Dbms Lab Manual

BASAVAKALYAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
BASAVAKALYAN DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

AND ENGINEERING
Lab Manual
Database Management System Lab

Component (BCS403)
IV Semester
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Question 1
Create a table called Employee & execute the following.
Employee(EMPNO,ENAME,JOB, MANAGER_NO, SAL, COMMISSION)
1. Create a user and grant all permissions to the user.

2. Insert any three records in the employee table contains attributes EMPNO,ENAME
JOB, MANAGER_NO, SAL, COMMISSION and use rollback. Check the result.
3. Add primary key constraint and not null constraint to the employee table.
4. Insert null values to the employee table and verify the result.
Solution
Lets login with the root account as shown below. Create a database COMPANY and
switch to it using the USE command.
$ sudo mysql -u root
mysql> CREATE DATABASE COMPANY;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)
mysql> USE COMPANY;

Database changed
Creating the Employee Table

Within the Database COMPANY create a table Employee as follows. Use the SHOW
TABLES; command to confirm that the table was indeed created.
mysql> CREATE TABLE COMPANY.Employee (

-> EMPNO INT,
-> ENAME VARCHAR(255),
-> JOB VARCHAR(255),
-> MANAGER_NO INT,
-> SAL DECIMAL(10, 2),
-> COMMISSION DECIMAL(10, 2)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.91 sec)
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_COMPANY |
+-------------------+
| Employee |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
You can verify the structure of this newly created Employee table using the DESC ap.
mysql> DESC COMPANY.Employee;
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+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| EMPNO | int | YES | | NULL | |
| ENAME | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
| JOB | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
| MANAGER_NO | int | YES | | NULL | |
| SAL | decimal(10,2) | YES | | NULL | |
| COMMISSION | decimal(10,2) | YES | | NULL | |
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Create a User and Grant Permissions

mysql> CREATE USER IF NOT EXISTS 'dbuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'T0p5E(RET';
mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON COMPANY.Employee TO 'dbuser'@'localhost';
Now logout and login with the new account credentials. Press Ctrl+D to logout.
Command to login with new user account is shown below.
$ mysql -u dbuser -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MySQL connection id is 11
Server version: 8.0.37 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its

affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
Now you have successfully logged with your new account. Change the current
database to COMPANY database using USE command. Now we will illustrate how
to insert records and also the COMMIT and ROLLBACK facilities.
-- Change the current database to COMPANY
mysql> USE COMPANY;
Database changed
mysql> SELECT * FROM Employee;
-- START A TRANSACTION
mysql> START TRANSACTION;
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mysql> INSERT INTO Employee (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MANAGER_NO, SAL, COMMISSION)
-> VALUES (1, 'Kavana Shetty', 'Manager', NULL, 5000.00, 1000.00);
-- COMMIT DATABASE, db CONTENTS ARE WRITTEN TO THE DISK

mysql> COMMIT;
-- DISPLAY TABLE CONTENTS

+-------+---------------+---------+------------+---------+------------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MANAGER_NO | SAL | COMMISSION |
+-------+---------------+---------+------------+---------+------------+
| 1 | Kavana Shetty | Manager | NULL | 5000.00 | 1000.00 |
+-------+---------------+---------+------------+---------+------------+
-- START ANOTHER TRANSACTION

mysql> START TRANSACTION;
-- INSERT MORE RECORDS

VALUES (2, 'Ram Charan', 'Developer', 1, 4000.00, NULL);
VALUES (3, 'Honey Singh', 'Salesperson', 2, 3000.00, 500.00);

+-------+---------------+-------------+------------+---------+------------+
+-------+---------------+-------------+------------+---------+------------+
| 2 | Ram Charan | Developer | 1 | 4000.00 | NULL |
| 3 | Honey Singh | Salesperson | 2 | 3000.00 | 500.00 |
+-------+---------------+-------------+------------+---------+------------+
mysql> DELETE FROM Employee where ENAME = 'Kavana Shetty';


