not be
greater than the design stress for global loads defined in Table 12. When analysing stiffeners with an
analytic method for global loads, such as crossbeams, beams (tubular or not), etc., there is no need to
check deflection.
Table 12 — Design stresses for global loads

Tensile/compressive
Design shear stress Design buckling stresses
design stress
Material σd τd σ db , τ db
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
FRP 0,5 σut and 0,5 σuca 0,5 τu
Aluminium alloys 0,7 σyw b 0,7 σywb
Steel 0,8 σy 0,45 σy 0,4 τ buckling
Laminated wooden frames 0,45 σufc 0,45 τu 0,5 σ buckling
Solid stock wooden frames 0,4 σuf c 0,4 τu
Plywood on edge frames 0,45 σuf c 0,45 τu
NOTE These design stresses also apply for the attached plating of the stiffener, according to its material, deter-
mined according to ISO 12215-5:2019.
a σis considered where stressed in compression (usually the stiffener top flange) and σt is considered where
c
stressed in tension (usually the plating); both verifications need to be calculated.
b For welded stiffeners. If aluminium stiffeners are not welded, i.e. riveted, glued, etc. the non-welded properties
shall be used.
c σ for laminated wooded stiffeners and σuf for solid stock shall be taken from Table E.1 of ISO 12215-5:2019:
uf
For plywood, σuf shall not be taken from Table E.2 but from Tables E.3 or E.6 of ISO 12215-5:2019.
NOTE The design stresses are the same as in ISO 12215-5:2019 for stiffeners, and this relatively high value (or
low safety factor) is connected to the use, where relevant, of kDYNM in load formulas.
12.5 Global load case GLC1: Diagonal load in quartering sea

The loads considered are those induced when a catamaran is supported by the two adjacent crests of a
swell of wave one at the aft of the port hull, the other at the front of the starboard hull. Similar situation
for a trimaran, replacing the port hull by the port float. The design torsional moment under quartering
waves and parameters are defined in Table 13 and Figure 10.
Table 13 — Global load GLC1 — Design torsional moment in quartering sea (see Figure 10)
Torsional moment MTD around trans- 0,5 mLDC

M TD = k DC × × ( 9 , 81 × k DYNM ) × 0 , 076 LDIAG ( kNm ) where
versal axis 1 000
L WL B CB
Diagonal length for catamarans LDIAG = = L WL ² + B CB ² ( m ) where α = Atan
(degree)
cosα L WL
Diagonal between the aft end of the port float and the fore end of the
Diagonal length for trimarans
starboard float, not to be taken >1,4 LWL
NOTE 1 The factor 0,076 corresponds to a symmetrical triangular loading on a beam simply supported (q1L2/12) with a
distance between supports of 046 LDIAG. The symmetrical triangular loading corresponds to a load greater in the middle
(more accommodation) than at the ends. See Figure 10 b).
The formula for torsional moment is a proposed default value, but it may be replaced by any documented
value, including a full calculation derived from the buoyancy calculated from the intersection of the hull
with a sinusoidal swell, with the masses distributed according to a detailed bill of masses.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

a) Diagonal length assessment b) Support of the craft

Key
1 crest of swell or wave
2 through of swell or wave
Figure 10 — Sketches explaining how load case LC1 is defined
12.6 Global load case GLC 2: Rig loads

The rig loads acting on the craft's structure shall be according to ISO 12215-10, meeting, where
relevant, the heel and trim conditions defined therein. They shall be balanced with the other loads, such
as buoyancy, hydrodynamic forces and moments and masses. The load increase due to dynamic effect
shall be considered.
Established practice recommendations for global load assessment and reporting are given in
informative Annex B.
12.7 Combination of diagonal load GLC 1 and rig load GLC 2 for sailing multihulls
Generally, the loads from rig can be considered as point loads (mast compression, shroud or mainsheet
pull). When a load is not directly applied to a crossbeam, it can be decomposed into its fraction directly
applied to the crossbeam plus a torsional moment.
When combining GLC 1 and GLC 2, one shall consider 0,5 GLC 1 + GLC 2 or GLC 1 + 0,5 GLC 2 whichever
the greater.
12.8 Global load case GLC 3: Asymmetric broaching loads in sailing multihulls
Asymmetric broaching of a sailing catamaran occurs when it digs both front ends with horizontal
transverse pressure corresponding to the lateral resistance of the hulls/float profile. For a trimaran,
the force is applied on the leeward float and the hull, see Figure 11. The force is applied at mid-hull/
float depth.
It is considered that the front leeward part of hulls and floats are loaded as shown in Figure 11 and
Table 14. The pressure is a linear pressure varying from zero at the foremost transversal bulkhead or
crossbeam connecting the two hulls, to a maximum pressure at the stem. This force is therefore acting
at 2/3 of the distance between fore bulkhead/crossbeam to stem.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

a) Sailing catamaran b) Sailing trimaran
Figure 11 — Asymmetric broaching loads (sailing multihulls only)
Table 14 — Global load GLC 3 — Asymmetric broaching (see Figure 11)

