6.

3 Power Block

Besides the trawling winch the size of the power block of the fishing vessel
must
be estimated in the initial design stage. It depends on the vessel's size. thus
its length and the size and
type of the hauling net. i.e. to the net's length and dep:s is well as the
size of its mesh and twine.
Some typical values there of are given in Table 6.1 in the appendix.

7. Estimation of Stability

In the initial design stage it is necessary to check the global or initial

characteristics of the vessel under consideration, i.e. the anticipated value stability
of metacentric height GM,
and to change, if necessary, the initially assumed main dimensions for
the vessel to comply with
relevant stability criteria. The stability characteristics of the ship affect directly
or indirectly her safety
in calm water and in waves (seaworthiness).

The main factors influencing the initial stability of a ship is her breadth
vertical position of her weight centroid for the specific loading condition. and the
The metacentric height
GM is commonly expressed through the vertical position of the buoyancy
centroid KB, the
metacentric radius BM and the vertical weight centroid KG, as

GM = KM - KG = KB + BM - KG (11)
For the initial design stage, the above values might be estimated through
empirical
formulas and coefficients, or related diagrams (see Fig. 21, 22 or Table
7.1). For fishing vessels of
24 m in length and over the "International Convention for the Safety
of Fishing Vessels"
(Torremolinos, Spain, 1977) should be applied and the specific requirements
on the stability,
seaworthiness and safety of vessel and crew laid down in this code must be
considered.

8. Choice of Construction Material

8.1 General

In selecting a suitable material for the construction of a fishing vessel's

including its deck and superstructure, several materials can be considered hull,
and are currently used,
namely : wood, steel, composite materials like FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastics),
aluminium alloys and
ferro-cement. Since no single material offers a definite advantage over the
others, for vessels of all
sizes to be built at any place around the world, each material can be considered
to has its relative
advantages and disadvantages. Even if the first cost of a specific material
is actually low, its
competitiveness against other materials is determined by other parameters,
like local availability of
the specific material, skill of the local manpower, productivity of the local
shipyards etc. Thus, a first
cost advantage might be reversed in practice, if a new or unfamiliar
material is selected by the
designer and the local shipyard fails to adjust to it in time.

A. D. Papanikolaou. "Estimation of the General Characteristics of Fishing Vessels".

Lecture Notes, 20th WEGEMT Graduate School on Fishing Vessel Technology,
Polytechnical University of Madrid. April 18 to April 27, 1994
17
RISHJSLEC3I 03 Y
 Because of the above reasons, it is difficult to generalize at least some of the
properties of the materials under consideration. in any case, steel is considered at present the most
suitable material for large vessels with length over abt 30 m. \vheteas wood and FRP seem to
dominate the smaller sizes under J0 m length. However depending on the local conditions, especially
in less developed countries, wood might be applied even to larger boats, whereas in developed
countries, in recent time, composite materials like FRP is displacing wood as construction material
especially for small size vessels. In Table 7.1 a general comparison of the properties of alternative
construction materials for small fishing vessels, as compared to steel, is given. A concise treatise on
the application of various materials, with emphasis on composite materials, to the construction of
maritime structures, including small vessels like fishing boats, is given in a recent WEGEMT School
publication [26].

Usually the shipowner will specify by himself the construction material and the
candidate shipyard for his vessel. If the designer has the choice, the parameters to be considered are:
(a) experience of local shipyard, (b) local production of material or supply from abroad, (c)
craftsmanship of local manpower, (d) Mechanical characteristics of material, (e) cost characteristics
of material. All the above considerations are understood in comparison to alternative materials.

8.2 Mechanical Properties

The mechanical properties of the various materials for fishing vessel construction
may be investigated separately in terms of their tensile and bending strength and their rigidity in
relation to their specific weight.
Comparing the tensile strength of different materials, the maximum tensile force
that beams of equal weight, but of different material, can withstand is dependent on the ratio of the
limtiting tensile stress ayt, of the specific material, to its specific weight y. For the maximum bending
force, that beams of equal weight can withstand, it can be shown that they depend on the ratio of the
limiting bending stress 0 b , of the specific material, to the square of its specific weight y2.
Considering the stiffness of different materials, it can be shown that the limiting bending force that
causes a beam of equal weight to deflect equally depends on the ratio of the elasticity module, of the
specific material, to the cubic of its specific weight y3

While the comparison of mechanical properties of steel, aluminium, FRP or ferro-

cement is straightforward the case of wood is more complicate, because of the variation of
mechanical properties for the various species, the condition of the individual sample of the same
species, the direction of the grain and its moisture content. Besides the above complications, because
a wooden boat is not a homogeneous structure, but held together by frames and fastenings, the latter
usually consisting of other materials, this might cause weaknesses in the structure, that cannot be
expressed by simple coefficients like given above.

Various authors have compared alternative construction materials on the basis of

the same fishing vessel design. In Table 8.2 an example of a qualitative comparison between
alternative construction materials for a 12.6 mn fishing boat is given (see also Table 4.2).

From comparisons between alternative construction materials for a medium size

fishing vessel of abt 30 mn length it can be concluded that the structural and light ship weights of a

k. D. Papanikolaou. "Estimation of the General Characteristics of Fishing Vessels".

