Physics By: Rajiv Chaudhary, Mb: 9810474678

If you have doubts in other chapters, inform me we will find a solution

of all problems. I am always with you.
Don't judge each day by the harvest you reap but by the seeds that you plant.

NOTES C CLASS-XII
Magnetism PHYSICS

CYCLOTRON:
The cyclotron is a machine to accelerate charged particles or ions to high energies.
It was invented by E.O. Lawrence and M.S. Livingston in 1934to investigates nuclear
structure. The cyclotron uses both electric and magnetic fields in combination to
increase the energy of charged particles.
Principle: When a positively charged particle is made to move time and again in
high frequency electric field and using strong magnetic field, it gets accelerated
and acquires sufficiently large amount of energy.
Working: As the fields are perpendicular to each other they are called crossed
fields. Cyclotron uses the fact that the frequency of revolution of the charged
particle in a magnetic field is independent of its energy. The particles move most
of the time inside two semicircular disc-like metal containers, D1 and D2, which
are called dees as they look like the letter D. Figure shows a schematic view of
the cyclotron. Inside the metal boxes the particle is shielded and is not acted on
by the electric field. The magnetic field, however, acts on the particle and makes
it go round in a circular path inside a dee. Every time the particle moves from
one dee to another it is acted upon by the electric field. The sign of the electric
field is changed alternately in tune with the circular motion of the particle. This
ensures that the particle is always accelerated by the electric field.
A high frequency alternating voltage is applied to the dees.
In the sketch shown in Fig., positive ions or positively charged particles (e.g., protons)
are released at the centre P. They move in a semi-circular path in one of the dees and
arrive in the gap between the dees in a time interval T/2; where T, the period of
revolution, is given by

(1)
This frequency is called the cyclotron frequency and is denoted by .
The frequency νa of the applied voltage is adjusted so that the polarity of the dees
is reversed in the same time that it takes the ions to complete one half of the
revolution. The requirement νa = νc is called the resonance condition.
The phase of the supply is adjusted so that when the positive ions arrive at the
edge of D1, D2 is at a lower potential and the ions are accelerated across the gap.
Inside the dees the particles travel in a region free of the electric field.
The increase in their kinetic energy is qV each time they cross from one dee to
another (V refers to the voltage across the dees at that time).

1
From Eq.(2), it is clear that the radius of their path goes on increasing each time
their kinetic energy increases. The ions are repeatedly accelerated across the
dees until they have the required energy to have a radius approximately that of
the dees. They are then deflected by a magnetic field and leave the system via an
exit slit.
(2)

We know,
v (Maximum velocity) (3)

where R is the radius of the trajectory at exit, and equals the radius of a dee.
Hence, the kinetic energy of the ions is,

(Maximum K.E.) (4)

The operation of the cyclotron is based on the fact that the time for one
revolution of an ion is independent of its speed or radius of its orbit. The
cyclotron is used to bombard nuclei with energetic particles, so accelerated by it,
and study the resulting nuclear reactions. It is also used in hospitals to produce
radioactive substances which can be used in diagnosis and treatment.

Moving coil Galvanometer:

The moving coil galvanometer is used to detect and measure small current and
voltage drop across a resistor.
The Galvanometer consists of a coil, with many turns, free to rotate about a fixed
axis, in a uniform radial field. There is a cylindrical soft iron core which not only
makes the magnetic field radial but also increases the strength of magnetic field.
Principle and working: When current I is passed in the coil, torque τ acts on the
coil, given by

2
Where θ is the angle between the normal to plane of coil and the magnetic field of
strength B, N is the number of turns in a coil.
When the magnetic field is radial, as in the case of cylindrical pole pieces and
soft iron core, then in every position of coil, the plane of the coil is parallel to
magnetic field lines, so that θ= and Sin θ=1,hence deflecting torque,

If k is the torsional constant of the spring i.e. the restoring torque per unit twist
and θ is the angular deflection in the suspension strip, then restoring torque=k θ
For equilibrium, deflecting torque= restoring torque
NIBA= k θ θ= i.e. θ I

I= G θ
G=k/NBA= galvanometer constant or current reduction factor of the galvanometer.
θ I
Deflection of coil is directly proportional to current flowing in the coil and hence
we can construct a line on scale.