Definition Value
Total resultant transverse force directed windward F T1MAX (N)
Resultant force on leeward hull/float fore overhang a × F T1MAX at 0,67 LFOH (catamaran) or LFOHF (trimaran)
Resultant force on windward hull/float fore overhang (1−a) × FT1MAX at 0,67 LFOH (catamaran) or LFOHF (trimaran)
Where
F T1MAX is the maximum value of the transverse forces (N) exerted by the sail plan in sail configuration 1 of
ISO 12215-10, and;
a = 0,67 where there is no crossbeam between hulls or floats; and;
a = 0,5 where there is a crossbeam between hulls or floats.
Where there is no front crossbeam, the strength of the front of each hull or float shall be assessed as a cantilever
longitudinal beam under the resultant force, Same assessment for catamarans with transverse front crossbeam,
but for trimarans, a specific calculation considering the different stiffness/strength of hull and float is needed.
12.9 Global load case GLC 4: Longitudinal broaching/pitchpoling
12.9.1 General
A multihull, sail or motor, broaches when digging the stem of a hull/float into a wave which causes
a deceleration force corresponding to the longitudinal loads defined below. The longitudinal dynamic
energy is usually absorbed by a longitudinal righting moment called pitchpoling.
The shear force and bending moment in the hull /floats and in the crossbeams resulting from the
vertical buoyancy shall be checked, so that the resulting stresses are not greater than the design
stresses defined in Table 12.
To simplify, this checking need not be performed for hull/floats when LOHi ≤ 4 DOH,
where, see Figure 12;
— LOHi is the relevant distance between supports or overhangs = LFOH, LAOH, LOFn, LFOH for hulls LFOF,
LAOF, LFOF for floats, and

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

— DOH is the local depth at the root of the hull/float at overhang (point of max bending moment) either
forward DFOH or aft DAOH.
The loading may also be assessed by one of the methods given in 12.9.2.
12.9.2 Full method of analysis of the buoyancy load when the craft pitchpoles
This method normally corresponds to the earlier occurrence of the following situations:
— either bow down trim angle of 20°, or
— immersion of the deck at the stem (main hull for trimarans).
Additionally, for sailing craft:
— the rig load and corresponding angle of heel/trim shall be according to ISO 12215-10;
— for more information, one may use the pitchpoling condition of ISO 12217-2:2015 but using the
loaded displacement mLDC (ISO 12217 uses minimum operation condition mMO).
a) Buoyancy force FB and reactions of crossbeams

where the deck at stem is immersed before 20°
b) General dimensions of hull or float and sketch of forces and reactions in crossbeams
Figure 12 — Sketch of vertical forces and reactions on crossbeams when pitchpoling
Figure 12 shows the front and aft forces FA1 and FA2 or the total buoyancy force FB and the values of
LFOH, BFOH and DFOH or LAOH, BAOH and DAOH for respectively the front and aft overhangs, beam and
depth as defined in Table 11 and shown in Figure 12 b).
Annex D gives examples of the determination of FB and of the EI products of each crossbeam.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Where the enhanced method of 12.3.3 is used, the leeward hulls are asymmetrically loaded, as in GLC 3,
and the leeward hull usually supports a higher loading than the windward one.
12.10 Global load case GLC 5: Longitudinal force on one hull
12.10.1 General
This load case considers the longitudinal force, defined in Table 15 and occurring either when hitting a
floating object/whale or a steep wave. The resulting shear force and bending moment in the crossbeams
or wet deck shall be checked, so that the resulting stresses are not greater than the design stresses
defined in Table 12.
To simplify, this checking need not be performed, as required in Table 11, where:
— the length of the wet deck LWD >0,4LH for structural configuration a),
— the sum of the lengths of the crossbeams ΣLCi >0,4LH for structural configurations b) and c),
— the length of the main crossbeam LCM > 0,4LH for structural configuration d).
12.10.2 Longitudinal force
Figure 13 shows the crossbeams and the beam between hulls BBHi for a multihull with 3 crossbeams,
and Table 15 gives the longitudinal forces on hulls and crossbeams.
Table 15 — Global load LC5 — Longitudinal force (see Figure 13)

1-Direct longitudinal force on hulls
Longitudinal force on stem of catamaran hull F LC F LC = min (2,5 mLDC; 2,5 mHULL) (kN)
Longitudinal force on stem of trimaran float F LT F LT = min (5 mLDC; 5 mFLOAT ) (kN)
Where mHULL and mFLOAT are respectively the mass of one catamaran hull or one of the trimaran floats.
NOTE 1 These forces respectively correspond to about 0,25 g and 0,5 g decelerations.
2-Resulting longitudinal force on crossbeams
 EI   EI 
Longitudinal force F Li acting on crossbeam i
FLi = FL × 
 B3
 /
 ∑  B 3  (N ) ,

 BHi i  BHi  i
see Annex D, with F L = F LC or F LT where relevant
Longitudinal bending moment about a vertical axis at the
MLi = F Li × BBi (Nm)
connection of the crossbeam with the hull
NOTE 2 The EI value for each crossbeam is calculated about a vertical axis. (See Annexes C and D and ISO 12215-6).

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

a) Catamaran b) Trimaran
Figure 13 — Longitudinal force on hull of catamaran or float of a trimaran
12.11 Global load case GLC 6: Bending of crossbeams connecting hulls for motor
catamarans.
Table 16 and Figure 14 give the shear force and bending moment on the crossbeams connecting hulls
of motor catamarans. This bending moment may be shared by several crossbeams. This also applies
where "classical" crossbeams are replaced by a continuous structure or a great number of small beams.
For motor trimarans, unless using another specific documented method, the shear force, and
corresponding bending moment, shall be taken as the one exerted by the float considered fully
immersed. This case is similar to the one shown in Figure 12 but only when heeling.
The resulting stresses shall not be greater than the design stresses defined in Table 12.
Table 16 — Global load LC6 — Design bending moment and shear force for motor catamarans
mLDC B CB
Total design Bending moment MB on crossbeam(s) M B = k DC
0,5
× × 9 , 81 × k DYNM
0,5
× ( kNm )
1 000 8
mLDC
Total design shear force F on crossbeam(s) F = 0 , 25 × k DC
0,5
× × 9 , 81 × k DYNM ( kN )
1 000
Figure 14 — Bending moments and shear forces in GLC 6