+-------+-------------+-------------+------------+---------+------------+
+-------+-------------+-------------+------------+---------+------------+
| 2 | Ram Charan | Developer | 1 | 4000.00 | NULL |
| 3 | Honey Singh | Salesperson | 2 | 3000.00 | 500.00 |
+-------+-------------+-------------+------------+---------+------------+
-- ROLLBACK 2 INSERTS AND 1 DELETE OPERATIONS

mysql> ROLLBACK;
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+-------+---------------+---------+------------+---------+------------+
+-------+---------------+---------+------------+---------+------------+
+-------+---------------+---------+------------+---------+------------+
You can now see how the rollback operation can be used above.
Adding Constraints
Add Primary Key Constraint
-- Add Primary Key Constraint

mysql> ALTER TABLE Employee
-> ADD CONSTRAINT pk_employee PRIMARY KEY (EMPNO);
-- verify primary key constraint

mysql> DESC Employee;
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| EMPNO | int | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| MANAGER_NO | int | YES | | NULL | |
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
-> VALUES (1, 'Ranjan', 'Manager', NULL, 5000.00, 1000.00);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'Employee.PRIMARY'
Since EMPNO field is the primary key it cannot have duplicate values, hence we see
that the insert operation fails when provided with a duplicate value.
Add Not Null Constraint
-- Add Not Null Constraints

-> MODIFY ENAME VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
-> MODIFY JOB VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
-> MODIFY SAL DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL;
-> VALUES (4, 'Ranjan', 'Manager', NULL, 5000.00, 1000.00);
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mysql>
+-------+---------------+---------+------------+---------+------------+
+-------+---------------+---------+------------+---------+------------+
| 4 | Ranjan | Manager | NULL | 5000.00 | 1000.00 |
+-------+---------------+---------+------------+---------+------------+
mysql> INSERT INTO Employee (ENAME, JOB, MANAGER_NO, SAL, COMMISSION)

-> VALUES (NULL, 'Tester', NULL, 3500.00, NULL);
ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'ENAME' cannot be null
We just illustrated as to how to add not null constraint to the Employee table. We
see that the first insert doesn’t violate null constraint, however the second insert does
violate null constraint as ENAME field cannot be null.
Question 2
Create a table called Employee that contain attributes EMPNO,ENAME,JOB, MGR,SAL
&
execute the following.
1. Add a column commission with domain to the Employeetable.

2. Insert any five records into the table.
3. Update the column details of job
4. Rename the column of Employ table using alter command.
5. Delete the employee whose Empno is 105.
Solution
Creating the Employee Table
mysql> CREATE DATABASE COMPANY02;
mysql> USE COMPANY02;

Database changed
mysql> CREATE TABLE Employee (

-> EMPNO INT,
-> ENAME VARCHAR(255),
-> JOB VARCHAR(255),
-> MGR INT,
-> SAL DECIMAL(10, 2)
-> );
mysql> SHOW TABLES;

+---------------------+
| Tables_in_COMPANY02 |
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+---------------------+
| Employee |
+---------------------+

+-------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+-------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| MGR | int | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
Adding a Column (Commission) to the Employee Table

-> ADD COLUMN COMMISSION DECIMAL(10, 2);

+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| MGR | int | YES | | NULL | |
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
We have added a column COMMISSION using the ALTER command, which is

shown above.
Inserting 5 Records into the Employee Table

mysql> INSERT INTO Employee (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, SAL, COMMISSION)
-> VALUES
-> (101, 'Radha Bai', 'Manager', NULL, 5000.00, 1000.00),
-> (102, 'Krishna Kumar', 'Developer', 101, 4000.00, NULL),
-> (103, 'Abdul Sattar', 'Salesperson', 102, 3000.00, 500.00),
-> (104, 'Bob Johnson', 'Accountant', 101, 4500.00, NULL),
-> (105, 'Amartya Sen', 'HR Manager', 101, 4800.00, 800.00);
Records: 5 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

+-------+---------------+-------------+------+---------+------------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | SAL | COMMISSION |
+-------+---------------+-------------+------+---------+------------+
| 101 | Radha Bai | Manager | NULL | 5000.00 | 1000.00 |
| 102 | Krishna Kumar | Developer | 101 | 4000.00 | NULL |
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| 103 | Abdul Sattar | Salesperson | 102 | 3000.00 | 500.00 |
| 104 | Bob Johnson | Accountant | 101 | 4500.00 | NULL |
| 105 | Amartya Sen | HR Manager | 101 | 4800.00 | 800.00 |
+-------+---------------+-------------+------+---------+------------+
Updating Column Details (JOB) in the Employee Table

mysql> UPDATE Employee
-> SET JOB = 'Senior Developer'
-> WHERE EMPNO = 102;
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

+-------+---------------+------------------+------+---------+------------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | SAL | COMMISSION |
+-------+---------------+------------------+------+---------+------------+
| 102 | Krishna Kumar | Senior Developer | 101 | 4000.00 | NULL |
| 105 | Amartya Sen | HR Manager | 101 | 4800.00 | 800.00 |
+-------+---------------+------------------+------+---------+------------+
Renaming a Column in the Employee Table
To rename the MGR column to MANAGER_ID:

-> CHANGE COLUMN MGR MANAGER_ID INT;