Principle: The principle of a moving coil galvanometer is that a current carrying

coil placed in a magnetic field experiences a torque, the magnitude of which
depends on the strength of current.
(a) Importance of uniform radial magnetic field: Torque on a current carrying
coil in a magnetic field is
In radial magnetic field Sin θ=1, so torque is τ =NIBA
This makes the deflection (θ) proportional to current. In other words, the radial
magnetic field makes the scale linear.
(b) Function of soft iron core: To produce radial magnetic field pole pieces of
permanent magnet are made cylindrical and a soft iron core is placed between

3
 them. The soft iron core helps in making the field redial and reduce energy losses
produced due to eddy currents.
Figure of merit of a galvanometer: It is defined as the current which produces a
deflection of one scale division in the galvanometer and is given by
G = I / θ = k/NBA Unit is Amp/ division
Sensitivity of a galvanometer: A galvanometer is said to be sensitive if it shows
large scale deflection even when a small current is passed through it or a small
voltage is applied across it.
Current sensitivity: It is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer
when a unit current flows through it. IS = θ /I = NBA / K

Voltage sensitivity: It is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer

when a unit potential difference is applied across its ends. VS = θ /V = θ / IRG =
NBA / KRG
VS =IS/RG

Factor by which the sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer can be increased.

1. By increasing the number of turns N of the coil. Limitation RG also increased.
2. By increasing the magnetic field B.
3. By increasing the area A of the coil. Limitation: Galvanometer becomes
bulky and unmanageable.
4. By decreasing the value of k
Use phosphor bronze because it has small k.
1. It is perfectly elastic.
2. It is a good conductor of electricity.
3. It does not oxidize.

Some Important Terms used to describe Magnetic Properties of Materials:

1. Magnetic Field: When a magnetic material is placed in a magnetic field,
a magnetism is induced in it. The magnetic field that exists in vacuum and induces
magnetism is called magnetising field. For example, consider a toroidal solenoid
carrying current I and placed in vacuum. If the solenoid has n turns per unit length,
then the magnetic field set up in the solenoid is given by
BO = O n I
This field is called the magnetising field caused by the so called free current in the
solenoid.
2. Magnetic Induction: Suppose the toroidal solenoid is wound round a ring of
magnetic material. Under the influence of field the magnetic moments of the atomic
current loops of the magnetic material tend to align themselves with or against the
magnetising field BO. This gives rise to a net current on the surface of the material and
is called magnetisation surface current IM.
The total magnetic field inside a magnetic material is the sum of the external
magnetising field and the additional magnetic field produced due to magnetisation of
the material and is called magnetic induction .The magnetic induction may also be
4
defined as the total number of magnetic lines of force crossing per unit area normally
through a material. Thus the SI unit of magnetic induction is tesla (T) or
weber metre-2 (Wbm-2)
3. Magnetising field intensity: The ability of magnetising field to magnetise a material
medium is expressed by a vector called magnetising field intensity or magnetic
intensity. Its magnitude may be defined as the number of ampere – turns (nI) flowing
round the unit length of the solenoid required to produce the given magnetising field.
Thus
H = nI

BO = O nI = O H or H=

The dimensions of magnetic intensity are [L-1 A]. Its SI unit is ampere metre-1 (Am-1)
4. Intensity of magnetisation: When a magnetic material is placed in a magnetising
field, it gets magnetised. The magnetic moment developed per unit volume of a
material when placed in a magnetising field is called intensity of magnetisation or
simply magnetisation. Thus

M is a vector with dimensions L–1 A and is measured in a units of A m–1.

Consider a long solenoid of n turns per unit length and carrying a current I.
The magnetic field in the interior of the solenoid is given by
BO = O n I
If the interior of the solenoid is filled with a material with non-zero magnetisation,
the field inside the solenoid will be greater than B0. The net B field in the interior of
the solenoid may be expressed as

B = B0 + B m
Where Bm is the field contributed by the material core. It turns out that this additional

field Bm is proportional to the magnetisation M of the material and is expressed as

Bm = μ0M
Hence B = O H + μ0M 
H and M have the same dimensions and is measured in units of A m–1.