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

13 Structural arrangement for supporting global loads

The structural arrangement shall be able to support and/or transmit local and global loads, without
exceeding the design or buckling direct or shear stress defined in Table 12.
Annexes C and D give respectively examples of "established practice" or technical background
calculation. Annex B gives "Established practice" recommendations for global loads assessment and
reporting.
14 Multihulls used as commercial craft and workboats

For multihulls used as commercial craft and workboats, Annex J of ISO 12215-5:2019 shall be applied in
conjunction with this document.
15 Information to be included in the owner's manual
15.1 General
The information specified in 15.2 and, where relevant, in 15.3 to 15.5 shall be included in the
owner's manual.
15.2 Respect of maximum loaded displacement

The owner’s manual shall include the following warning.
“CAUTION — The value of the maximum loaded displacement mLDC for multihulls has a greater direct
influence on the loads than it has for monohulls. Exceeding its design value can cause significant load
increase, for example a lower wet deck clearance inducing much higher pressures. Overloading shall
therefore be avoided.”
15.3 Operational guidance

The owner’s manual shall include the following warning.
“The owner is advised that he/she is responsible for ensuring that the normal mode of operation is
maintained. This means that the speed of the craft needs to be matched to the prevailing sea state, and
that the craft is used ‘with good seamanship behaviour.’ ”
15.4 Information to take care of sandwich plating

Where sandwich outer skin is thinner or with lower fibre mass than the "good practice" values of
Annex I of ISO 12215-5:2019, include the following information in the owner's manual, or any equivalent
or more detailed information:
"CAUTION — The outer skin of your craft is strong enough to resist the design pressure but can suffer
from local damage from hitting hard/sharp objects. If the outer skin is damaged, it shall be repaired
immediately.”
15.5 Information required by Annex J of ISO 12215-5:2019 - for commercial craft and
workboat
Where relevant, include the information required by J.3 of ISO 12215-5:2019.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Annex A
(informative)
Application sheet of ISO 12215-7
Tick valid cell or

Type of multihull Description
give value
Catamaran
Type of multihull Trimaran
Other, specify
Sail
Type of propulsion functioning mode Motor, displacement
Motor, planing
Steel
Aluminium
Building material
Wood
FRP
Craft main data (Table 1) Symbol Unit Value
Length of hull LH m
Length waterline in maximum loaded condition LWL m
Beam of hull BH m
Chine beam at x/LWL = 0,4 BC m
Loaded displacement mLDC kg
Maximum speed in mLDC condition (motor craft) V knots
Maximum draught of canoe body TC m
Deadrise at 0,4 LWL (planing craft only) β0,4 degree
Description kDC Tick cell
A 1,00
Design category (Table 5): B 0,80
C 0,60
D 0,40
Description Tick cell
Type of usage Recreational/Charter Use
Clause 14 and Annex J of ISO 12215-5;2019, Annex J
Workboat light duty
where relevant of ISO
Workboat heavy duty 12215-5
Analysis method of local loads Use Annex L of ISO 12215-5:2019

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Analysis of global loads enter Yes or No

Is the structural arrangement “Typical” according to Figure 9? enter Yes or No
If the result is “No” the enhanced global load analysis needs to be performed and results produced
If the result is “Yes” the simplified global load analysis needs to be performed but the simplified
method may be used, and results produced, if this is the case click the simplified global load analysis
performed
Structural GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC
arrangement (Fig 9) 1 2 1 and 2 3 4 5 6
a
b and c
d

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Annex B
(informative)
"Established practice" recommendations for global loads

assessment using FEM methods and reporting
B.1 Examples of "Established practices"

Examples of established practice in global loads assessment include:
— for sailing multihulls, balancing the rig/buoyancy loads and masses;
— the simplified method for global load, GLC 4 (see 12.9);
B.2 Guidelines for reporting the structural analysis with FEM method
Any structural analysis report, whatever the numerical calculation method is used, submitted, where
relevant, to notify body or approbation office, should include the following information:
Model description
— Reference units (of length, force, pressure, etc.) and geometric origin of the model
— Reference of plans (CAD, 2D drawing…) used, including dates and versions
— Numerical software used, including versions and dates
— Modelling assumptions
— Element types
— Mesh size
— Any deviation in geometry and arrangement of structure compared with plans
— Plot of complete model in 3D view
— Plot to demonstrate correct structural modelling
— Plot to demonstrate assigned properties
— Bill of material properties used in the model
Load and boundary conditions
— Details of boundary conditions
— Details of all load combination with calculated hull girder shear force, bending moment and torsional
moment distributions
— Plot of applied loads in 3D view
— Sum of total load applied
Design criterion
— Summary of allowable deflexion

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

— Summary of allowable stresses

— Details of selected composite failure criteria
For each load case result:
— Details of reaction at boundary conditions
— Plots and results to demonstrate correct behaviour of structural model under the applied load
combination
— Summary and plots of global displacements
— Summary and plots of stresses to demonstrate that allowable stress are not exceeded anywhere in
the structure
— Contour plots for:
— Composite failure criteria
— Ply stresses, when relevant
Analysis used
— Linear or non-linear static analysis
— Buckling analysis
— Other, if required: modal analysis, fatigue, etc.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Annex C
(informative)
"Established practice" details
C.1 Details for the connection of crossbeams with the hulls