+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| MANAGER_ID | int | YES | | NULL | |
+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
Deleting a Specific Employee (EMPNO = 105) from the Employee

Table
mysql> DELETE FROM Employee
-> WHERE EMPNO = 105;

+-------+---------------+------------------+------------+---------+------------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MANAGER_ID | SAL | COMMISSION |
+-------+---------------+------------------+------------+---------+------------+
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| 102 | Krishna Kumar | Senior Developer | 101 | 4000.00 | NULL |
+-------+---------------+------------------+------------+---------+------------+
Question 3
Queries using aggregate functions(COUNT,AVG,MIN,MAX,SUM),Group by,Orderby.
Employee(E_id, E_name, Age, Salary)
1. Create Employee table containing all Records E_id, E_name, Age, Salary.
2. Count number of employee names from Employee table
3. Find the Maximum age from Employee table.
4. Find the Minimum age from Employee table.
5. Find salaries of employee in Ascending Order.
6. Find grouped salaries of employees.
Solution
1. Creating the Employee Table

Database changed
mysql> CREATE TABLE Employee (

-> E_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
-> E_name VARCHAR(255),
-> Age INT,
-> Salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
-> );

+--------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
+--------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| E_id | int | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| E_name | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | |
| Age | int | YES | | NULL | |
| Salary | decimal(10,2) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
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2. Populating the Employee Table with 12 Records

mysql> INSERT INTO Employee (E_id, E_name, Age, Salary)
-> VALUES
-> (1, 'Samarth', 30, 50000.00),
-> (2, 'Ramesh Kumar', 25, 45000.00),
-> (3, 'Seema Banu', 35, 60000.00),
-> (4, 'Dennis Anil', 28, 52000.00),
-> (5, 'Rehman Khan', 32, 58000.00),
-> (6, 'Pavan Gowda', 40, 70000.00),
-> (7, 'Shruthi Bhat', 27, 48000.00),
-> (8, 'Sandesh Yadav', 29, 51000.00),
-> (9, 'Vikram Acharya', 33, 62000.00),
-> (10, 'Praveen Bellad', 26, 46000.00),
-> (11, 'Sophia Mary', 31, 55000.00),
-> (12, 'Darshan Desai', 34, 63000.00);

+------+----------------+------+----------+
| E_id | E_name | Age | Salary |
+------+----------------+------+----------+
| 1 | Samarth | 30 | 50000.00 |
| 2 | Ramesh Kumar | 25 | 45000.00 |
| 3 | Seema Banu | 35 | 60000.00 |
| 4 | Dennis Anil | 28 | 52000.00 |
| 5 | Rehman Khan | 32 | 58000.00 |
| 6 | Pavan Gowda | 40 | 70000.00 |
| 7 | Shruthi Bhat | 27 | 48000.00 |
| 8 | Sandesh Yadav | 29 | 51000.00 |
| 9 | Vikram Acharya | 33 | 62000.00 |
| 10 | Praveen Bellad | 26 | 46000.00 |
| 11 | Sophia Mary | 31 | 55000.00 |
| 12 | Darshan Desai | 34 | 63000.00 |
+------+----------------+------+----------+
3. Count Number of Employee Names

mysql> SELECT COUNT(E_name) AS TotalEmployees
-> FROM Employee;
+----------------+
| TotalEmployees |
+----------------+
| 12 |
+----------------+
4. Find the Maximum Age

mysql> SELECT MAX(Age) AS MaxAge
-> FROM Employee;
+--------+
| MaxAge |
+--------+
| 40 |
+--------+
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5. Find the Minimum Age

mysql> SELECT MIN(Age) AS MinAge
-> FROM Employee;
+--------+
| MinAge |
+--------+
| 25 |
+--------+
6. Find Salaries of Employees in Ascending Order

mysql> SELECT E_name, Salary
-> FROM Employee
-> ORDER BY Salary ASC;
+----------------+----------+
| E_name | Salary |
+----------------+----------+
| Ramesh Kumar | 45000.00 |
| Praveen Bellad | 46000.00 |
| Shruthi Bhat | 48000.00 |
| Samarth | 50000.00 |
| Dennis Anil | 52000.00 |
| Sandesh Yadav | 52000.00 |
| Sophia Mary | 55000.00 |
| Rehman Khan | 58000.00 |
| Seema Banu | 62000.00 |
| Vikram Acharya | 62000.00 |
| Darshan Desai | 63000.00 |
| Pavan Gowda | 70000.00 |
+----------------+----------+
7. Find Grouped Salaries of Employees

