Study on Harmful effects of

mobile radiation
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF
AISSE EXAMINATION
(BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT)

SUBMITTED BY: - KANAD HARNE

CLASS: - 12th Sapphire

 DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
Bonafide Certificate

This is to certify that Kanad Harne a student of class XII has

successfully completed the research on the project STUDY ON
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF MOBILE RADIATION under
the guidance of Dipti Verma mam during the year 2024 -2025
in partial fulfillment of AISSE examination. Further I certify
that this is a record of bonafide work carried out by the student.

Date: PRINCIPAL

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of his project required a lot

of guidance and assistance from many people and I am
extremely privileged to have got this all along the completion
of my project.

I thank my Institution and the Institutional Head for helping

and guiding me in the successful completion of my project
work.

Finally I thank all those who helped and supported me in

completing my project work.

Signature of the Teacher Student’s signature

 LIST OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction: What is Mobile Phone

2. Some common features to all mobile handsets
3. Base Station and it’s Health Hazards
4. Mobile Phone Radiation And Health
5. Some of the Potential Side Effects of Exposure to Electromagnetic
Radiation:
6. Effects of Cell Phones as an Environmental Hazard
7. Effects of Mobile Radiation on Living Tissue
i. Radiation Absorption
ii. Thermal Effects
iii. Blood-Brain Barrier effects
iv. Cognitive Effects
v. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
vi. Behavioral Effects
vii. Sperm count and sperm qualityii
8. Tips for Reducing Potential Harmful Effects of Mobile Phone
Radiation
9. Conclusion
10. Bibliography
 Introduction -Mobile phones
A handy invention
A mobile phone is a phone that can make and receive telephone calls
over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic area. It does so
by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone
operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a
cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private
base station. The first hand-held cell phone was demonstrated by John F.
Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset
weighing around 4.4 pounds (2 kg).In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was
the first to be commercially available. From 1983 to 2019, worldwide
mobile phone subscriptions grew from zero to over 7.7 billion,
penetrating 100% of the global population and reaching the bottom of
the economic pyramid. In 2018, the top cell phone manufacturers were
Samsung, Huawei, Apple, Xiaomi and Oppo.

Early cell phones were just for talking. Gradually, features like
voicemail were added, but the main purpose was talk. Eventually, cell
phone manufacturers began to realize that they could integrate other
technologies into their phone and expand its features. The earliest smart
phones let users access email, and use the phone as a fax machine,
pager, and address book.
Just in recent years, cell phone designs have actually started to become
larger and simpler, making room for a larger screen and less buttons.
Because phones have become mobile media devices, the most desirable
aspect is a large, clear, high-definition screen for optimal web viewing.
Even the keyboard is being taken away, replaced by a touch screen
keyboard that only comes out when you need it.
Top 5 Company Shipments, Market Share, and Year-over-Year
Growth 2018 (shipments in millions):
Vendor 2Q18 Shipments 2Q18 Market Share

1. Samsung 71.5 20.9%

2. Huawei 54.2 15.8%

3. Apple 41.3 12.1%

4. Xiaomi 31.9 9.3%

5. OPPO 29.4 8.6%

Others 113.7 33.2%

Total 342.0 100.0%

Some common features to all mobile handsets:

The common components found on all phones are:
1. A battery, providing the power source for the phone functions.
2. An input mechanism to allow the user to interact with the phone.
3. The most common input mechanism is a keypad, but touch screens
are also found in most smart phones.
4. A screen which echoes the user's typing, displays text messages,
contacts and more.
5. Basic mobile phone services to allow users to make calls and send
text messages.
6. All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow an account to be swapped
among devices. Some CDMA devices also have a similar card called a
R-UIM.
7. Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN and some satellite phone devices
are uniquely identified by an International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI) number.

Health hazards of
Base stations
What Is A Base Station?
The term base station is used in the context of mobile telephony,
wireless computer networking and other wireless communications and in
land surveying: in surveying it is a GPS receiver at a known position,
while in wireless communications it is a transceiver connecting a
number of other devices to one another and/or to a wider area. In mobile
telephony it provides the connection between mobile phone and the
wider telephone network.