The connection between the crossbeams and the hulls transmits loads by shear flow (see the arrows
in the drawings). This is mainly the case where the plating has an angle <45° with the direction of the
shear force to be transferred, see ISO 12215-6 for more information. See C.3.5 for details on shear flow.
Figure C.1 shows 3 examples of connection between a structural bulkhead, mast or mainsheet and the
hulls/floats.
— Figure C.1 a) shows the best arrangement as the whole connection with the hull transfers the shear
force with a small shear flow.
— Figure C.1 b) shows an acceptable arrangement where the extension of the bulkhead is in the
direction of the deck, to transfer transverse horizontal loads, and along the inner side of the hull, for
vertical shear load (torsion and mainsheet pull) with a larger shear flow.
— Figure C.1 c) shows a less recommended arrangement where the bulkhead can only transfer vertical
shear forces on parts of the hull with some vertical projection to the hull structure, and stops
abruptly. It is however acceptable if the shear force is low or transmitted by other means.
REMARK: The comments above become much less relevant where inner front part of the hull plating
[dotted lines in Figure C.1 d)] is connected to the bulkhead. In that case a significant part of the shear
flow passes to the structure by this connection, and all the 3 cases can then be relevant.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

a) Best arrangement b) Acceptable arrangement c) Less recommended
d) Contribution of the upper inside hull

Key
1 shear flow
Figure C.1 — Detailed arrangements of the connection between crossbeams and hulls
C.2 Design stresses

The design direct or shear stresses for local loads are taken from ISO 12215-5:2019 and the design
direct or shear stresses for global loads from Table 12, including, where relevant, kDYN. Where global
loads combine with local loads their effect is combined.
Where the crossbeam webs are made out of plywood, the "plywood on edge" data in Annex E of
ISO 12215-5:2019 may be used, unless other documented values are available. Plywood webs are
sometimes made with plates oriented at ±45° from horizontal to benefit from higher design shear stress
(generally double).
NOTE The shear stresses due to global loads, particularly the ones in elements working as shear web are "in-
plane" or "intralaminar "shear stresses.
C.3 Analysis of beams

C.3.1 General
Table C.1 gives simplified results for web and flange scantlings. This method is not only applicable in
the simplified method but is applicable to any crossbeam analysis when its shear force F and bending
moment M are known. This method is more accurate if the beam is high, say H > 3bewd.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

The assessment is made for each bulkhead/crossbeam, checking that the direct (tensile, compressive)
or shear stresses are below the design stresses of Table 12 for global loads, i.e.:
— direct compressive/tensile stresses in top and bottom flanges (analysed either with or without
attached plating);
— shear stresses in webs analysed according to Table C.1 and shear buckling stresses analysed in C.3.4
and Table C.2;
— increased direct and shear stresses from secondary bending moments from eventual cut-outs in the
webs of crossbeams analysed according to Table C.3;
— loads, and reactions defined in this Annex are correctly introduced by shear in the web;
— there is no abrupt discontinuity in the flanges and webs to avoid stress raisers, including the detailed
recommendations of ISO 12215-6.
C.3.2 Method of analysis

The crossbeams are considered as I-beams, with the following simplifications:
For a "high" I-shaped crossbeam, the following assumptions are usually made:
a) the shear force is only resisted by the web;
b) the bending moment is only resisted by the upper and lower flanges, with eventual use of attached
plating.
More sophisticated analysis methods can be applied provided that they use sound engineering.
C.3.3 Dimensions, sections, neutral axis

Where the deck is added at the end of the construction, the link between the bulkhead and the web
may be not fully efficient, and some designers do not consider the deck as an attached plating (see
Figure C.2). A conservative calculation therefore only considers the flange/reinforcement connected to
the web and neglecting the attached plating effect of the deck (at top) and, where relevant, wet deck (at
bottom).
The total section, position of yG (neutral axis), second moment I, and section modulus are calculated, to
verify that the tensile or compression design stress, whichever is the lesser, is not exceeded. Clause H.4
of ISO 12215-5:2019, explaining stiffener calculation, may be used, especially if different materials are
used in the beam.
Table C.1 gives, in contrast, an example of calculation for an I-shaped beam where deck and wet deck
are part of the upper and lower attached plating.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Key
1 top reinforcement flange
Figure C.2 — Sketch of a bulkhead without considering the deck as an attached plating

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Table C.1 — Shear forces in a structural bulkhead — Simplified beam analysis
The shear force and bending moment are derived

from the load case
The top and bottom flanges are constituted by:
— the deck attached plating
— extra top flange width btf, section btf × ttf
— extra bottom flange, width bbf, section bbf × t bf
— the bottom/wet deck attached plating.

The width of top and bottom shell section is the at-
tached plating as defined in ISO 12215-5:2019.
All dimensions in mm and sections in mm2.
Annex H of ISO 12215-5:2019 dealing with stiffeners
is used.
ISO 12215-6 can be used for explanations.
Key
2 deck reinforcement for mast compression
3 4 identical UD GRP angles L × H
4 stiffener to introduce the mat compression
Shear stress in the web
F
τ= 10 −3 to be ≤ τd and 0,40 τcrt defined below,
HW ×t W
where
F kN, shear force from load case;
Hw mm, height of the web, measured between the CG of flanges;
tw mm, web thickness (sum of 2 skins tw/2);
τd N/mm2 design shear stress of the web defined in Table 13;
τcr N/mm2 critical shear buckling stress for defined in Table C.2;
−3 q
10 F
q= N/mm shear flow, therefore τ = (N/mm2).
HW tW
NOTE The example shown applies to one of the possible FRP arrangements.
C.3.4 Shear buckling analysis
C.3.4.1 Single skin shear buckling
Large panels subject to shear tend to buckle and make wrinkles at 45° (Wagner field). This buckling
may not be catastrophic in single skin construction and has been used for metal construction in aircraft
industry, as it allows a lighter structure. In that case, the edges of the panel are overstressed and need
a specific analysis. Where the dimension of the panels of the web are reduced by the use of vertical
stiffeners, these stiffeners are loaded by the shear flow in the web and need a specific analysis, out of