Lecture Notes, 20th WEGEMT Graduate School on Fishing Vessel Technology,
Poly-technical University of Madrid. April 18 to April 27. 1994 18
FISMJIICJI. 0 9,
 steel and wooden boat of equal size and
hull form do not differ considerably from
whereas the various FRP construction each other.
alternatives are by at least 25% lighter,
alternative can be up to 30% lighter, and the aluminium
finally the ferro-cement alternative should
be by abt 15%
heavier.
The designer might consider to exploit
construction through an increase of the vessel's the lighter aluminium or FRP hull
fishhold capacity or an increase of the ship's
a reduction of horse power or an increase range or
of the ship's free running speed. However,
reduction of the ship's structural weight, especially due to the
of the ship's hull shell weight, the overall
of gravity of the ship will move up and will center
cause problems of stability, that might be counteracted
a change of hull form or an increase of the by
ship's breadth. This will absorb at least some
advantage gained through the use of a lighter of the weight
construction material, besides the fact that
requirements might eventually dictate the the stability
take-over of permanent ballast, as often in practice
for FRP
boats.

Attention should be
but built from different materials. The paid to the design of the hull form of vessels of
hull form of a wooden boat might be useful the same size
a steel vessel of equal size and form characteristics, as a prototype for
whereas the use of FRP or aluminium requires
special care, if the weight difference is not
simply balanced by inclusion of permanent
ballast along
the ship's bottom.

Summing up the advantages and disadvantages

construction materials one could say that of the main fishing
the choice between wood or steel, when competitive vessel
certain vessel size, is highly dependent on for a
local material prices and the availability of
whereas the weight reduction achieved by qualified labor,
the use of FRP and aluminium construction
vessels in wood can, to a certain degree, over similar
be translated into increased carrying capacity
horsepower requirement. However this saving or reduced
is usually reduced by the inclusion of permanent
ballast, for the ship to comply with stability
requirements. The reduced maintenance cost
materials must be carefully weighed against for
the increased first cost of construction, especially these
FRP boats, when no series production possible for the
(cost
reference to new mortar mixing and prestressing of mould !). Fenro-cement, especially with
techniques, might be an interesting, cheap
construction material but is the exemption
from the regular case.

9. Preliminary Cost Estimation

The building cost of a ship and especially

the purpose of a preliminary cost estimation herein of a fishing vessel may be split for
into some main cost categories according
weight groups defining its Light Ship Weight to the main
(see 4.1). Thus a typical breakdown of a fishing
preliminary cost may include as minimum: vessel's
(a) the cost for the hull , (b) the cost for
installation, (c) the cost for the outfitting, the machinery
including fishing gear. For larger vessels some
further subdivided, similar to the definition items are
of the weight groups forming the Light Ship
the vessel's cost may be subdivided into Weight, thus
the cost for: (a) hull shell structure, (b)
outfitting, (d) machinery , (e) electrical deckhouse , (c)
installation, (0 auxiliaries, (g) deck equipment,
gear (see next set of lectures for typical examples). (h) fishing

L D. Papanikolaou. "Estimation of the General

Characterinics of Fishing Vessels".
Lecture Notes. 20th WEGEMT Graduate School
Polyechnical University of Madrid. April 18 on Fishing Vessel Technology.,
to April 27. 1994
19
FIS sacLCJI 0a
sJ
 The ship's cost for the hull structure may be estimated
structural weight and/or its size expressed in terms on the basis of the vessel's
of the CUNO factor. Depending on the
construction material, the vessel type and size, and
the local condition's of the shipyard (direct and
indirect labor cost, productivity of the shipyard) typical
coefficients for the unit cost per ton or per
m3 of CU'NO for the hull structure may be defined,
i.e. to CSt = [Cost /ton] or [Cost/m 3 ], thus the
preliminary structural cost can be found through a
simple multiplication of the above coefficients
with the vessel's structural weight or its CUNO factor.
Depending on the vessel type and size and to
the construction material the cost for a small fishing
vessel's hull structure might account for abt. 15
to 20 % of the total vessel cost.

The ship's cost for the machinery installation can be

on the installed horse power, as well as on the type assumed to depend primarily
of the engine and its position along the ship.
Likewise to the ship's structural cost, a unit cost [Cost/HP]
might be defined, from similar machinery
installations, thus the ship's machinery cost can be. found
by simple multiplication of the machinery
horse power by the machinery unit cost. A typical value
for the cost of the machinery installation of a
small fishing vessel, including electrical generators and
auxiliaries, is abt 30 to 35 % of the total cost.

Finally, the cost for outfitting might be estimated, similar

cost, through the definition of proper unit cost coefficients, to the vessel's structural
in terms of the weights of outfitting, or
the ships CENO factor, whereas the cost for fishing
gear can be best estimated through quotations
by relevant suppliers. Typical values for the fishing
gear cost, including nets, might be for a small
fishing vessel close to 50 % of the vessel's total cost,
whereas the cost for the remaining outfitting
might account for up to 20% of the total cost.
Also, it should be noted, that commonly a
contingency of abt 10% must be added to the preliminary
cost to account for unforeseen expenses.
Last but not least, it should be kept in mind, that estimating
the vessel's construction cost, especially
the cost for hull structure and its outfitting, the prices
of construction materials and labor cost from
local shipyards or suppliers at the time of cost calculation
must be considered, thus any known data
from similar vessels, built at another place (or country)
and at different time, cannot be used directly
for estimating the vessel's construction cost, but must
be corrected for the local values of cost and
the present worth of money.