5. Magnetic Permeability: Permeability is the measure of the extent to which a material

can be penetrated or permeated by a magnetic field. The magnetic permeability of a
5
material may be defined as the ratio of its magnetic induction B to the magnetic

intensity H. = .
Clearly, SI unit of  is tesla metre ampere-1 or TmA-1
6. Relative Permeability: Permeability of various magnetic substances can be compared
with one another in terms of relative permeabilityr. It is defined as the ratio of the
permeability of the medium to the permeability of free space. Thus, .
For vacuum r = 1, for air it is 1.0000004 and for iron, the value of r may exceed
1000.

7. Magnetic Susceptibility: Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how a magnetic

material responds to an external field.
It is defined as the ratio of the intensity of magnetisation M to the magnetising field

intensity H. It is denoted by . Thus, .

As magnetic susceptibility is the ratio of two quantities having the same units (Am-1),
so it has no units.
It is small and positive for materials, which are called paramagnetic. It is small and
negative for materials, which are termed diamagnetic. In the latter case M and H are
opposite in direction.
We know, B  and M

 

Since  = . or B   

   
8. Magnetising current: The magnetising current IM is the additional current that
needs to be passed through the windings of the solenoid in the absence of the core
which would give a B value as in the presence of the core.
Classification of magnetic materials:
On the basis of their behaviour in external magnetic fields, Faraday classified the
various substances into three categories:
1. Diamagnetic Substances: Diamagnetic substances are those which develop feeble
magnetisation in the opposite direction of the magnetising field. Such substances are

6
feebly repelled by magnets and tend to move from stronger to weaker parts of a
magnetic field. Examples: Bismuth, copper, lead, zinc, tin, gold, silicon,
nitrogen (at STP), water, sodium chloride, etc.

2. Paramagnetic Substances: Paramagnetic substances are those which develop

feeble magnetisation in the direction of the magnetising field. Such substances are
feebly attracted by magnets and tend to move from weaker to stronger parts of a
magnetic field. Examples: Manganese, aluminium, chromium, platinum, sodium,
copper chloride, oxygen (at STP), etc.
3. Ferromagnetic Substances: Ferromagnetic substances are those which develop
strong magnetisation in the direction of the magnetising field. They are strongly
attracted by magnets and tend to move from weaker to stronger parts of a magnetic
field. Examples: Iron, cobalt, nickel, gadolinium and alloys like alnico.

Origin of Diamagnetism:
In atoms of some materials like Bi, Cu, Pb, the magnetic moments due to different
electrons cancel out. In such atoms, electrons occur in pairs with one of them
revolving clockwise and other anticlockwise around the nucleus.
Net magnetic moment of an atom is zero.

When such an atom is placed in a

magnetic field the speed of revolution
of one electron increases and that of
other decreases. The magnetic moment
of the former electrons increases to
and that of the latter electron
decreases to
So each electron pair gains a net
magnetic moment. 2 Δ which is
proportional to the field but points in
its opposite direction. A sufficient
magnetic moment is induced in the
diamagnetic sample in the opposite
direction of .
Fig: An electron orbiting in an atom
produces a moment.

This sample moves from stronger to the weaker parts of the field of , i.e., a
diamagnetic substance is repelled by a magnet. The behaviour of diamagnetic
materials is independent of temperature.

The most exotic diamagnetic materials are superconductors. These are metals,
cooled to very low temperatures which exhibit both perfect conductivity and
perfect diamagnetism. Here the field lines are completely expelled.
= –1 and μr = 0. A superconductor repels a magnet and (by Newton’s third law)
is repelled by the magnet. The phenomenon of perfect diamagnetism in
superconductors is called the Meissner effect, after the name of its discoverer.
7
 Superconducting magnets can be gainfully exploited in variety of situations, for
example, for running magnetically levitated superfast trains.

Origin of paramagnetism:
The atoms or molecules of a paramagnetic material possess a permanent
magnetic moment either due to the presence of some unpaired electron or due
to the non-cancellation of the spins of two electrons because of some special
reason. In the absence of an external magnetic field, the atomic dipoles are
randomly oriented due to their ceaseless random motion, as shown in Fig.
There is no net magnetisation.

Fig :(a) Randomly distributed atomic dipoles in a paramagnetic material in the

absence of magnetic field.(b) Alignment of dipoles in the presence of magnetic field.

When a strong enough field B0 is applied and the temperature is low enough,
the field B0 tends to align the atomic dipoles in its own direction, producing a
weak magnetic moment in the direction of B0. The material tends to move from a weak
field region to a strong field region. This is paramagnetism.
At very high magnetic fields or at very low temperatures, the magnetisation approaches
its maximum value when all the atomic dipole moments get aligned.
This is called the saturation magnetisation value Ms.