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

the scope of this document. Examples can easily be found in aircraft design literature on spar beams,
see e.g. References [2] and [3].
C.3.4.2 Sandwich shear buckling
In FRP, single skin and sandwich construction, shear buckling shell generally be avoided, unless a
specific documented analysis based on practical experience is performed. Table 12 recommends a
shear stress ≤40 % of the critical shear buckling stress. Table C.2 gives a method to define the value of
the critical shear buckling stress in a single skin or sandwich panel.
Table C.2 — Critical shear buckling stress in single skin and sandwich
1-Critical shear buckling stress for a single skin panel
2
 b t 
τ cr =  5 + 6  × E t × s  (N/mm2)
 l  b
 
2-Critical shear buckling stress for a symmetrical sandwich panel
τ = 2 , 98 × k SB ×
(
Et × t s + t c )2 (N/mm2), with
cr b2
2
b
5, 3 + 4 ×  
k SB =
l
 E t   t s ×tc   b  shear stress factor,
2
1 + 5, 4 ×  × 2 ×
  4 , 3 + 3 ×   
 GC   b   l 
where
Et N/mm2 tensile modulus of the skins or the laminate;
Gc N/mm2 shear modulus of the core;
ts mm thickness of the skins;
tc mm thickness of the core;
b mm small dimension of the panel;
l mm large dimension of the panel.
C.3.5 Compression buckling and skins stability

Where a sandwich bulkhead located below a deck is supporting a compression:
— The deck core shall be able to locally support/transmit this compression.
— The bulkhead sandwich shall be able to support/transmit this load without surpassing the design
(direct, shear or buckling) stress. It may need to be stabilized by a stiffener as shown in the Figure
in Table C.1.
This may lead in some cases to complex compression/shear stability calculation, bibliographic
references in this document and in ISO 12215-5 can be helpful.
C.3.6 Eventual cut-out in the web
C.3.6.1 Shear stress
F ×Q
In a thin web made of a homogeneous material, the shear stress is the ratio τ = , where F is the
I ×t
shear force, and Q and I are respectively the first and second moments. In beams with thin webs, the

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

F ×Q
shear is nearly constant in the web and the concept of shear flow q is often used, where q = τ × t =
I
F
For I-beams with thin webs, q = τ × t ≈ , where H is the distance between the CG of flanges and very
H
close to the actual height of the web.
The example given in C.3.6.2 deals with a passage/opening cut in a web inside the hulls as shown in
Figure C.3. The web usually needs to be reinforced at the edges of the opening, as q2 > q1 , see double
hatched areas in Figure C.3 a), so that τ2 ≤ τd.
Where H1 ≠ H2, the shear forces are distributed on the top and bottom webs, according to the second
moment of the top and bottom I-beams defined below, and create a secondary bending moment at
the angles.
C.3.6.2 Secondary bending moment

q×a×b
This secondary bending moment M 1 = (N.mm) can be very high, as explained in the last cell of
4
Table C.3 and it is often needed to round/fair the angles to limit this moment, which may then be
approximated lowered to M2=α M1where α may be about 0,7. The same formula could be used to
calculate the secondary bending moments at the bottom of the opening.
To resist this bending moment without exceeding the bending stress, the section often needs, in
addition to rounding/fairing, to be made as an I-beam, adding a reinforcing flange around the opening
(the lower flange being the deck, wet deck or hull plating).
CAUTION — The stresses in the top or bottom of an I-beam (deck, or bottom of hull) add to the
existing bending stress.
The section of maximal bending moment is along the distance H1 in Figure C.3. It is along this direction
that the section modulus or the resisting bending moment are assessed against MBS1 or MBS2. Where
necessary, the attached plating of the deck wet deck or hulls are used to calculate the section.
Other reinforcement methods may be used, e.g. continuous framing along the edges, etc. see
References [2] and [3].
Table C.3 — Shear force and bending moment in a framed cut-out in a shear web
Shear flow/
Location Formulas
bending moment
F
Before cutting out Initial shear flow q1 = 10 −3 ( N / mm )
a + 2H 1
F
q 2 = 10 −3 ( N / mm )
Shear flow in remaining top 2H 1
After cutting out and bottom webs where q2
H1=H2 τ2 = N / mm 2
tW
shear stress to be ≤ τd and τcr
NOTE The formulas in the bottom of the last column of this Table give the maximal bending moment aligned with the
diagonal of the cut-out, it is valid with pure shear stress and frames with constant stiffness, see References [2] and [3].