mysql> SELECT Salary, COUNT(*) AS EmployeeCount
-> FROM Employee
-> GROUP BY Salary;
+----------+---------------+
| Salary | EmployeeCount |
+----------+---------------+
| 50000.00 | 1|
| 45000.00 | 1|
| 62000.00 | 2|
| 52000.00 | 2|
| 58000.00 | 1|
| 70000.00 | 1|
| 48000.00 | 1|
| 46000.00 | 1|
| 55000.00 | 1|
| 63000.00 | 1|
+----------+---------------+
In these queries:
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 COUNT(E_name) counts the number of non-NULL values in the E_name column.
 MAX(Age) finds the maximum age among the employees.
 MIN(Age) finds the minimum age among the employees.
 ORDER BY Salary ASC sorts the employees based on their salaries in ascending
order.
 GROUP BY Salary groups employees by their salaries and counts the number of
employees for each salary.
Question 4
Create a row level trigger for the customers table that would fire for INSERT or
UPDATE or DELETE operations performed on the CUSTOMERS table. This trigger will
display the salary difference between the old & new Salary.
CUSTOMERS(ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
Solution
1. Create the CUSTOMERS Table
First, create the CUSTOMERS table with the specified columns:


Database changed
mysql> CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS (

-> ID INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> NAME VARCHAR(255),
-> AGE INT,
-> ADDRESS VARCHAR(255),
-> SALARY DECIMAL(10, 2)
-> );
To achieve the desired functionality of capturing changes on INSERT, UPDATE,

or DELETE operations and displaying the salary difference in MySQL, you’ll need to
create separate row-level triggers for each operation ( INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE). These
triggers will capture the OLD and NEW values of the SALARY column and display the
salary difference when an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE operation occurs.Here’s how
you can do it:
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2. Create Trigger for INSERT Operation
-- INSERT TRIGGER
DELIMITER //
CREATE TRIGGER after_insert_salary_difference

AFTER INSERT ON CUSTOMERS
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
SET @my_sal_diff = CONCAT('salary inserted is ', NEW.SALARY);
END;//
DELIMITER ;
3. Create Trigger for UPDATE Operation

-- UPDATE TRIGGER
DELIMITER //
CREATE TRIGGER after_update_salary_difference

AFTER UPDATE ON CUSTOMERS
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
DECLARE old_salary DECIMAL(10, 2);
DECLARE new_salary DECIMAL(10, 2);
SET old_salary = OLD.SALARY;

SET new_salary = NEW.SALARY;
SET @my_sal_diff = CONCAT('salary difference after update is ', NEW.SALARY - OLD.SALARY);
END;//
DELIMITER ;
4. Create Trigger for DELETE Operation

-- DELETE TRIGGER
DELIMITER //
CREATE TRIGGER after_delete_salary_difference

AFTER DELETE ON CUSTOMERS
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
SET @my_sal_diff = CONCAT('salary deleted is ', OLD.SALARY);
END;//
DELIMITER ;
5. Testing the Trigger:

Once the triggers are created, you can perform INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE operations
on the CUSTOMERS table to observe the salary difference messages generated by the
triggers.
For example:
mysql> -- test INSERT TRIGGER

mysql> INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY)
-> VALUES ('Shankara', 35, '123 Main St', 50000.00);
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mysql>
mysql> SELECT @my_sal_diff AS SAL_DIFF;
+-----------------------------+
| SAL_DIFF |
+-----------------------------+
| salary inserted is 50000.00 |
+-----------------------------+
mysql> -- test UPDATE TRIGGER

mysql> UPDATE CUSTOMERS
-> SET SALARY = 55000.00
-> WHERE ID = 1;
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

+-------------------------------------------+
| SAL_DIFF |
+-------------------------------------------+
| salary difference after update is 5000.00 |
+-------------------------------------------+
mysql> -- test DELETE TRIGGER

mysql> DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS
-> WHERE ID = 1;
mysql>
+----------------------------+
| SAL_DIFF |
+----------------------------+
| salary deleted is 55000.00 |
+----------------------------+
Each operation (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) will trigger the respective trigger
(after_insert_salary_difference, after_update_salary_difference, after_delete_sa
lary_difference), which will display the salary change or difference associated with
that operation.
By using separate triggers for each operation and utilizing the OLD and NEW keywords
appropriately within the trigger bodies, you can effectively capture and handle
changes to the SALARY column in the CUSTOMERS table in MySQL. You can adjust the
trigger logic and message formatting as needed based on your specific
requirements.
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Question 5
Create cursor for Employee table & extract the values from the table. Declare the
variables,Open the cursor & extract the values from the cursor. Close the cursor.
CUSTOMERS(ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
Solution
1. Creating the Employee Table and insert few records
CREATE DATABASE COMPANY05;
USE COMPANY05;
CREATE TABLE Employee (