Curie's law: From experiments, it is found that the intensity of magnetisation (M)
of a paramagnetic material is
(i) directly proportional to the magnetising field intensity H, because the latter tends to
align the atomic dipole moments.
(ii) inversely proportional to the absolute temperature T, because the latter tends to
oppose the alignment of the atomic dipole moments.
Therefore at low H / T values, we have
M or M or or

Here C is curie constant and is the susceptibility of the material.

The above relation is called Curie's law. This law states that far away from saturation,
the susceptibility of a paramagnetic
material is inversely proportional to the
absolute temperature.
Fig. shows the variation of intensity of
magnetisation M as a function of H / T.
Beyond the saturation value Ms, Curie
law is not valid.

8
Origin of ferromagnetism:
Weiss explained ferromagnetism on the basis of his domain theory. In materials like
Fe, Ni, Co, the individual atoms are associated with large magnetic moments. The
magnetic moments of neighbouring atoms interact with each other and align themselves
spontaneously in a common direction over
macroscopic regions called domains.
Each domain has a typical size of about
1 mm and contains about 1011 atoms.
So each domain possesses a strong magnetic
moment. In the absence of any external
magnetic field, these domains are randomly
distributed so that the net magnetic moment
is zero.

Fig: Randomly oriented domains in a

ferromagnetic substance.
When a ferromagnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, all the domains align
themselves along the direction of the field leading to the strong magnetisation of the
material along the direction of the field. That is why the ferromagnetic substances are
strongly attracted by magnets. The alignment of domains may occur in either of the
following two ways:
1. By displacement of the boundaries of domains:
When the external field B0 is weak, the domains aligned in the direction of B0 grow
in size while those oppositely directed decrease in size, as shown in Fig.(b)

Fig: Magnetisation of a ferromagnetic sample.

2. By rotation of domains:
When the external field B0 is strong, the domains rotate till their magnetic moments get
aligned in the direction of B0 as shown in Fig. (c).
Modified Curie's law for ferromagnetic substances:
When a ferromagnetic sample is heated, its magnetisation decreases due to the increase
in the randomisation of its domains. At a sufficiently high temperature, the domain
structure disintegrates and the
ferromagnetic substance becomes paramagnetic. The temperature at which a
ferromagnetic substance becomes paramagnetic is called Curie temperature or Curie
point
9
Above the Curie point i.e., in the paramagnetic phase, the susceptibility varies with
temperature as

Where C' is a constant. This is modified Curie's law for a ferromagnetic material above
the Curie temperature. It is also known as Curie-Weiss law.
This law states that the susceptibility of a ferromagnetic substance above its Curie
temperature is inversely proportional to the excess of temperature above the Curie
temperature.
Types of ferromagnetic materials: Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into two
categories:
1. Soft ferromagnetic materials or soft ferro- magnets: These are the ferromagnetic
materials in which the magnetisation disappears on the removal of the external
magnetising field. Such materials have
narrow hysteresis loop, as shown in
Fig. Consequently, they have low
retentivity, low coercivity, and low
hysteresis loss. But they have high
relative magnetic permeability. They
are used as cores of solenoids and
transformers. Examples: Soft iron, mu
metal, etc.
Fig: Magnetic hysteresis loop for (a) soft,
(b) hard ferromagnetic material.

2. Hard ferromagnetic materials or hard ferro- magnets: These are the ferromagnetic
materials which retain magnetisation even after the removal of the external
magnetising field. Such materials have wide hysteresis loop, as shown in Fig.
Consequently, they have high retentivity, high coercivity and large hysteresis loss.
They are used for making permanent magnets. Examples: Steel, alnico, lodestone,
ticonal, etc.