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Table C.3 (continued)

Shear flow/
Location Formulas
bending moment
Bi-symmetrical statically
Cut-out dimensions
undetermined system For a shear flow q2 (N/mm²/mm), dim in mm,
the shear forces in top and bottom of web are:
q ×a q ×b
F1 = ± 2 F2 = ± 2 (N)
2 2
The bending moments at angle.is
q ×a×b
M1 = 2 (N.mm)
4
NOTE The formulas in the bottom of the last column of this Table give the maximal bending moment aligned with the
diagonal of the cut-out, it is valid with pure shear stress and frames with constant stiffness, see References [2] and [3].
a) Cutting in a bulkhead b) Secondary bending moments
Figure C.3 — Openings in a bulkhead and secondary bending moments due to shear

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Annex D
(informative)
Technical background and example of torsional moment analysis

with differential deflection of crossbeams
D.1 General
The structure of a multihull in the sea can be analysed as a rectangular frame with perpendicular
loads. Usually the main beams are built-in into the hulls. This is a statically indeterminate structure for
which the strain energy method is one of the methods to resolve this indetermination. Computational
methods, such as multi frame, grid analysis or FEM, can be used, but this is often out of reach of small
craft designers, builders and certification bodies, and simplified methods are sought.
This Annex presents simplified methods of analysis.
In these simplified methods, the hulls are assumed to be much stiffer than the beams, which is
acceptable as the hull depth is >10 times the beam depth. In that case the hulls are considered "rigid"
and the strain energy (bending and torsional) only affects the beams, with no twist of the hulls.
D.2 Theory
Figure D.1 — Multihull (with 3 crossbeams)
The total strain energy developed by the torsional design moment under global sea load MT defined in
Table 13 is resisted by torsional energy and bending energy in the beams.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Table D.1 — Analysis formulas

1-Preliminary calculations
mLDC
Torsional design moment from Table 13
0,5
M TD = k DC × × ( 9 , 81 × k DYNM ) × 0 , 076 LDIAG
1 000
Total strain energy equals that from MTD UB + UB = 0,5 MTD × θ
6E i I i × z² 6E i I i × x ²×θ ²
UB = ∑ B Bi 3
= ∑ B Bi 3
where
1
Gi J i ×θ ²
Strain energy in bending UT = ∑ 2
B Bi
strain energy in torsion (twisting) and
M TD
θ= angle of twist of the hulls
12 E i I i × x 2 Gi J i
∑ B Bi 3
+ ∑B Bi
where
x i* m longitudinal distance, from an arbitrary datum, to CG of a crossbeam or centre of twist
12 E i I i x i *
∑ B Bi 3
longitudinal distance, between the datum and the centre
x CT
*
m x* =
of twist CT 12 E i I i
∑ B Bi 3
Ei .Ii kNm2 bending rigidity of each cross beam;
Gi .Ji kNm2 torsional rigidity of each cross beam;
BBH m average of the transverse distances between hulls, see 6.1
xi = x i* − x CT
*
m longitudinal distance, between each crossbeam centroid and the centre of twist
θ radian the angle of twist of the hulls
NOTE The formula for twist angle could be corrected to include the torsional stiffness of the cross beams (i.e.
∑GJ/L) but this normally only affects the twist by a few per cent and the complication is not justified. However,
for continuous ‘double-bottom’ style wet decks composed of wet deck and deck to constitute a ‘closed-cell’ the
torsional stiffness may be more important than the bending stiffness
2-Final calculations
Once θ, is determined, the bending moment and shear force for each cross-beam at a distance x can be determined
as follows.
6 E i I i ×θ × x i
Bending moment in the cross beam i M Bi = ( kNm )
B BHi 2
2 M BHi 12 E i I i × θ × x i
FBi = = ( kN ) or
B BHi B BHi 3
Shear force in the crossbeam i FB × B BH

MB =
2
Bending moment at ends of BBH with F B = F B1 = F B2 where BBH is the aver-
age value of BBHi
The cross beams can then be analysed per Annex C.
CAUTION — The above method is only applicable to closed sections, i.e. with no significant opening in the hulls,
as shown in Figures D.1 and D.2. As most of the cruising multihulls have large opening in the hulls, though covered
by a large coachroof, this simplified method is questionable for this type of craft.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Table D.1 (continued)

REMARKS: The ‘GJ’ term may be neglected for ‘open’ section or if a conservative solution is required. The shear
strain energy is negligible for a catamaran with just two or three beams, but for a ‘double bottom’ style wet deck
+ deck + girders extending over 50 % of the LWL this might not be the case. So, providing the full formula might
be helpful for craft, which are close to the limit in meeting the requirements. If the ‘GJ’ term is neglected, one can
see that the torsional moment of the hulls due to quartering sea global load is resisted by the bending moments
in the beams which are loaded by differential deflection: the beams are considered fully fixed at their connection
with the hulls and one end is lifted relatively to the other.
D.3 Worked example

D.3.1 General
The following worked example shows an application of the theory explained in Table D.1 It uses only
two beams for simplicity, but it is a first step towards the analysis of more beams as given in D.3.4. This
method also considers the torsional strain energy, which the simplified 2-beams method of Table D.1
does not.
D.3.2 Full method
Figure D.2 — Worked example — Sports catamaran
The craft is a sports catamaran (see Figure D.2) with the following data and calculation of MTD taken
from Table 13 and given in Table D.2.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Table D.2 — Worked example calculation