10. Technical Specification

The technical specification is a technical document

information, required to describe completely a ship containing all the necessary
, that is ordered by a shipowner to be built at a
contracted shipyard. The technical specification is commonly
prepared according to the subdivision
of the ship into its main elements, into groups and sub-groups etc., as they are used for the ship's
weight definition and related calculations. An example
of such subdivision for a technical
specification of a fishing vessel is given in Table 10.1
in the appendix.
The first pan of the specification (group 0) contains general
vessel and the contract between shipowner and shipyard. information about the
It is further subdivided into the following
subgroups:
0.1 Purpose: It states the owner's requirements and general
consideration and contains typically the following information: specifications for the vessel under
(a) Type of vessel and fishing gear,

9. Papanikolaou. "Estimation of the General Characteristics

of
.ccture Notes. 20th WEGEMT Graduate School on Fishing Vessel Fishing Vessels".
Polvtechnical University of Madrid. April 18 to April 27, 1994 Technology.
20
FtShM.LEC31 03 94
 (b) Range or average round trip in days or seamiles, typical
fishing grounds, (c) Fishhold volume and
kind of fish and its stowage. (d) Top speed in free run
condition and pull force at tow speed for
trawlers, (e) Number of crew accommodated.

0.2 General Arrangement : It explains the contents of the attached

General Arrangement Plan.
the subdivision of the ship's hull and superstructure into
various compartments, the purpose of each
compartment, the lay-out of the deck equipment, the
machinery room arrangements, including
information about the type, power [HP] and revolutions [RPM]
of the main engine and its reduction
gear.
0.3 Principal Dimensions and Characteristics: The main
linear dimensions of the vessel
(length overall, length on design waterline and between
perpendiculars, breadth moulded and
maximum, draught mean and maximum, side depth)
are stated considering the various loading
conditions. Other vessel characteristics like displacement
volume, fishhold volume, tank capacities
are also given.
0.4 Classification. Materials of Hull and Equipment. Certificates:
The Classification Society
or authority supervising the design and construction of the
vessel must be clearly stated. The same is
required for the regulations, according to which the scantlings
of the vessel are determined and the
fitted materials (kind and quality) are selected. Certificates
stating the quality of the fitted materials
or equipment or accomplished work are to be listed according
to the owner's requirements, that have
been accepted by the contracted shipyard.

0.5 Modifications and Supervisions during Construction:

This point clarifies the way of
introducing modifications into the design or the accepted
specifications by either the shipyard or the
shipowner after the contract has been signed and their effect
on the contract price. The owner has
the right to name inspectors for supervising the construction
of the ship on his behalf and in
cooperation with the contracted shipyard.

0.6 Specifications, Drawings and Calculations: Since at

the time of signing the contract
between shipyard and shipowner the design often lacks
several details the shipowner might list
certain specifications, calculations and drawings that should
be submitted for later approval. In this
subgroup also a list of drawings and calculations for the vessel's
operation is furnished.
0.7 Stability Control and Sea Trials: At this point the relevant
stability criteria for various
loading conditions are stated and the details on the control
of the vessel's stability during delivery
through the inclining experiment are explained. For the delivery,
the condition of the ship and the sea
environment during sea trials are defined, as well as the
measuring procedures including equipment.
The sea trials consist commonly of progressive speed trials
and steering, manoeuvring and stop tests.
For fishing vessels, a typical fishing operation might be required.
For it, the fishing area and duration
of the test are stated. For large, steel fishing vessels or
even high quality small vessels, additional
vibration and noise measurements may be required according
to specifications laid down in the
contract.

The remaining items of the specification document, i.e. to

Equipment), 3(Accommodation), 4(Machinery), 5(Piping), group 1(Hull), 2(Deck
6(Electrical Equipment) and 7 (Special

A. D. Papanikolaou. "Estimation of the General Characteristics

of Fishing Vessels".
Lecture Notes. 20th WEGEMT Graduate School on Fishing Vessel
Polytechnical University of Madrid. April 18 to April 27. 1994 Technology.
21
FISM7JL-C'J1 03 94
 Equipment) concern the various construction and outfitting elements of the ship. They are described
through design drawings and are usually supported by specialized technical specifications. Equipment
specifications are commonly provided by the original manufacturers or~the suppliers.

D. Papanikolaou. "Estimation of the General Characteristics of Fishing Vessels".

Lecture Notes. 20th WEGEMT Graduate School on Fishing Vessel Technology,
Polyzechnical University of Madrid. April 18 to April 27. 1994 22
FIS•.JLEC31 OJ91
 References

[1] Bole, C.,"Hochsee-Fischereifahrzeuge". Handbuch der Werften, HANSA PubI., 1956.