10
Comparative study of the properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic
Substances.

Property Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

Substance Substance Substance
1. Effect of They are feebly They are feebly They are strongly
magnet. repelled by magnets. attracted by magnets. attracted by
magnets.
2. In external Acquire feeble Acquire feeble Acquire strong
magnetic magnetisation in the magnetisation in the magnetisation in
field. opposite direction of direction of the the direction of the
the magnetizing field. magnetizing field. magnetizing field.
3. In a non Tend to move slowly Tend to move slowly Tend to move
uniform from stronger to from weaker to quickly from
magnetic weaker parts of the stronger parts of the weaker to stronger
field. field. field. parts of the field.
4. In a A freely suspended A freely suspended A freely suspended
uniform diamagnetic rod aligns paramagnetic rod ferromagnetic rod
magnetic itself perpendicular to aligns itself parallel to
aligns itself
field. the field. the field. parallel to the
field.
5. Susceptibility Susceptibility is small Susceptibility is small Susceptibility is
and negative. and positive. very large and
Value(
where positive.
is small number.
6. Relative Slightly less than 1 Slightly greater than 1 Of the order of
permeability   Thousands
Value( 
7. Permeability      
Value(
8. Effect of Susceptibility is Susceptibility varies Susceptibility
temperature independent of inversely as decreases with
temperature. temperature. temperature in a
complex manner.
9. Removal of Magnetisation lasts as As soon as the Magnetisation is
magnetizing long as the magnetising field is retained even after
field. magnetising field is removed, the magnetising
applied. magnetisation is lost. field is removed.
10. Examples Bi,Cu,Pb,Si,N2(atSTP), Al, Na ,Ca , Fe, Ni,Co, Fe203,
H20,NaCl. 02(at STP),CuCl2. Alnico.

Q.1.A magnet of magnetic moment 2.5 Am2 weighs 66 g. If the density of the
material of the magnet is 7500 kgm-3, find the intensity of magnetisation.
11
Q.2. A magnetising field of 1500 A/ m produces a magnetic flux of 2.4 x 10-5 weber
in a bar of iron of cross- section 0.5 cm2. Calculate permeability and susceptibility of
the iron-bar used.

Hysteresis: When a ferromagnetic sample is placed in a magnetising field, the

sample gets magnetised by induction. As the magnetising field intensity H varies,
the magnetic induction B does not vary linearly with H, i.e. the permeability,
 = B/ H is not constant but varies with H. In fact, it also depends on the past
history of the sample.
Fig. shows the variation of magnetic induction B with magnetising field intensity
H. Point O represents the initial unmagnetised state of a ferromagnetic sample.
As the magnetising field intensity H increases, the magnetic induction B first
gradually increases and then attains a constant value. In other words, the
magnetic induction B saturates at a certain value

Now if the magnetising field intensity H is

gradually decreased to zero, B decreases but
along a new path AB. It is found that the
magnetic induction B does not become zero
even when the magnetising field H is zero,
i.e., the sample is not demagnetised even
when the magnetising field has been
removed. The magnetic induction (= OB) left
behind in the sample after the magnetising
field has been removed is called residual
magnetism or retentivity or remanence.
Fig: Hysteresis loop for a ferromagnetic sample.
To reduce the magnetism to zero, the field H is gradually increased in the reverse
direction, the induction B decreases and becomes zero at a value of H = OC. The
value of reverse magnetising field intensity H required for the residual magnetism
of a sample to become zero is called coercivity of the sample.
On further increasing H in the reverse direction to a value -Hmax, we reach the
saturation point D located symmetrically to point A. Now if H is decreased
gradually, the point A is reached after going through the path DEFA.
The closed curve ABCDEFA which represents a cycle of magnetisation of a
ferromagnetic sample is called its hysteresis loop. Throughout the cycle, the
magnetic field B lags behind the magnetising field intensity H, i.e., the value of B
when H is decreasing is always more than when H is increasing.
The phenomenon of the lagging of magnetic induction behind the magnetising
field is called hysteresis. In fact, the word hysteresis originates from a Greek
word meaning 'delayed'.
Significance of the area of hysteresis loop:
The product BH, has the dimensions of energy per unit
volume. Hence the area within the B-H loop represents
the energy dissipated per unit volume in the material
when it is carried through a cycle of magnetisation. The
source is the source of emf used in magnetising the