E_id INT,
E_name VARCHAR(255),
Age INT,
Salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
INSERT INTO Employee (E_id, E_name, Age, Salary)

VALUES
(1, 'Samarth', 30, 50000.00),
(2, 'Ramesh Kumar', 25, 45000.00),
(3, 'Seema Banu', 35, 62000.00),
(4, 'Dennis Anil', 28, 52000.00),
(5, 'Rehman Khan', 32, 58000.00);
2. Create a Stored Procedure with Cursor

To create a cursor for the Employee table, extract values using the cursor, and then
close the cursor in MySQL, you’ll need to use stored procedures that support cursor
operations.
DELIMITER //
CREATE PROCEDURE fetch_employee_data()

BEGIN
-- Declare variables to store cursor values
DECLARE emp_id INT;
DECLARE emp_name VARCHAR(255);
DECLARE emp_age INT;
DECLARE emp_salary DECIMAL(10, 2);
-- Declare a cursor for the Employee table

DECLARE emp_cursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT E_id, E_name, Age, Salary
FROM Employee;
-- Declare a continue handler for the cursor

DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND
SET @finished = 1;
-- Open the cursor
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OPEN emp_cursor;
-- Initialize a variable to control cursor loop

SET @finished = 0;
-- Loop through the cursor results

cursor_loop: LOOP
-- Fetch the next row from the cursor into variables
FETCH emp_cursor INTO emp_id, emp_name, emp_age, emp_salary;
-- Check if no more rows to fetch

IF @finished = 1 THEN
LEAVE cursor_loop;
END IF;
-- Output or process each row (for demonstration, print the values)

SELECT CONCAT('Employee ID: ', emp_id, ', Name: ', emp_name, ', Age: ', emp_age, ', Salary: ',
emp_salary) AS Employee_Info;
END LOOP;
-- Close the cursor

CLOSE emp_cursor;
END//
DELIMITER ;
In this stored procedure (fetch_employee_data ):
 We declare variables (emp_id, emp_name, emp_age, emp_salary) to store values

retrieved from the cursor.
 A cursor (emp_cursor) is declared to select E_id, E_name, Age, and Salary from
the Employee table.
 We declare a continue handler ( CONTINUE HANDLER) for NOT FOUND condition to
handle the end of cursor data.
 The cursor is opened (OPEN emp_cursor), and a loop (cursor_loop) is used to fetch
each row from the cursor.
 We fetch values into the variables and process them within the loop (for
demonstration, we print the values using a SELECT statement).
 The loop continues until all rows are fetched ( @finished = 1).
 Finally, the cursor is closed ( CLOSE emp_cursor).
3. Execute the Stored Procedure

Once the stored procedure fetch_employee_data is created, you can execute it to
fetch and process data from the Employee table:
mysql> CALL fetch_employee_data();

+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Employee_Info |
+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Employee ID: 1, Name: Samarth, Age: 30, Salary: 50000.00 |
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+----------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Employee_Info |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Employee ID: 2, Name: Ramesh Kumar, Age: 25, Salary: 45000.00 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| Employee_Info |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| Employee ID: 3, Name: Seema Banu, Age: 35, Salary: 62000.00 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Employee_Info |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Employee ID: 4, Name: Dennis Anil, Age: 28, Salary: 52000.00 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Employee_Info |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Employee ID: 5, Name: Rehman Khan, Age: 32, Salary: 58000.00 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
 The stored procedure fetch_employee_data declares variables

(emp_id, emp_name, emp_age, emp_salary) to store values retrieved from the cursor.
 A cursor (emp_cursor) is declared for the Employee table to select E_id, E_name, Age,
and Salary.
 The cursor is opened (OPEN emp_cursor), and the FETCH statement retrieves the first
row from the cursor into the declared variables.
 A WHILE loop processes each row fetched by the cursor ( SQLSTATE() =
'00000' checks for successful fetching).
 Within the loop, you can perform operations or output the values of each row.
 The CLOSE statement closes the cursor after processing all rows.
This example demonstrates how to create and use a cursor in MySQL to extract
values from the Employee table row by row. Adjust the cursor query and processing
logic based on your table structure and desired operations.
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Question 6
Write a PL/SQL block of code using parameterized Cursor, that will merge the data
available in the newly created table N_RollCall with the data available in the table
O_RollCall. If the data in the first table already exist in the second table then that data
should be skipped.
Solution
To accomplish this task in MySQL, we can use a stored procedure with a
parameterized cursor to merge data from one table ( N_RollCall) into another table
(O_RollCall) while skipping existing data. We’ll iterate through the records
of N_RollCall and insert them into O_RollCall only if they do not already exist.
1. Create the Tables