[2] Campanile, A., Russo Krauss G., "Indicazioni statistiche per ilprogretto
preliminare di
pescherecci", Proc. Symp. on Technics and Technology in Fishing Vessel, Ancona, 1987.
[3] Dahle, E.,"Stability of Small Fishing Vessel", FAO/NORAD Course on Fishing Vessels
Design,
Bangkok, 1978.
[4] Dayton's, "Guide to Fishing Vessels", ed. 1990/91, Dayton's Publ. Ltd, Ledbury-England,
1991.
[5] Della Rocca, R., "A 110 ft Fibreglass Reinforced Plastic Trawler", in "Fishing Boats of
the
World, Vol. III" ed. Traung, J. 0., Fishing News Book Ltd., London, 1967.
[6] Doust, D.J., Hayes, J.G., Tsuchiya, T., "A Statistical Analysis of FAO Resistance Data
for
Fishing Craft", in "Fishing Boats of the World, Vol. III" ed. Traung, J. 0., Fishing News Book
Ltd.,
London, 1967.
[7] Fyson, J., (ed), "Design of Small Fishing Vessels", FAO - Fishing News Books
Ltd., Farnham -
Surrey, 1985.
[8] Gueroult, E., "An Approach to the Design of New Types of Fishing Vessels", in "Fishing Boats
of the World, Vol. III" ed. Traung, J. 0., Fishing News Book Ltd., London, 1967.
[9] Gulbrandsen, 0., "Weight and Cost Estimates for Small Fishing Vessels", FAO Investig.
into
Ferro Cement Fishing Craft, Fishing News Book Ltd., London, 1973.
[10] Guldhammer,H.," Formdata V - Hydrostatic Data for Fishing Boat Forms", Danish
Technical
Press, Copenhagen. 1973.
[11] Hamlin, C.. "Systems Engineering in the Fishing Industry", Journal Marine Technology,
Vol.
23, No. 2, 1986, pp. 158-164.
[12] Henschke. W., Thdremin, H., "Entwerfen von Fischereifahrzeugen", in Schiffbautechnisches
Handbuch, VEB Verlag Berlin, Berlin, 1964.
[13] H.M.S.O., "The Merchant Shipping", (Crew Accommodation - Fishing Vessels -
Regulations),
London, 1975.
[14] IMCO (Inter-GovernmentalMaritime Consultive Organization)(publ.), "Code
of Safety for
Fishermen and Fishing Vessels", Part A and B, London.
[15] Lewis, E. V., (ed.), "Principles of Naval Architecture", Vol. I - III, Publ. by SNAME, New
Jersey, 1988
[16] Messina, G, Sussag, L., "Some Notes on the Design of Trawlers", Proc. Symp.
on Technics and
Technology in Fishing Vessel, Ancona, 1989.
[17] Merrit, J.H., "Refrigeration on Fishing Vessel", Fishing News Book Ltd., London. 1969.
[18] Papan/kolaou,A. D., "Ship Design, Vol. A: Methodology of Preliminary Design", SYMEON
Publ., Athens, 1988.
[19] Papanikolaou, A. D., Karambali, G., Kariambas, E., "Technoeconomical Design
Aspects of
Fishing Vessels for medium Fisheries in Greece", Proc. Symp. on Technics and Technology
in
Fishing Vessel, Ancona, 1989.
[20] Papanikolaou,A. D., Karambali,G., Kariambas,E., "Methodology for the Preliminary
Design
of Fishing Vessels", Proc. Symp. on Technics and Technology in Fishing Vessel, Ancona, 1991
[21] Papanikoloou.A., Kariambas,E., "Optimization of the Preliminary Design and Cost
Evaluation
of Fishing Vessels", Journ. Ship Technology Research, Vol. 41, 1994.
[22] Papanikolaou,A. et al., "Technoeconomical Criteria and Specifications for Medium
Fisheries
Vessels",Final Report to the Div. of Fisheries, Greek Ministry.of Agriculture, NTUA, Athens,
1991.

A. D. Papanikolaou. "Estimation of the General Characteristics of Fishing Vessels".

Lecture Notes. 20th WEGEMT Graduate School on Fishing Vessel Technology,
Polytechnical University of Madrid. April 18 to April 27. 1994
23
ISHt3LECjj.o03 U
 [23] Ridgely-Nevitt, C.. "The Resistance of a High-Displacement-Length Ratio
Trawler Series".
Trans. SNANvE, 1967.
[24] Santarelli, M. F. C., "Preliminary Determination of main Characteristics of
Fishing Vessels".
6th WEGEMT Graduate School on Fishing Vessel Technology, Madrid, 1982.
[25] Schneeklcth, H., "Ship Design for Efficiency and Economy", Butterworths Publ.,
London,
1987.
[26] Shenoi, R. A., Welliconie, ,.F, "Composite Materials in Maritime Structures",
Vol. I & 2,
Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993.
[27] Strohbusch, E., "Schiffsentwurf- Trawler", Handbuch der Werften, HANSA
Publ., 1966.
[28] Thomson, D., "Fishing Methods, Equipment and Deck Layout of
Fishing Vessels",
FAO/NORAD Course on Fishing Vessels Design, Bangkok, 1978.
[29] Traung, J.0., (ed.), "Fishing Boats of the World 3", FAQ - Fishing News Books
Ltd., Farnham
- Surrey, 1967/1978.
[30] Watson, D. G. M. and Gilflllan,A. W, "Some Ship Design Methods", The Naval
Architect,
London, 1977.

