Resistance (MA R) 1: The Power Necessary To Overcome This Resistance Is Called The) Where

RESISTANCE
The resistance of a ship at a given speed is the force required

to tow the ship at that speed in smooth water.
The power necessary to overcome this resistance is called the
tow-rope or effective horsepower (ehp or PE) where:
PE = Rt V 0.5144
= kN m/sec
= kW
where:
Rt is Total Resistance expressed in kN,

V is expressed in knots and 1 knot = 0.5144 m/sec.
Total resistance (Rt) is taken to be bare-hull resistance, i.e.

the hull having no appendages.
Resistance (MA
R)
Total resistance is made up of four main components:

1.
Frictional resistance, due to movement of the hull

through a viscous fluid;
2.
Wave-making resistance, due to the energy that must

be supplied continuously by the ship to the wave
system created on the surface of the water;
3.
Eddy resistance, due to the energy carried away by

eddies shed from the hull or appendages. Local
eddying will occur behind appendages such as
bossings, shafts and shaft struts, and from stern
frames and rudders if these items are not properly
streamlined and aligned with the flow. Also, if the
after end of the ship is too blunt, the water may be
unable to follow the curvature and will break away
from the hull, giving rise to eddies and separation
resistance.
4.
of
Air resistance experienced by the above-water part

the main hull and the superstructures due to the
motion of the ship through the air.
Resistances under 2, 3 and 4 are commonly termed residuary

resistances (Rr);
i.e.
Rt = Rf + Rr
Resistance (MA
R)
Frictional Resistance (Rf)

Is the largest single component of the total resistance
experienced by a ships hull and has been the subject of
extensive research.
*
*
It accounts for 80-85% of total resistance in slowspeed ships (smooth new hull);
Up to 50% in high speed ships.
Froudes experiments have shown that frictional resistance

between the hull of the ship and the water through which it
passes varies with:
*
wetted surface area;
*
speed of the ship;
*
density of the water;
*
degree of hull roughness.
Total Rf can be expressed by Froudes formula:
Rf = SV1.825
where:
Rf = the frictional resistance in Newtons;

= a constant for evaluating skin friction;
S = wetted surface area in m2;
V = speed of ship in m/sec;
L = length of ship in metres.
1.825 = n; an average exponent value for a ships
hull surface.
Resistance (MA
R)
The values of and n depend on the length and the nature of

the surface.
Values for the friction coefficient for sea water are given in
the table below.
Resistance (MA
R)
The wetted surface area (S) of a ship may be estimated by

using one or other of the following expressions:
S = 1.7Ld + Volume of displacement (the Mumford formula)
d
or;
S = c Displacement L
(the Taylor formula)
where c is a coefficient of about 2.58

When a new ship is being designed much use will be made of a
scale model.
It should be noted that the wetted surface area of a ship and of
the model vary as do the square of their respective linear
dimensions.
SAQ
A ship 134 m in length has a displacement of 10820 t at a
mean draught of 6.42 m. Determine by the Mumford formula
the wetted surface area of:
(a)
the ship;
(b)
the model which is 5 m in length.
Resistance (MA
R)
Answer
S = 1.7Ld + Volume of displacement
d
(a)
For the ship:
S = (1.7 134 6.42) + 10820

6.42 1.025
S = 3106.7 m2
(b)
For the model:
S = 3106.7
52
1342
S = 4.325 m2
Having calculated the wetted surface area of the ship (and
model) the frictional resistance in Newtons may be calculated.
Resistance (MA
R)
Residuary resistance
Froudes Law of Comparison states that the residuary
resistance of a ship and of the model vary as do the ratio of
either of their displacements or of the cube of their respective
lengths when both ship and model are run at corresponding
speeds.
The corresponding speed of ship and model is that speed
which makes:
V = L
v
l
where V and v are volume of displacement of ship and model
respectively and L and l is length of ship and model
respectively.
It is known that for geometrically similar forms i.e. such as ship
and model:
W= L 3
w
l
where W and w are the respective displacements in tonnes.
Therefore:
L= W
l
w
1/3
Apply this value to the corresponding speed formula, and:
Resistance (MA
R)
V = L =
v
l
W 1/3 = W 1/6
w
w
Thus, the Froude formula for the ratio between the residuary
resistance of a ship and its model can be stated as:
Rr = W =
rr
w
L
l
Model tests
When a model of a ship is towed along a testing tank, the total
pull it is necessary to exert - which corresponds to the total
resistance encountered by the model - can be easily assessed;
and the total resistance of the ship is then obtained by
applying Froudes Law of Comparison to the data obtained.
The procedure for determining the total resistance of a ship
from results of a model test is as follows:
1.
Measure total resistance (Rt) of a geometrically

similar model towed at the corresponding speed.
2.
Using: Rf = SV1.825
resistance (rf) of the model.
3.
Determine the residuary resistance of the model (rr)

from the equation:
rr = rt - rf
determine the frictional
Resistance (MA
R)
4.
Apply Froudes Law of Comparison to determine

the value of Rr for the ship in sea-water. It is:
Rr = rr L
l
5.
Calculate the value of Rf for the ship from the

equation:
Rf = SV1.825
6.
Determine the value of Rt for the ship from the

equation:
Rt = Rf + Rr
Note
The total resistance so assessed represents the resistance of a
smooth or naked hull and makes no allowances for hull
appendages.
Resistance (MA
R)
Wave-making resistance
The wave-making resistance of a ship is the net fore and aft
force upon a ship due to the fluid pressures acting normally on
all parts of the hull (just as frictional resistance is the result of
the tangential fluid forces).
The Kelvin wave pattern illustrates and explains many of the
features of the ship-wave system.
Wave trough
Wave crest
The bow wave system is divergent but the stern wave system
created by suction will travel normal to the direction of travel
of the ship. The wave systems are not considered separately
since the amplitudes and phasing of both wave systems will
interact to produce an overall increased or decreased wave
system.
Resistance (MA
R)
10
Both wave systems created will be dependent mainly on the

speed and water-line length of the ship. At various speeds this
can result in wave-making resistance humps and hollows and
designers aim to reduce the wave-making resistance by
selecting a service speed that will ultimately reduce the
resistance for the intended length of ship.
Resistance (MA
R)
11

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RESISTANCE

The resistance of a ship at a given speed is the force required

Rt is Total Resistance expressed in kN,

Total resistance (Rt) is taken to be bare-hull resistance, i.e.

Total resistance is made up of four main components:

Frictional resistance, due to movement of the hull

Wave-making resistance, due to the energy that must

Eddy resistance, due to the energy carried away by

Air resistance experienced by the above-water part

Resistances under 2, 3 and 4 are commonly termed residuary

Frictional Resistance (Rf)

Froudes experiments have shown that frictional resistance

Rf = the frictional resistance in Newtons;

The values of and n depend on the length and the nature of

The wetted surface area (S) of a ship may be estimated by

(the Taylor formula)

where c is a coefficient of about 2.58

S = (1.7 134 6.42) + 10820

Apply this value to the corresponding speed formula, and:

Measure total resistance (Rt) of a geometrically

Determine the residuary resistance of the model (rr)

determine the frictional

Apply Froudes Law of Comparison to determine

Calculate the value of Rf for the ship from the

Determine the value of Rt for the ship from the

Both wave systems created will be dependent mainly on the

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