First, let’s create the N_RollCall and O_RollCall tables with similar structure:
CREATE DATABASE ROLLCALL;
USE ROLLCALL;
-- Create N_RollCall table

CREATE TABLE N_RollCall (
student_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
student_name VARCHAR(255),
birth_date DATE
);
-- Create O_RollCall table with common data

CREATE TABLE O_RollCall (
student_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
student_name VARCHAR(255),
birth_date DATE
);
2. Add Sample Records to both tables

Let’s insert some sample data into the O_RollCall table:
mysql> -- Insert common data into O_RollCall

mysql> INSERT INTO O_RollCall (student_id, student_name, birth_date)
-> VALUES
-> (1, 'Shivanna', '1995-08-15'),
-> (3, 'Cheluva', '1990-12-10');
Let’s insert some sample data into the N_RollCall table, including records that are
common with O_RollCall:
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mysql> -- Insert sample records into N_RollCall
mysql> INSERT INTO N_RollCall (student_id, student_name, birth_date)
-> VALUES
-> (1, 'Shivanna', '1995-08-15'), -- Common record with O_RollCall
-> (2, 'Bhadramma', '1998-03-22'),
-> (3, 'Cheluva', '1990-12-10'), -- Common record with O_RollCall
-> (4, 'Devendra', '2000-05-18'),
-> (5, 'Eshwar', '1997-09-03');
3. Define the Stored Procedure

Next, let’s define the merge_rollcall_data stored procedure to merge records
from N_RollCall into O_RollCall, skipping existing records:
DELIMITER //
CREATE PROCEDURE merge_rollcall_data()

BEGIN
DECLARE done INT DEFAULT FALSE;
DECLARE n_id INT;
DECLARE n_name VARCHAR(255);
DECLARE n_birth_date DATE;
-- Declare cursor for N_RollCall table

DECLARE n_cursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT student_id, student_name, birth_date
FROM N_RollCall;
-- Declare handler for cursor

DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND
SET done = TRUE;
-- Open the cursor

OPEN n_cursor;
-- Start looping through cursor results

cursor_loop: LOOP
-- Fetch data from cursor into variables
FETCH n_cursor INTO n_id, n_name, n_birth_date;
-- Check if no more rows to fetch

IF done THEN
LEAVE cursor_loop;
END IF;
-- Check if the data already exists in O_RollCall

IF NOT EXISTS (
SELECT 1
FROM O_RollCall
WHERE student_id = n_id
) THEN
-- Insert the record into O_RollCall
INSERT INTO O_RollCall (student_id, student_name, birth_date)
VALUES (n_id, n_name, n_birth_date);
END IF;
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END LOOP;
-- Close the cursor

CLOSE n_cursor;
END//
DELIMITER ;
 The stored procedure merge_rollcall_data uses a cursor (n_cursor) to iterate

through the records of the N_RollCall table.
 Inside the cursor loop ( cursor_loop), each record (n_id, n_name, n_date)
from N_RollCall is fetched and checked against the O_RollCall table.
 If the record does not already exist in O_RollCall (checked using NOT EXISTS), it is
inserted into O_RollCall.
 The cursor loop continues until all records from N_RollCall have been processed.
 The cursor is then closed ( CLOSE n_cursor).
4. Execute the Stored Procedure

Finally, execute the merge_rollcall_data stored procedure to merge records
from N_RollCall into O_RollCall while skipping existing records:
mysql> CALL merge_rollcall_data();

5. Verify Records in O_RollCall

After executing the procedure, verify the records in the O_RollCall table to confirm
that new records from N_RollCall have been inserted, while existing common
records have been skipped:
mysql> -- Select all records from O_RollCall

mysql> SELECT * FROM O_RollCall;
+------------+--------------+------------+
| student_id | student_name | birth_date |
+------------+--------------+------------+
| 1 | Shivanna | 1995-08-15 |<-- Common record, not duplicated
| 2 | Bhadramma | 1998-03-22 |<-- New record from N_RollCall
| 3 | Cheluva | 1990-12-10 |<-- Common record, not duplicated
| 4 | Devendra | 2000-05-18 |<-- New record from N_RollCall
| 5 | Eshwar | 1997-09-03 |<-- New record from N_RollCall
+------------+--------------+------------+
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Question 7
Install an Open Source NoSQL Data base MongoDB & perform basic CRUD(Create,
Read, Update & Delete) operations. Execute MongoDB basic Queries using CRUD
operations.
Solution
1. Installing Open Source NoSQL Data base MongoDB
Please refer to the blog below which contains detailed procedure of installing Open
Source NoSQL Data base MongoDB.
2. Perform basic CRUD(Create, Read, Update & Delete) operations.
1. Start MongoDB.
Launch the MongoDB daemon using the following command:
sudo systemctl start mongod
2. Start the MongoDB Shell
Launch the MongoDB shell to perform basic CRUD operations.
mongosh
3. Switch to a Database (Optional):
If you want to use a specific database, switch to that database using