List of Tables

Table 3.1: Typical values of fishhold to displacement ratios for different type of small
fishing
vessels[29]
Table 3.2: Hold capacity and stowage of various fish for fishing vessels with LOA
= 9 - 53 m acc.
to M. Santarelli - J. Fyson [24]

Table 3.3: Semiempirical length formulas for the initial design of fishing vessels

Table 3.4: Coefficients for Posdunine's length formula for fishing vessels with v =
9 - 14 kn
Table 3.5: Semiempirical equations and approximate values of design ratios and coefficients
for the
initial design of fishing vessels

Table 3.6: Approximate values of B/T and B/D for initial design of fishing vessels
acc to
Santarelli[24]

Table 3.7: Approximate values of form coefficients for initial design of fishing vessels
acc. to
Santarelli - Fyson

Table 3.8: Main characteristics of a successful post WW II German series of small

fishing vessels
acc. to Henschke [ 12]

Table 4.1: Typical weight coefficients and semiempirical formulas for the initial design
of fishing
vessels

Table 4.2: Parametric weight calculation study for a small 12.6 m Trawler built from
different
construction materials [9]

,.D. Papanikolaou. "Estimation of the General Characteristics of Fishing Vessels".

Lecture Notes. 20th WEGEMT Graduate School on Fishing Vessel Technology,
Polvtechnical University of Madrid. April 18 to April 27. 1994
24
 Table 4.3: Light ship weight subdivision for a 49 ft (14.94 m) wooden purse seiner [7]

Table 5.1 Stowage rates and yields of fishery products ace. to J. H. Merrit[17]

Table 6.1: Approximate values of power block consumption for initial design of fishing vessels
acc..
to Santarelli [24]

Table 7.1: Approximate formulas for estimation of the initial stability of fishing vessels

Table 8.1: Qualitative comparison of alternative construction materials against steel for small
fishing
vessels

Table 8.2 Example of preliminary estimation of shell weight for initial design of small fishing
vessels acc. to Gulbrandsen [9] (see also Table 4.2)

Table 10.1: List of contents of technical specifications for the construction of fishing vessels
acc. to
Santarelli [24]

List of Figures

Figure 1: Methodology for Fishing Vessel Design

Figure 2: Flowchart of Design Procedure for Fishing Vessels (Part A & B)

Figure 3: Relation between fishhold volume and duration of fishing trip acc. to Gueroult [8]

Figure 4: Relation between fishhold capacity (inside insulation) and displacement for fishing
vessels ace. to Gueroult [8]

Figure 5: Relation between displacement (for light ship condition) and length for existing vessels
and selected values acc. to Traung et al [29]

Figure 6: Diagramm for the initial estimation of the main characteristics of fishing vessels
of length
10 to 70 macc to Traung [12]

Figure 7: Diagranuns for the initial estimation of the L/B and B/T ratios for trawlers and seiners
[12]
Figure 8: Diagramms for the initial estimation of the form coefficients for trawlers and seiners [12]

Figure 9: Diagramm for the initial estimation of the main dimensions and characteristics of
small
trawlers and seiners [ 12]

Figure 10: Diagramm for the initial estimation of the breadth for various types of fishing vessels
acc.
to Grivalos (1968) [24]

A. D. Papanikolaou. "Estimation of the General Characteristics of Fishing Vessels".

Lecture Notes, 20th WEGEMT Graduate School on Fishing Vessel Technology.
Polytechnical University of Madrid. April 18 to April 27. 1994
25
FISNLJ.LECSi 03 91
Figure 11: Diagramm for the initial estimation the waterplane area coefficient acc. to Santarelli [24]

Figure 12 :Typical.diagramm of weights of steel structure (Fig. 12a) and outfitting (Fig. 12b) for
combination fishing boats built for the North-West U.S. Pacific Coast acc. to Reid (St John's, 1965)
[24]

Figure 13: Areas of deck activities for fishing vessels with alternative superstructure arrangements
(forward and aft) [7]

Figure 14: Distribution of deck activities for small and large stem trawlers [7]

Figure 15: Distribution of deck activities for seiners and gill netters [7]

Figure 16: Distribution of deck activities for line fishing vessels [7]

Figure 17: Typical arrangement of a small 20m stem trawler [7]

Figure 18: Typical arrangement of a large 53.5m freezer stem trawler [7]

Figure 19: Typical diagramm of statistical analysis for the installed horsepower of medium size
fishery vessels [19]

Figure 20: Diagramm for the initial estimation of the total resistance of fishing vessels as a function
of the speed-length ratio, Froude number and slenderness ratio ace. to Gueroult [8]

Figure 21: Diagramm for the estimation of the KM value of fishing vessels as a function of L, B and
T acc. to Gueroult [8]

Figure 22: Diagramm for the estimation of the KG value as a function of Land loading condition of
fishing vessels acc. to Gueroult [8]

Figure 23: Diagramm for the estimation of freeboard for sufficient stability of fishing vessels as a
function of length acc. to Gueroult [8]

A. D. Papanikolaou. "Estimation of the General Characteristics of Fishing Vessels".

Lecture Notes. 20th WEGEMT Graduate School on Fishing Vessel Technology.
Polytechnical University of Madrid. April 18 to April 27. 1994 26
FISHUJLECJI OJ91
 Table 3.1: Typical Values of Fishhold to Displacement Ratios
for Small Fishing Vessels of Various Type [29]