Health Hazards of Base Stations

Another area of concern is the radiation emitted by the fixed
infrastructure used in mobile telephony, such as base stations and their
antennas, which provide the link to and from mobile phones. This is
because, in contrast to mobile handsets, it is emitted continuously and is
more powerful at close quarters. On the other hand, field intensities drop
rapidly with distance away from the base of transmitters because of the
attenuation of power with the square of distance.
One popular design of mobile phone antenna is the sector antenna,
whose coverage is 120 degrees horizontally and about ∓5 degrees from
the vertical.
Because base stations operate at less than 100 watts, the radiation at
ground level is much weaker than a cell phone due to the power
relationship appropriate for that design of antenna. Base station
emissions must comply with safety guidelines. Some countries, however
(such as South Africa, for example), have no health regulations
governing the placement of base stations.
 Mobile phone radiations and health

The effect of mobile phone radiation on human health is a subject of

interest and study worldwide, as a result of the increase in mobile phone
usage throughout the world. As of December 2018, there were more than
7.5 billion subscriptions worldwide. Mobile phones use electromagnetic
radiation in the microwave range. Other digital wireless systems, such as
data communication networks, produce similar radiation.

In 2011, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)

classified mobile phone radiation as Group 2B - possibly carcinogenic
(not Group 2A - probably carcinogenic - nor the dangerous Group 1).
That means that there "could be some risk" of carcinogenicity, so
additional research into the long-term, heavy use of mobile phones needs
to be conducted. The WHO added in June 2011 that "to date, no adverse
 Tumors

Headahes

health effects have been established as being caused by mobile phone

use", a point they reiterated in October 2014. Some national radiation
advisory authorities have recommended measures to minimize exposure
to their citizens as a precautionary approach.

Some of the Potential Side Effects of Exposure to

CELL Electromagnetic Radiation:
PHONE
• Blurry Vision
HEALTH
• Headaches

• Nausea

• Fatigue
• Neck Pain
• Memory Loss
• Leukemia
• Rare Brain Cancers
• Enzyme Changes That Affect DNA
• Birth Defects
• Changes in Metabolism
 • Increased Risk for Alzheimer’s disease
• Increased Risk for Heart Conditions
• Neurological Hormone Changes Linked Impaired Brain Function

Effects of Mobile Radiation on Living

Tissue
1. RADIATION ABSORPTION
Part of the radio waves emitted by a mobile telephone handset is
absorbed by the body. The radio waves emitted by a GSM handset are
typically below a watt. The maximum power output from a mobile
phone is regulated by the mobile phone standard and by the
regulatory agencies in each country.
In most systems the cell phone and the base station check reception
quality and signal strength and the power level is increased or
decreased automatically, within a certain span, to accommodate
different situations, such as inside or outside of buildings
Reduced Melatonin and vehicles.
Break In BloodTherate at which energy is absorbed by the human body is measured
Brain
Behavioural by the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), and its maximum
Change levels for modern handsets have been set by governmental
regulating agencies in many countries.
In the USA, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has set
a SAR limit of 1.6 W/kg, averaged over a volume of 1 gram of tissue,
for the head. In Europe, the limit is 2 W/kg, averaged over a volume
of 10 grams of tissue. SAR data for specific mobile phones, along
with other useful information, can be found directly on manufacturers'
websites, as well as on third party web sites. It is worth noting that
thermal radiation is not comparable to ionizing radiation in that it
only increases the temperature in normal matter, it does not break
molecular bonds or release electrons from their atoms.

2. THERMAL EFFECTS
One well-understood effect of microwave radiation is dielectric
heating, in which any dielectric material (such as living tissue) is
heated by rotations of polar molecules induced by the electromagnetic
field. In the case of a person using a cell phone, most of the heating
effect will occur at the surface of the head, causing its temperature to
increase by a fraction of a degree. In this case, the level of
temperature increase is an order of magnitude less than that obtained
during the exposure of the head to direct sunlight. The brain's blood
circulation is capable of disposing of excess heat by increasing local
blood flow. However, the cornea of the eye does not have this
temperature regulation mechanism and exposure of 2–3 hours
duration has been reported to produce cataracts in rabbits' eyes at
SAR values from 100–140 W/kg, which produced lenticular
temperatures of 41 °C. This has known to cause premature cataract in
humans.
Image via thermal scans showing heating of the facial skin after 4
hours of phone usage.
*Thermal effects have also known to cause harm to ear drum and
impair hearing in the long term.

3. BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER EFFECTS

Swedish researchers from Lund University have studied the effects of
mobile radiation on the brain. They found a leakage of albumin into
the brain via a permeated blood–brain barrier. This confirms earlier
work on the blood–brain barrier by Allan Frey, Oscar and Hawkins,
and Albert and Kerns.

Prof Leszczynski of Finland's radiation and nuclear safety authority

found that, at the maximum legal limit for mobile radiation, one
protein in particular, HSP 27, was affected. HSP 27 played a critical
role in the integrity of the blood-brain barrier.

4. COGNITIVE EFFECTS
A 2009 study, examined the effects of exposure to radiofrequency
radiation (RFR) emitted by standard GSM cell phones on the
cognitive functions of humans.

The study confirmed longer (slower) response times to a spatial

working memory task when exposed to RFR from a standard GSM
cellular phone placed next to the head of male subjects, and showed
that longer duration of exposure to RFR may increase the effects on
performance.

Right-handed subjects exposed to RFR on the left side of their head

on average had significantly longer response times when compared to
exposure to the right side and sham-exposure.

5. ELECTROMAGNETIC HYPERSENSITIVITY

Some users of mobile handsets have reported feeling several

unspecific symptoms during and after its use; ranging from burning
and tingling sensations in the skin of the head and extremities,
fatigue, sleep disturbances, dizziness, loss of mental attention,
reaction times and memory retentiveness, headaches, malaise,
tachycardia (heart palpitations), to disturbances of the digestive
system.

Reports have noted that all of these symptoms can also be attributed
to stress and that current research cannot separate the symptoms from
nocebo effects.

6. GENOTOXIC
EFFECTS
In December 2004, a pan-European study named REFLEX (Risk
Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards from Low Energy
Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro
Methods), involving 12 collaborating laboratories in several countries
showed some compelling evidence of DNA damage of cells in in-
vitro cultures, when exposed between 0.3 to 2 watts/kg, whole-sample
average. There were indications, but not rigorous evidence of other
cell changes, including damage to chromosomes, alterations in the
activity of certain genes and a boosted rate of cell division.

Australian research conducted in 2009, by subjecting in vitro samples

of human spermatozoa to radio-frequency radiation at 1.8 GHz and
specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.4 to 27.5 W/kg showed a
correlation between increasing SAR and decreased motility and
vitality in sperm, increased oxidative stress and 8-Oxo-2'-
deoxyguanosine markers, stimulating DNA base adduct formation
and increased DNA fragmentation.

7. BEHAVIOURAL
EFFECTS
A study shows that exposure to
excessive mobile radiation during pregnancy can cause a risk of
ADHD in child. \