the use command. If the database doesn’t exist, MongoDB will create it implicitly
when you insert data into it:
test> use bookDB

switched to db bookDB
bookDB>
4. Create the ProgrammingBooks Collection:
To create the ProgrammingBooks collection, use the createCollection() method. This

step is optional because MongoDB will automatically create the collection when you
insert data into it, but you can explicitly create it if needed:
bookDB> db.createCollection("ProgrammingBooks")
This command will create an empty ProgrammingBooks collection in the current

database (bookDB).
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5. INSERT operations
a. Insert 5 Documents into the ProgrammingBooks Collection :
Now, insert 5 documents representing programming books into

the ProgrammingBooks collection using the insertMany() method:
bookDB> db.ProgrammingBooks.insertMany([
{
title: "Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship",
author: "Robert C. Martin",
category: "Software Development",
year: 2008
},
{
title: "JavaScript: The Good Parts",
author: "Douglas Crockford",
category: "JavaScript",
year: 2008
},
{
title: "Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software",
author: "Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, John Vlissides",
category: "Software Design",
year: 1994
},
{
title: "Introduction to Algorithms",
author: "Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, Clifford Stein",
category: "Algorithms",
year: 1990
},
{
title: "Python Crash Course: A Hands-On, Project-Based Introduction to Programming",
author: "Eric Matthes",
category: "Python",
year: 2015
}
])
b. Insert a Single Document into ProgrammingBooks:
Use the insertOne() method to insert a new document into

the ProgrammingBooks collection:
bookDB> db.ProgrammingBooks.insertOne({
title: "The Pragmatic Programmer: Your Journey to Mastery",
author: "David Thomas, Andrew Hunt",
category: "Software Development",
year: 1999
})
6. Read (Query) Operations
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a. Find All Documents
To retrieve all documents from the ProgrammingBooks collection:
bookDB> db.ProgrammingBooks.find().pretty()
[
{
_id: ObjectId('663eaaebae582498972202df'),
title: 'Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship',
author: 'Robert C. Martin',
category: 'Software Development',
year: 2008
},
{
_id: ObjectId('663eaaebae582498972202e0'),
title: 'JavaScript: The Good Parts',
author: 'Douglas Crockford',
category: 'JavaScript',
year: 2008
},
{
title: 'Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software',
author: 'Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, John Vlissides',
category: 'Software Design',
year: 1994
},
{
title: 'Introduction to Algorithms',
author: 'Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, Clifford Stein',
category: 'Algorithms',
year: 1990
},
{
title: 'Python Crash Course: A Hands-On, Project-Based Introduction to Programming',
author: 'Eric Matthes',
category: 'Python',
year: 2015
},
{
_id: ObjectId('663eab05ae582498972202e4'),
title: 'The Pragmatic Programmer: Your Journey to Mastery',
author: 'David Thomas, Andrew Hunt',
year: 1999
}
]
b. Find Documents Matching a Condition
To find books published after the year 2000:
bookDB> db.ProgrammingBooks.find({ year: { $gt: 2000 } }).pretty()
23 | P a g e
[
{
author: 'Robert C. Martin',
year: 2008
},
{
year: 2008
},
{
title: 'Python Crash Course: A Hands-On, Project-Based Introduction to Programming',
author: 'Eric Matthes',
category: 'Python',
year: 2015
}
]
7. Update Operations
a. Update a Single Document
To update a specific book (e.g., change the author of a book):
bookDB>db.ProgrammingBooks.updateOne(
{ title: "Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship" },
{ $set: { author: "Robert C. Martin (Uncle Bob)" } }
)
//verify by displaying books published in year 2008