Vessel Type Main Dimensions VFH/Dispi Notes

LOA/LWLxBxD/r'
Shrimp Trawler- 9.76/8.58x2.9xl.27/.76 0.508 for w/o accomm.
wood V(WL) = 7.24 mA3
Shrimp Trawler- 10.97/10.13x3.5xl.64/99 0.550 for 2-3 crew accomm.
wood _V(WL)
= 12.22 mA3
Small Trawler-wood 11.63/10.7 1x3.7xl.64/1. 12 0.565 for 4 crew accomm.
V(WL) = 17.55 mA3
Trawler- Handliner- 13/12x3.8xl.75/1.1 0.63 for 6 crew accomm.
wood V(WL) = 19.00 mA3
Trawler - wood 18.48/16.16x5.6x2.2/1.27 0.38 for 2-4 crew accomm.
V(WL) = 42. ImA3
Trawler- wood 20.1/18.15x6.1x2.44/1.68 0.26 for 6 crew accomm.
V(WL) = 76.5mA3
Stern Trawler/ Purse 15.95/14.6x3.98x2.05/1.2 0.84 for 7 crew accomm.
Seiner - wood
V(WL) = 31 mA3
Stern Trawler - steel 25.9/23.2x6.86x3.73/3.52 0.554 for 9 crew accomm.
V(WL) = 217.5mA3
Gillnet Boat - wood 9.76/8.89x2.9x 1.26/0.76 0.76 for w/o accomm.
V(WL) = 7.43 m^3
Gillnet/Trawl Boat - 12.8/11.7x3.96x1.96/1.22 0.23 for 6 crew accomm.
wood V(WL) = 22.1 mA3
Trawler-Drifter - 14.94/13.7x4.1 lxl.92/1.3 0.495 for
wood 6 crew accomm.
V(WL) = 29.7mA3
Purse Seiner - wood 16.0/14.85x4.7x2.5/I.68 0.577 for 11 crew accomm.
V(WL) = 49.2 mA3
Seiner-Catcher Boat /8.00x2.06xO.86/0.56 0.46 for oper. cond.
- wood _V(WL)
= 6.3 m^3
Seiner-Mothership - /16.00x3.4x1.6/1.28 0.44 for oper. cond.
wood V(WL) = 49.2 mA3 7 crew accomm.
Tuna Longliner - /19.85x4.37x2.09/2.00 0.568 for light c. light cond.
wood 0.353 for full load c. loaded cond.
V(WL) = 119.6 m^3 17 crew accomm.
Tuna Longliner - /19.85x4.50xl.89/1.64 0.646 for light c. light cond.
steel 0.408 for full load c. loaded cond.
V(WL) =110.1mA3 18 crew accomm.

1AII
dimensions in (m), value of T is the mean value of draft for full load displacement
condition
A. D.Papanikolaou, "Estimation of the General Characteristics of Fishing
Vessels",
Lecture Notes, 20th WEGEMT Graduate School on Fishing Vessel Technology,
Polytechnical University of Madrid, April 18 to April 27, 1994
27
SWaLILEC:IVJ$4'
 Table 3.2 Hold Capacity and Stowage of Various Fish
for Fishing Vessels, LOA = 9 to 53 m
(acc. to Santarelli-Fyson )
1 2 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
9 30 6 212 4,2 2,0 1.5 35 53 3 2.4
11 36 10 170
7353 3W3 2A 50 75 5 4
12 40 15 530 10.5 5,0 3.35 85 128 7,5 6
14 46 20 706 14.0 6,6 4,8 115 172 10 8
15 1 50 30 1060 21,0 10.0 6,7 170 255 15 12
17 56 35 1236 24.5 12,0 8.0 200 300 17,5 14
IS 59 50 1766 35 17,0 12.0 290 387 25 20
20 66 65 2295 45 22,0 15.4 380 506 32,5 26
21 69 80 2825 56 27.0 18.0 470 626 40,0 32
23 75 100 3531 70 33 24 580 772 50 40
25 82 120 4238 94 40 29 700 932 60 48
27 89 150 5297 105 50 34 880 1172 75 60
30 98 170 6004 120 57 41 1000 1333 85 68
36 118 230 8123 160 77 54 1350 1800 115 92
43 141 300 10590 210 100 70 1760 2326 150 120
49 161 380 13420 260 127 87 2230 2970 190 152
53 174 500 17660 350 170 116 2940 3920 250 200

Explanations of Columns

1 Approximate Length Overallof Vessel in [m]

2 Approximate Length Overall of Vessel in fit]
3 Fishhold Capacity in [m^3]
4 Fishhold Capacityin fitA3]
5 Stowage capacity of bulk herring or sardines [tons]- assumed S.F :1,43 [m^3/ton]-
Values can
be up to 30% higherfor modern boats
Stowage capacity of icedfish in tropic climate[tons]- assumed S.F: 3,0 [mA3/ton]- Values can
be elsewhere up to 40% higherfor modern boats
7 Stowage capacityof iced shelffish [tons]- assumed S.F.: 4,0 - 4,4 [mA34ton]
8 Stowage capacity of iced fish in boxes of 45 kg, given [number of boxes]- assumed S.F: abt
0,172 [mA3/45 kg box]
9 Stowage capacityof icedfish in boxes of 25 kg, given [number of boxes]-
assumed S.F: abt 0,113 - 0,128[mA3/25 kg box]
10 Stowage capacity offrozen fish in refrig.hold [tons]-assumedS.F 2,0[mA3/tonj-
11 Stowage capacity of livingfish in RSWor CSW containers [tons]
assumed S.F: abt 2,50 [mA3/ton]-