8. SPERM COUNT AND SPERM QUALITY

Exposure to SAR values for long times for those men who keep the
mobile phones in their lower pockets for most of the time, increases
the temperature of groin and the radiation has known to cause
considerable lowering of the sperm motility and vitality of sperm.
What Has Research Shown About The
Possible Cancer-Causing Effects Of
Radio Frequency Energy???
Although there have been some concerns that radiofrequency energy
from cell phones held closely to the head may affect the brain and other
tissues, to date there is no evidence from studies of cells, animals, or
humans that radiofrequency energy can cause cancer.
It is generally accepted that damage to DNA is necessary for cancer to
develop. However, radiofrequency energy, unlike ionizing radiation,
does not cause DNA damage in cells, and it has not been found to cause
cancer in animals or to enhance the cancer-causing effects of known
chemical carcinogens in animals
Researchers have carried out several types of epidemiologic studies to
investigate the possibility of a relationship between cell phone use and
the risk of malignant (cancerous) brain tumors, such as gliomas, as well
as benign (noncancerous) tumors, such as acoustic neuromas (tumors in
the cells of the nerve responsible for hearing), most meningiomas
(tumors in the meninges, membranes that cover and protect the brain and
spinal cord), and parotid gland tumors (tumors in the salivary glands)
In one type of study, called a case-control study, cell phone use is
compared between people with these types of tumors and people without
them. In another type of study, called a cohort study, a large group of
people is followed over time and the rate of these tumors in people who
did and didn’t use cell phones is compared. Cancer incidence data can
also be analyzed over time to see if the rates of cancer changed in large
populations during the time that cell phone use increased dramatically.
The results of these studies have generally not provided clear evidence
of a relationship between cell phone use and cancer, but there have been
some statistically significant findings in certain subgroups of people.
 Cell Phones Reach The Market
Without Safety Testing
The cellular phone industry was born in the early 1980s, when
communications technology that had been developed for the Department
of Defense was put into commerce by companies focusing on profits.
This group, with big ideas but limited resources, pressured government
regulatory agencies—particularly the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA)—to allow cell phones to be sold without pre-market testing. The
rationale, known as the “low power exclusion,” distinguished cell
phones from dangerous microwave ovens based on the amount of power
used to push the microwaves. At that time, the only health effect seen
from microwaves involved high power strong enough to heat human
tissue. The pressure worked, and cell phones were exempted from any
type of regulatory oversight, an exemption that continues today.
Today there are more than two billion cell phone users being exposed
every day to the dangers of electromagnetic radiation (EMR)—dangers
government regulators and the cell phone industry refuse to admit exist.
Included are: genetic damage, brain dysfunction, brain tumours, and
other conditions such as sleep disorders and headaches.

Do children have a higher risk of developing cancer

due to cell phone use than adults?
In theory, children have the potential to be at greater risk than adults for
developing brain cancer from cell phones. Their nervous systems are
still developing and therefore more vulnerable to factors that may cause
cancer. Their heads are smaller than those of adults and therefore have a
greater proportional exposure to the field of radiofrequency radiation
that is emitted by cell phones. And children have the potential of
accumulating more years of cell phone exposure than adults do.

Tips for Reducing Potential Harmful

Effects of Mobile Phone Radiation
1. When on a call, use a wired headset or speakerphone mode. Use a
Bluetooth headset, which emits a smaller amount of radiation, only
when talking. When not using the headset, keep it off your body.
2. Place the mobile phone away from your body when on a call.
3. Do not carry mobile phones in pockets of pants or in shirts or bras.
Use a belt holster designed to shield the body from radiation.
4. Avoid using a mobile phone in a moving car, train, bus, or in rural
areas at some distance from a cell tower. Distance from a cell tower will
increase the cell phone’s radiation output.
5. Turn the mobile phone off when you don't need to use it.
6. Use a corded landline phone instead of a wireless phone, which also
emits radiation.
7. Avoid using mobile phone inside of buildings, particularly those with
steel structures, which increases the device's radiation output because
signals are not as strong.
8. Do not allow children, whose bodies are more vulnerable to absorbing
radiation, to sleep with a cell phone beneath their pillow or keep it at the
bedside.
9. Do not allow children under 18 to use a mobile phone except in
emergencies.

CONCLUSION
The conclusion drawn from the investigatory project finally states the
mobile radiation is harmful to human health. The effects may not be
noted almost immediately, but will be causing adverse effects to the
present as well the future generations because of the ability of the
radiations to effect and mutate human DNA which have a high potential
to cause mutations and new diseases in the future generations. Mobile
radiations present a very high risk of brain cancer and tumours in
humans and most prominently in children below the age of 5 years.
Precautionary measure should be taken to protect one’s self and family
and friends from the harmful effects of mobile radiation.
Mobile radiation might not seem harmful in almost immediate effects
but is such a slow poison to cause harmful effects to us and even our
future generations, in the long run.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.google.co.in
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.lifeextension.com
 www.digitaltrends.com
 www.cancer.gov
 www.safespaceprotection.com