1-Preliminary calculation - excerpt of a Table according to Annex H of ISO 12215 with kBB = 1GRP Infused
Ply Fibre t/w ti E Ei× ti G Gi×ti σut σuc σuf
dry vol m
N° type type kg/
mass frac frac
G,C ϕ ψ m2 mm N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
1 UD 1,60 G 0,40 0,59 0,98 1,56 30 401 47 501 2 649 4 139 578 426 614
2 BD 2,00 G 0,40 0,59 0,98 1,95 18 750 36 622 2 649 5 174 291 263 345
3 DB 1,60 G 0,40 0,59 0,98 1,56 8 460 13 219 8 476 13 244 90 86 110
Total 5,20 0,40 0,59 0,98 5,08 19 169 97 341 4 442 22 558 203 196 249
2-Preliminary calculation - following
Forward Beam Round tube aluminium alloy 6061 T6 non-welded σuw = 240 N/mm2 σd = 168 N/mm2
D t walls E1 G1 I1 E1I1 J1 G1J1 SM1 σd1
mm mm N/mm2 N/mm2 mm4 MNm2 mm4 MNm2 cm3 N/mm2
150 5,0 70 000 26 923 5,99E+06 0,420 1,20E+07 0,323 80 168
Aft Beam Rectangular GRP tube (see data in item 1)
H B t walls E2 G2 I2 E2I2 J2 G2J2 SM2 σd2
mm mm N/mm2 N/mm2 mm4 MNm2 mm4 MNm2 cm3 N/mm2
100 180 5,0 19 169 4 440 4,67E+06 0,089 5 1,02E+07 0,045 5 93 100
Detail of calculation:
Forward beam (1) = 150 mm outside diameter, 5 mm wall thickness
Aluminium alloy 6061 T6 welded tube E1 = 70 000 N/mm2, G1 = E1/2,6 = 26 923 N/mm2. σd1 = 81 N/mm2
E1I1 = E1 × π/64 (Do4 − Di4) = 70 000 × π /64 (0,154 – 0,144) = 0,42 MN.m2.
G1J1 = G1 × π /32 (Do4 − Di4)= 26 538 × π /32 (0,154 – 0,144) = 0,318 1 MN.m2.
Aft beam (2) = 100 mm deep × 180 mm wide≈ 5 mm wall thickness rectangular tube GRP s in Item 1
E2 = 16 196 N/mm2, G2 = 4 442 N/mm2)
E2I2 = E2 × (Bo3Ho3 − Bi3H13)/12 = 16 169 × (0,18 × 0,103 – 0,17 × 0,093)/12 = 0,089 6 MN.m2.
G2J2 = 4 G2 A2t/p
A = area enclosed by mid-wall thickness line = 0,175 × 0,095 = 0,016 6 m2.
p = perimeter of this line = 2 × (0,175 + 0,095) = 0,54 m
t = wall thickness = 0,005 m
G2J2 = 4 × 4 4 440 × 0,016 62 × 0,005/0,54 = 0,045 4 MN.m2.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)


3-Calculation of the Torsional moment according to GLC1
LH LWL BBH BCB LBB kDC mLDC kDYNM α Ldiag MTD SF U Mtu
Cat B LC1
m m m m m 1 kg 1 deg m MNm 1 MNm
12,00 9,00 7,00 8,00 8,00 0,80 2 250 1,24 41,63 12,04 0,022 4 2,0 0,045
Denom Denom
Num Denom xCT θ
1 of θ 2 of θ
x x
m m m rad
0,117 0,02 6,59 0,165 0,05 0,103
Forward beam Aft beam
x1 F1 M1 σ1 CF1 x2 F2 M2 σ2 CF2
m N Nm N/mm2 σd/σi m N Nm N/mm2 σd/σi
1,408 2 127 7 445 93,2 1,80 6,592 2 127 7 445 79,7 1,26
3.1 Using the full method
With LBB = 8 m, the applied torque = 22,4 kN.m (i.e. 0,022 4 MN.m). The span of each beam is BBB = 7 m. Taking
the aft beam axis at the datum (so only the forward beam has a non-zero x*):
12 E i I i x *
∑ B BHi 3
x=
12 E i I i
(
= 12 × 0 , 42 × 10 / 7 3 / 12 × 0 , 089 5 / 7 3 + 12 × 0 , 42 / 7 3 = 6 , 59 m . )
∑B 3
BHi
i.e. the axis of twist is closer to the stiffer forward beam.
M TD
The angle of twist is now found from θ =
12 E i I i × x 2 Gi J i
∑ B Bi 3
+ ∑B Bi
12 E i I i x 2
∑ = 12 × 0 , 089 5 × 6 , 59 2 / 7 3 + 12 × 0 , 42 × ( 8 − 6 , 59 ) / 7 3 = 0 , 170 6 + 0 , 027 = 0 , 165 MN.m
2
B Bi 3
G J
∑ BiBii =0 , 323 / 7 + 0 , 0455 / 7 = 0 , 05 MN.m Hence θ = 0,022 5/(0,165 + 0,05) = 0,103 radians
REMARK: The twist angle is only an interim figure as part of a strength analysis of the cross beams and is not
suitable for any stiffness analysis.
2 M BA 12 E I × θ × x
The force can now be calculated for each beam: F = =
BB BB3
For the forward beam: x1 = 8-6,59 = 1,408 m
F1 = 12 × 0,42 × 0,103 × 1,408/73 = 2,127 × 10−3 MN = 2 127 N
M1 = F1 × BB /2 = 2,127 × 10−3 x 7/2 = 7,445 × 10−3 MN.m = 7 445 Nm
For the aft beam: x2 = −6,592 m
F2 = 12 × 0,065 42 × 0,896 × 6,592/73 = 2,127 × 10−3 MN
M2 = F2 × BB /2 = 2,127 × 10−3 × 7/2 = 7,455 × 10−3 MN.m.m
Maximum bending stress:
Forward beam σ1 = 7 455 /80 = 93,2 MPa compliance factor = 168/93,2 = 1,8
Aft beam σ2 = 7 455 /93 = 79,70 MPa compliance factor = 100/78,7 = 1,2
CAUTION — If the aluminum tube is welded σd would be 81 instead of 168 and the compliance factor would be
0,87 and a bigger aft beam would be needed.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)