A. D. Papanikolaou, "Estimation of the General Characteristics of Fishing Vessels",

Lecture Notes, 20th WEGEMT Graduate School on Fishing Vessel Technology,
Polytechnical University of Madrid, April 18 to April 27, 1994
28
F"ISJ ttCIVJN4
 Table 3.3: Semiempirical Length Formulas for the
Initilial Design of Fishing Vessels

Author Formula2 Notes

Vdlker Lpp / V 1 3 = 2.0 + 4.5 V/'ig V113 speed V[m/sj
Campanile - Lpp = 3.061 A0 .3966 acc. to regression
Russo Krauss analysis, for121A<3000tons
Papanikolaou LOA = 4.141 A 0.34 34 acc. to regression analysis

of wooden trawlers,
Papanikolaou for A <250tons [19$
LOA = 5.4 10 A0 .2 9 29 acc. to regression analysis
of wooden seiners,
Papanikolaou for A <60tons [191
LOA = 3.900 A0 3. 6 5 7 acc. to regression analysis
of steel trawlers,
for A <500tons [191

Table 3.4: Coefficients for Posdunine's Length Formula

for Fishing Vessels with V = 9 - 14 kn

L1;-L [ni ] = C P,A,V"

3 V7maiJk 72 '~2
trial z]+2)
+k

CFish acc. to Grivalos [241

V[kn L/B = 4 L/B 5

9 5.10 5,60
10 5.40 5,98
11 5.65 6,26
12 5.85 6,46
13 6.00 6,60
14 6,70
acc. to Campanile - Russo Krauss [21

L/V1/. 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

(C)max 5.74 6.25 6.65 6.96 7.33
(C)min 5.15 5.52 5.86 6.17 6.55
(C)med 5.44 5.88 6.25 6.56 6.94

'Length in [ml, A in [tonsi. V in [m3j

A. D. Papanikolaou. "Estimation of the General Characteristics of Fishing

Vessels".
Lecture Notes. 20th WEGEMT Graduate School on Fishing Vessel Technology.
Polytechnical University of Madrid. April IS to April 27, 1994
29
PISLgffJL.CJI 03 ¢Os
 Table 3.5: Semiempirical Equations andApproximate Values
of Design Ratios and Coefficients for initial design of Fishing Vessels

QUANTITY SYMBOL EQUATION-VALUE NOTES

Length to beam ratio LIB 2,0 + 0,055 L, for L _<40m ace. to Santarelli (24]
2,8 + 0,035 L,for L >40m
Length to beam ratio LIB 1.166 A0 -22 98 acc. to Papanikolaou for steel
Trawlers, A 500tons [19]
Beam B 0.6086 L0 .6892 ace to Campanile-Russo Krauss [2]
1.234 A 0-2844
Draft T 0.2654 L0-68 16 acc to Campanile-Russo Krauss [2)
0.5124A ° -288 2
Side Depth Height D 0.7061 A0-2687 acc to Campanile-Russo Krauss [2]
for trawlers
Block coefficient CB 0.92 - 0.35 Vflw]/'IL[ft] acc. to Santarelli (24]
Waterplane area coeff. CWP qCB - 0.025 acc. to Schneekluth [25]
Cpm13
for V sections

Table 3.6:Approximate Values of Ratios

Beam to Draft and Beam to Side Deck Height
for initial design of Fishing Vessels
acc. to Santarelli[24J

Ship Type B/T ratio B/D ratio

Trawler freezing 2,50 2,30
Trawler chilling 2,10 1,90
Long Liner freezing 2,30 2,00
Tuna Seiner freezing 2,40 2,00
Combi Boat 2,30 2,00
Small Trawler 2,20 1,90
Small Purse Seiner 2,50 2,00
Pole Tuna Clipper, abt 30 m 2,50 2,00
Pole & Line Clipper, abt 15 - 20 m 2,70 2,00
Gill netter abt 10 m 3,30 2,00
Lampara, abt 12 - 15 in 2,50 2,00

A. D.Papanikolaou, "Estimation of the General Characteristics of Fishing Vessels",

Lecture Notes, 20th WEGEMT Graduate School on Fishing Vessel Technology,
Polytechnical University of Madrid, April 18 to April 27, 1994 30
pmai c21u'orn
 Table 3.7: Recommended Values of Form Coefficients
for initial design of Fishing Vessels acc. to Santarelli [24]

Block Coef. CB Prismatic Coef. CP Midship Section Coe. CM

0.40 0.554 0,722
0,42 0.554 0,758
0.44 0.554 0,794
0,46 0.556 0,827
0,48 0.560 0.857
0.50 0.566 1 0,883
0.52 0.574 0.906
0,54 0.583 0,926
0.56 0.595 0.940
0,58 0.608 0.954
0.60 0.623 0,963
0,62 0.639 0,970
0.64 10,656 0,976
0.66 0.674 0,979
0.68 0,693 0,981
0,70 0,712 0,983
0.72 0,731 0,985
0,74 0,750 0,987
0.76 0.769 0.988
0,78 0,788 0,990