12
material and the sink is the hysteretic heat loss in the magnetic material.
Practical importance of hysteresis loops:
A study of hysteresis loop provides us information about retentivity,
coercivity and hysteresis loss of a magnetic material. This helps in proper
selection of materials for designing cores of transformers and electromagnets and
in making permanent magnets.
Comparison of the magnetic properties of soft iron and steel:
Fig. shows the hysteresis loops for soft iron and steel.
A study of these B - H loops reveals the
following information:
1. Permeability: For a given H, B is more for soft iron than steel. So soft iron has a greater
permeability
( = )than steel.
2. Susceptibility: As permeability of soft iron is greater than steel, so soft iron has a
greater susceptibility
 than steel.
3. Retentivity: The retentivity of soft iron (Ob') is greater than the retentivity (Ob)
of steel.
4. Coercivity: The coercivity of soft iron (Oc’) is less than the coercivity (Oc) of steel.
5. Hysteresis loss: As the area of the hysteresis loop of soft iron is much smaller
than that of steel, so the hysteresis loss per unit volume per cycle is less for
soft iron than for steel.
We can summarize the above properties as follows:
1. Permeability
2. Susceptibility
3. Retentivity are greater for soft iron than for steel.
4. Coercivity
5. Hysteresis loss are less for soft iron than for steel.
Selection of magnetic materials: The choice of magnetic materials for making
permanent magnets, electromagnets and cores of transformers is decided from
the hysteresis loop of the material.
A. Permanent magnets: The material used for making permanent magnets must
have the following characteristics:
1. High retentivity so that it produces a strong magnetic field.
2. High coercivity so that its magnetisation is not destroyed by stray magnetic
fields, temperature variations or minor mechanical damage.
3. High permeability.Inspite of its slightly smaller retentivity than soft iron, steel is
favoured for making permanent magnets. Steel has much higher coercivity than soft
iron. The magnetisation of steel is not easily destroyed by stray fields. Once magnetised
under a strong field, it retains magnetisation for a long duration.
Other suitable materials for making permanent magnets are: Cobalt steel and Alnico.
B.Electromagnets: The material used for making cores of electromagnets must
have the following characteristics:
1. High initial permeability so that magnetisation is large even for a small
magnetising field.
2. Low retentivity so that the magnetisation is lost as the magnetising current is
switched off. So soft iron is more suitable than steel for cores of electromagnets.
C. Transformer cores: The material used for making cores of transformers must
have the following characteristics:
1. High initial permeability so that the magnetic flux is large even for low magnetising
fields.
13
2. Low hysteresis loss as the materials are subjected to alternating magnetising
fields of high frequency.
3. Low resistivity to reduce losses due to eddy currents.
Soft iron is preferred for making transformer cores and telephone diaphragms.

NUMERICALS
Q1. The vertical component of Earth’s magnetic field at a place is times the
horizontal Component. What is the value of angle of dip at the place?

Q2. Steel is preferred for making permanent magnet whereas soft iron is
preferred for making electromagnets. Give one reason?

Q3. How does the (i) Pole strength and (ii) Magnetic moment of each part of a bar
magnet change if it is cut into two equal pieces transverse to its length?

Q4. How does the (i) Pole strength and (ii) Magnetic moment of each part of a bar
magnet change if it is cut into two equal pieces along its length?

Q5. Where on the earth’s surface is the value of angle of dip maximum?

Q6. Why does a paramagnetic substance display greater magnetisation for the
same magnetising field when cooled? How does a diamagnetic substance
respond to similar temperature change?

Q7. Define the term magnetic inclination and horizontal component of Earth’s
magnetic field at a place. Establish the relationship between the two with
the help of a diagram?

Q8. Distinguish between diamagnetic and ferromagnetic materials in respect of

their (i) Intensity of magnetisation and (ii) Behaviour in a non uniform
magnetic field and (iii) Susceptibility.

Q9. A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 300 to a uniform magnetic field of
0.2T experiences a torque of 0.060 Nm. (i) Calculate magnetic moment of
the magnet. (ii) Find out what orientation of the magnet corresponds to its
stable equilibrium in the magnetic field.

Q10. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 0.9853. Identify the type of the
magnetic material. Draw the modification of field pattern on keeping a
piece of this material in a uniform magnetic field?

Q11. Two magnets of magnetic moments M and M are joined to form a cross.
The combination is suspended in a uniform magnetic field B. The magnetic
moment M now makes an angle θ with the field direction.
Find the value of angle θ.

Q12. (a) A magnetic dipole is placed in a uniform magnetic field with its axis
tilted with respect to its position of stable equilibrium. Deduce an

14
 expression for the time period of (small amplitude) oscillation of this
magnetic dipole about an axis, passing through its centre and
perpendicular to its plane.
(b) If this bar magnet is replaced by a combination of two similar bar
magnets, placed over each other, how will the time period vary?

15