NOTE Ignoring the shear stiffness would increase θ to 0,02/0,197 6 = 0,101 2 radians. The force from 1,593 × 10−3 MN
to 2,0 × 10−3 MN, a 25 % increase.
Therefore, for the torsional moment only, one can see that, with two beams, by matter of symmetry,
the forces at the end of each beam are identical, and so are the bending moments. This would not be the
case with 3 cross beams.
CAUTION — For sailing craft, the loads from the rig would need to be added as required by
Table 11 with a completely different effect.
D.3.3 Special case of two cross-beams only (suitable for small sports sailing
catamarans)
When there are only two beams, one normally located near the forward end and one nearer the aft
end, and the torsional stiffness is small enough to be neglected, there is no need to carry out the full
calculations since F1 = F2 = MT/LBB.
EXAMPLE F1 =F2 = MT/LBB = 0,022/8 = 0,002 127 MN = 2 127 N as in the example in Table D.2.
The bending moment in the beams is (see D.3.2) MB = F × BB/2.

Hence, the full method is only required when there are more than two cross-beams.
D.3.4 General case of more than 2 cross-beams

When there are more than 2 cross-beams, D.3.3 does not apply. The full method shall be used. A tabular
method is recommended.
Alternatively, a finite element model may be used. As the aim is only to assess the strength of the cross-
beams, beam-elements may be used with the hull modelled as ‘near-rigid’ elements. The cross-beams
are assumed to be built-in at the intersection of the cross-beam with the demi-hull on one side. The
other demi-hull, being nearly rigid, may be loaded by a couple composed of two equal and opposite
vertical forces.
In applying the method, a number of simplifications may be used, see Figure D.3:
— The determination of the effective span is uncertain in some cases.
— The geometry is greatly simplified as demi-hull centroids and cross-beam end nodes are displaced
in reality.
While it is possible to accommodate some of these issues by more sophisticated modelling such as node
offsetting, the following approach is recommended:
— analyse the highly idealised model as a ‘screening tool’ to detect whether cross-beam strength is
an issue;
— if so, create shell and beam FEA model and investigate further.
For catamarans with deep cross-beams, the global strength may not govern scantlings. Before
proceeding to a more sophisticated analysis it might be worth conducting sensitivity studies with
increasingly worse-case assumptions on beam span.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

a) Real model
b) Simplified models with 3 rectangular beams
Figure D.3 — Simplified model
D.3.5 Special case of a continuous cross-structure as found in some motor catamarans

The method is less suitable where the cross-structure is continuous fore and aft over a significant
length of the craft. Such bridging structures often consist of a ‘dry-deck’ and ‘wet-deck’ connected by
plate floors and girders similar to a traditional ship double bottom. The bridging structure is essentially
a grillage or grid.
D.3.6 Recommended application of this annex

This method is intended to indicate whether stress levels under global ‘pitching torque’ are significant.
It is probably most applicable for:
— Screening checks on cruising sailing/motor catamarans where the cross structure consists of 3
or 4 beams (forward carrying the fore stay in the case of a sailing craft), central accommodation/
wheelhouse zone, aft beam);
— Racing catamarans consisting of two or three isolated cross beams where the simple space frame
model/method is more realistic.
— The method is not suitable for investigating trimaran cross-beams.

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Bibliography
[1] ISO 12215-6,Small craft — Hull construction and scantlings — Part 6: Structural arrangements
and details
[2] Rules for the Classification and the Certification of Yacht. Bureau Veritas. NR 500-2012
[3] Repair of double bullet S.H Myhre and J. Myhre AIAA
[4] Cours de résistance des matériaux à appliquée à l'Aviation (in French only)– Paul Vallat- 1945
[5] Airframe stress analysis and sizing - Michael Chung-Yung Niu – Hong Kong Conmilit press

ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

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12.9 Global load case GLC 4: Longitudinal broaching/pitchpoling...................................................................... 34

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

Small craft — Hull construction and scantlings —

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3 Terms and definitions

[SOURCE: ISO 12215-5:2019, 3.1.]

[SOURCE: ISO 12215-5:2019, 3.2.]

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[SOURCE: ISO 12215-5:2019, 3.3.]

[SOURCE: ISO 12215-5:2019, 3.9, modified - the definition is reworded.]

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Table 1 — Symbols, dimensions, factors, parameters

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5 Application of this document

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5.3 Overall procedure for the application of this document

Table 2 — Overall procedure for scantlings determination

6 Main dimensions, data and areas

6.1 Dimensions and data

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Figure 1 — Measurement of chine beam BCx and deadrise angle βx

6.1.3 Wet deck bottom

See definitions of wet deck in Table 4.

Crossbeams for catamarans and trimarans are defined in Table 4.

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a) Typical sailing catamaran, side view

b) Typical sailing catamaran, view at main section and any section x

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d) Typical sailing trimaran, view at mid-section x/LWL = 0,5

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g) Non-symmetrical planing hull section

Figure 2 — General dimensions of a multihull

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Table 4 defines the various areas of a multihull.

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7.2 Example of application on multihulls

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a) Section clear of wet deck

b) Section in way of catamaran wet deck

c) Two natural stiffeners plus side deck/angles

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d) One natural stiffener plus e) No natural stiffener except

Figure 3 — Example of panel assessment for sailing and displacement multihulls

7.2.2 Details on panel assessment and dimensions

7.2.3 The constant averaged pressure method

ZSDTMx height of the theoretical side/deck limit

ZSDAMx height of the actual side/deck limit

ZTx height (negative) of the bottom at centreline

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12215-7:2020(E)

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