Transverse Stability of Ship

Stability under small angle of heel.
For small angle of heel about 10˚, the vertical through

shifted Centre of buoyancy B1 intersects the ships
centre line at M, called Transverse Metacentre
Distance between Centre of gravity G and transverse
metacentre M is called Metacentric Height and this
is denoted by GM.
For small angle of heel the vertical drawn from G to
line drawn through shifted buoyancy B1 and
transverse metacentre M intersect at a point Z. GZ is
called the Righting Lever.
From figure it can be seen that GZ = GMSinθ
Under the condition of small heel upto 10˚, the weight of
the vessel creating a moment of ▼g x GZ will try to
return the ship to upright position. This is called
Righting Moment.
For small heels less than 10˚ heel, it is usual to express
Initial Stability of ship in terms of GM.
GM is positive if G lies below M and negative if G lies
above M.
For all positive values of GM the ship is in Stable
Equilibrium.
If GM is small, the righting moment is less and at any
angle of heel ship will roll easily. Such a ship is said to be
Tender.
If GM is large, the righting moment is more and at any
angle of heel ship will have considerable resistance to
rolling. Such a ship is said to be Stiff .
When centre of gravity and transverse metacentre
coincide, there is no righting moment. Ship will then
remain inclined to any angle of heel and said to be in
Neutral Equilibrium.
If GM is negative, the righting moment acts in the
opposite direction increasing the angle of heel. The vessel
is said to be in Unstable Equilibrium and will not
return to the upright position.
Reduction in height of G will make the ship stable and
increase in G will make the ship unstable.
Finding the position of M
Derive the equation BM= I/▼
BM is also called as Transverse metacentric radius, as
the ship will roll with respect to M.
Height of transverse metacentre above keel is denoted
by KM and the following expression gives it value.
KM = KB + BM.
KB is the height of centre of buoyancy above keel and
is calculated using any method explained earlier.
Show that for a box barge KM= d/2(KB) +B2/12d (BM).
Show that for a triangular barge KM = 2/3d+ 25/96d.
Plot these values of KB, KM on x-axis and draft on y-
axis to represent Metacentric Diagram
Curves of stability
When a ship is built, the deadweight, lightweight and
the centre of gravity of light ship is calculated.
When the ship is nearly completed, the “inclining
experiment” is performed to find the metacentric height
(GM)of the ship in light condition.
KM the transverse metacentric height from keel is
calculated by adding KB (Centre of buoyancy from keel)
& BM (ICL/▼).
Then KG = KM-GM.
These information are tabulated in the “Dead Weight
Scale”or given in the form of graphs called “Curve of
Stability”.
Inclining Experiment
This is a simple experiment carried out on the
completed ship to determine metacentric height.
Derive the formula GM = m x d x l/ ∆ x a where m is
the mass moved across, d is the distance moved cross,
l is the length of pendulum, a is the deflection of
pendulum ∆ is the displacement.
Range Of Stability is the angular range, over which
ship will have positive statical stability. It indicates
the angle to which the ship will heel before she would
capsize.
Ship’s initial stability does not indicate what her
range of stability likely to be and vice versa.
A ship with a large initial stability may have a large or
small range of stability.
Practical Considerations of stability
It is possible for a ship to have negative initial stability ,
yet to become stable at a small angle of heel and there
after to be able to heel to quite a large angle, before she
capsize.
There are two types of Lists, temporary & permanent.
A) Centre of gravity is away from the centre line of the
ship in the transverse direction due to uneven loading or
ballast.
B) If the ship has a negative metacentric height (GM).
If adequate range of stability is there, these conditions
are not dangerous.
The ship will start heeling till the B comes vertically
under G after which ship will be in equilibrium.
Angle of Loll.
Any further heel will be resisted by righting lever.
In the case of negative GM the list can be to either side
under the influence of external forces.
It also can change from one side to other.
It may increase or decrease when weights are added or
removed.
The angle at which the ship will stabilize under the
above condition is called the Angle of Loll.
Under this condition the righting lever GZ is zero.
Or from stability formula of Wall sided ship
GZ = sinθ (GM+1/2BM tan2 θ) we can estimate angle of
loll.
Angle of Loll.
sinθ (GM+1/2BM tan2 θ) has to be zero either sinθ=0 or
GM+1/2BM tan2 θ =0 .
As vessel already has an angle of heel, θ≠ 0 and sinθ≠0
Then GM+1/2BM tan2 θ =0 .
GM =- 1/2BM tan2 θ
tan2 θ = -2GM/BM
Tanθ = √-2GM/BM
In this condition initial GM is already negative,
-2GM/BM will be +ive.
Thus angle of loll can be estimated for unstable ships.
Stability At Large Angle of Heel
The proof of the formula for BM was based on three
assumptions which are nullified for large angles heels.
1) The two water planes intersect at centre line
2) The wedges are Rt.angled triangles.
3) The transverse metacentre also does not remain at
a fixed point.
The GZ value in this case is given by two Formulae.
Atwood’s Formula: GZ = (v x hh1 /▼) – BG sinθ
v is the volume of the wedge
hh1 is the horizontal component of shift of g.
Stability At Large Angle of Heel
Stability of a wall-sided ship
If the vessel is assumed to be wall-sided in the vicinity of
the water plane, the righting lever may be estimated
from the expression GZ = sinθ (GM+1/2BM tan2 θ)
Dynamical Stability
Dynamic stability is the amount of work done in
inclining the ship to a given angle of heel.
Work done= Force exerted x distance over which the
ship is heeled = Sum of all the righting moments of
statical stability for every angle of heel up to the given
angle.
For this, the vertical distance to the curve are always
measured in terms of statical stability and length along
the base line in terms of circular measure (Radians)
Dynamical Stability
We can use Simpson’s rule to calculate the area under
the curve and thus find dynamic stability.
It is also calculated as the displacement x vertical
separation of centre of gravity and buoyancy.

Transverse Stability of Ship

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Stability under small angle of heel.

For small angle of heel about 10˚, the vertical through

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