bookDB> db.ProgrammingBooks.find({ year: { $eq: 2008 } }).pretty()
[
{
author: 'Robert C. Martin (Uncle Bob)',
year: 2008
},
{
year: 2008
}
]
b. Update Multiple Documents
24 | P a g e
To update multiple books (e.g., update the category of books published before
2010):
bookDB> db.ProgrammingBooks.updateMany(
{ year: { $lt: 2010 } },
{ $set: { category: "Classic Programming Books" } }
)
//verify the update operation by displaying books published before year 2010
bookDB> db.ProgrammingBooks.find({ year: { $lt: 2010 } }).pretty()
[
{
author: 'Robert C. Martin (Uncle Bob)',
category: 'Classic Programming Books',
year: 2008
},
{
year: 2008
},
{
title: 'Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software',
author: 'Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, John Vlissides',
year: 1994
},
{
title: 'Introduction to Algorithms',
author: 'Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, Clifford Stein',
year: 1990
},
{
_id: ObjectId('663eab05ae582498972202e4'),
title: 'The Pragmatic Programmer: Your Journey to Mastery',
author: 'David Thomas, Andrew Hunt',
year: 1999
}
]
8. Delete Operations
a. Delete a Single Document
To delete a specific book from the collection (e.g., delete a book by title):
bookDB> db.ProgrammingBooks.deleteOne({ title: "JavaScript: The Good Parts" })
25 | P a g e
{ acknowledged: true, deletedCount: 1 }
You can check whether the specified document is deleted by displaying the contents
of the collection.
b. Delete Multiple Documents
To delete multiple books based on a condition (e.g., delete all books published
before 1995):
bookDB> db.ProgrammingBooks.deleteMany({ year: { $lt: 1995 } })

You can check whether the specified documents were deleted by displaying the
contents of the collection.
c. Delete All Documents in the Collection:
To delete all documents in a collection (e.g., ProgrammingBooks), use

the deleteMany() method with an empty filter {}:
//delete all documents in a collection

bookDB> db.ProgrammingBooks.deleteMany({})
//verify by displaying the collection

bookDB> db.ProgrammingBooks.find().pretty()
9. Delete the Collection Using drop():
To delete a collection named ProgrammingBooks , use the drop() method with the name
of the collection:
bookDB> show collections

ProgrammingBooks
bookDB> db.ProgrammingBooks.drop()
true
bookDB> show collections
bookDB>
The command db.ProgrammingBooks.drop( ) will permanently delete

the ProgrammingBooks collection from the current database ( bookDB).
After deleting the collection, you can verify that it no longer exists by listing all
collections in the database using the command show collections.
26 | P a g e
27 | P a g e

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BASAVAKALYAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

BASAVAKALYAN DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

Database Management System Lab

1. Create a user and grant all permissions to the user.

$ sudo mysql -u root

mysql> CREATE DATABASE COMPANY;

mysql> USE COMPANY;

Creating the Employee Table

mysql> CREATE TABLE COMPANY.Employee (

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.91 sec)

mysql> SHOW TABLES;

mysql> DESC COMPANY.Employee;

Create a User and Grant Permissions

mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON COMPANY.Employee TO 'dbuser'@'localhost';

Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.

Copyright (c) 2000, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its

-- Change the current database to COMPANY

mysql> USE COMPANY;

mysql> SELECT * FROM Employee;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

-- COMMIT DATABASE, db CONTENTS ARE WRITTEN TO THE DISK

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)

-- DISPLAY TABLE CONTENTS

-- START ANOTHER TRANSACTION

-- INSERT MORE RECORDS

mysql> SELECT * FROM Employee;

mysql> DELETE FROM Employee where ENAME = 'Kavana Shetty';

mysql> SELECT * FROM Employee;

-- ROLLBACK 2 INSERTS AND 1 DELETE OPERATIONS

Add Primary Key Constraint

-- Add Primary Key Constraint

-- verify primary key constraint

Add Not Null Constraint

-- Add Not Null Constraints

mysql> INSERT INTO Employee (ENAME, JOB, MANAGER_NO, SAL, COMMISSION)

1. Add a column commission with domain to the Employeetable.

mysql> USE COMPANY02;

mysql> CREATE TABLE Employee (

mysql> SHOW TABLES;

mysql> DESC Employee;

Adding a Column (Commission) to the Employee Table

mysql> DESC Employee;

We have added a column COMMISSION using the ALTER command, which is

Inserting 5 Records into the Employee Table

mysql> SELECT * FROM Employee;

Updating Column Details (JOB) in the Employee Table

mysql> SELECT * FROM Employee;

mysql> ALTER TABLE Employee

mysql> DESC Employee;

Deleting a Specific Employee (EMPNO = 105) from the Employee

mysql> SELECT * FROM Employee;

Employee(E_id, E_name, Age, Salary)

mysql> USE COMPANY03;

mysql> CREATE TABLE Employee (

mysql> DESC Employee;

2. Populating the Employee Table with 12 Records

mysql> SELECT * FROM Employee;

3. Count Number of Employee Names