Table 3.8: Main characteristics of a successful post WW ITGerman series of

small fishing vessels acc. to Henschke [121

Type A B C D E F G
Ref. Lengoth (m] 10.00 12.00 14.00 1600 18.00 20.00 22.00
max (LOA) [mL 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00
LWL [mW 9.20 11.80 13.60 15.40 17.40 19.10 21.50
Beam1 [m 1 3.40 4.00 4.30 4.60 5.30 5.60 6.20
Beam [ml - 4.30 4.70 5.00 - -
Depth, [ml 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.10 2.50 2.80 3.00
Depth [m - 2.10 2.20 2.30 1
mean (Draft)[ml 1.38 1.43 1.48 1.54 1.68 1.86 2.11
max aft (Draft)[ml 1.58 1.64 1.72 1.88 2.11 2.46 2.82
Displacement - 26.00 33.40 42.00 59.00 86.00 122.00
incl. shell & keel
[m3j
CB[-H 0.352 0.364 0.367 0.365 0.380 0.433 0.434
LCB aft mid section 0.07 0.143 0.148 0.260 0.250 0.135 0.307
m
GRT [RTI 9.00 10.50 15.00 23.00 40.00 53.00 66.00
Power[HP] 30 50 70 90 110 115 180
Propeller [RPM] 550 500 425 375 330 310 300
Speed lal I abt. 10

'. D.Papanikolaou, "Estimation of the General Characteristics of Fishing Vessels",

Lecture Notes, 20th WEGEMT Graduate School on Fishing Vessel Technology,
Polytechnical University of Madrid, April 18 to April 27, 1994
31
F7-JLJ.LEC2 J3,91
 Table 4.1: Typical weight coefficients and
semiempirical formulas for
the initial design of fishing vessels

Coefficient - equation Stem Trawler [5], Large Steel Small Trawler/Seiner, L S 30m,
LWL = 33.5 m Trawler [27] reea. analysis [221
Hull weight 120 for wood structure 100 1. for steel structure
/CUNO[kp/mA3S] 130 for steel structure 116 [kp/mA3] Trawler
75 for FRP (single skin) 142 [kp/mA3] Seiner
80 for FRP (sandwich)
semiempirical equ..

Ws [tons], CUNO [m" 3]

W,= B e CUO- 1]1
A = 3.837*10V, B = 254.5

2. for FRP structure

72 (kp/mA3] mean coeff.

semiempirical equ.:

S2 = k 2 *[I- kj,
k,= 0.420*[1 - C, /0.4585]
k2 = 1.075 + 0.0403* CUNO +
-5 2
1.258 * 10 * CUNO
Outfit weight incl."gears 58 80 - 95
/CUNO[kpim^3)
WoT = B*[CUNOA]
A = 1.1612, B = 6.598 * 103
W., [tons], CUNO [m^ 3]
Note:
Coeff. B up to 50% higher for
mixed fishery vessels
Machinery weight incl. 25 [kp/mA3] 90- 100 28 -30 k-p/HP]
aux. tkp/HP]
/CUNO or /MCR
Light Ship Weight incl. 202 for wood structure 210- 230
margin /CUNO [kp/mA3] 212 for steel structure
157 for FRP (single skin)
162 for FRP (sandwich)

A. D. Papanikolaou, "Estimation of the General Characteristics of Fishing Vessels",

Lecture Notes, 20th WEGEMT Graduate School on Fishing Vessel Technology,
Polytechnical University of Madrid, April 18 to April 27, 1994 32
RSIJ.DIS.C2IDLPA
 Table 4.2: Parametric Weight Calculation Study
for a small 12.6 m Trawler built from
Different Construction Materials [9]
Main Dimensions: LOA = 12.6 m, B = 4.03 m, D = 1.85 m, CUNO = 94 m3
Hull Shell Area = 90m 2 , Deck Area = 31 m 2
Weight Item Wood Steel FRP Ferro-Cement
weipht [kpl per m 2 43 56 21 70
shell weight [kpl 3900 5000 1900 6300
keel, bulkheads, etc. [kPp 2000 2500 900 2500
deck weightjcpl 1300 1700 700 2200
deck house (wood) [kp] 800 800 800 800
Total structure weight [kpl 8000 10000 4300 11800
Structure weight vs 85 106 46 126
CUNO [kp/m31
Rest weights rkni (see below) 5100 5100 5100 5100
Light Ship Weight rkpl 13100 15100 9400 16900
Light Ship Weight vs 139 161 100 180
CUNO [kp/M31
Structure weight vs 61 66 46 70
Light Ship Weight [%)
Machinery weight vs 5.3 4.6 7.5 4.1
Light Ship Weight [%J
Outfit weight incl. 27.5 36 38.3 21.3
Deck. equipm. vs
Light Ship Weight II
Rest Weight Items
Outfit [kpl 2800 assume 30 kp/m 3 cuNo incl. electrical
Machinery [kp] 700 assume 80 HP at 2000 incl. shaft and
RPM 8.75 kp/HP propeller
Deck equipm. - winch [kp] 800
Ballast - margin 800 5 - 9% of Light S. weight
Total rest weights [kpj 5100

A. D. Papanikolaou, "Estimation of the General Characteristics of Fishing Vessels",

Lecture Notes, 20th WEGEMT Graduate School on Fishing Vessel Technology,
Polytechaical University of Madrid, April 18 to April 27, 1994 33
F7.LJ.Et OI.?'9
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