DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS II SECOND EXAM

PARTIAL I

John H. Díaz F.
6 de Mayo de 2024

Índice
1. Objectives 1

2. Grouping 1

3. Delivery Criteria 2

4. First Point (Theoretical work) 2

4.1. Stationary waves on a vibrating string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4.2. Standing waves on a vibrating string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

5. Second Point (Experimental work) 5

5.1. Experimental study of the 2d Laplace Equation (Rectangular Coordinates ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5.2. Experimental study of the 2d Laplace Equation (Polar Coordinates ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

6. Third Point (Fourier Transform and Partial Differential Equations) 7

6.1. 1D Heat Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.2. 1D Wave Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

7. Third Point (Research Problem) 8

Abstract
A series of problems is proposed that involve performing calculations using the computer and, to the extent possible,
verifying them experimentally.

1. Objectives
1. Face physical situations that involve using the mathematical models worked on in class (solving Differential Equations).

2. Represent graphically solution functions, and their derivatives, of the differential equations that model the different
proposed physical situations.
3. Experimentally compare the results developed theoretically.

2. Grouping
1. Groups of a maximum of four (4) people can be realized.
2. Each group must submit, in detail, each problem assigned in the partial.

1
3. Delivery Criteria
1. The partial should be typed in latex (use overleaf (https://www.overleaf.com/)). You must submit the generated
pdf and a link (overleaf) where the LATEXcode is shared.

2. To make graphical representations of the requested functions, you must use software. I suggest using specific pur-
pose software to achieve this goal, for example: Desmos (https://www.desmos.com/calculator?lang=es) , Geoge-
bra (https://www.geogebra.org/graphing?lang=es) or Wolfram Cloud (https://www.wolframcloud.com/), among
others.

3. The delivery must be hosted in the TEAMS until sunday, May 12 at 12:00 pm.
4. One partial is delivered per group.

4. First Point (Theoretical work)

4.1. Stationary waves on a vibrating string
A string of length L, mass m and tension T ; whose mass is uniformly distributed, such that its mass density (µ) is a
constant: µ = dm m
dx = L .The string under consideration is subject to the following boundary conditions: y(x, 0) = y(x, L) = 0.
Conditions that indicate that the strin is tied at both ends, as shown in the figure 1:

Figure 1: Vibrating string

q
∂ 2 y(x,t) 2
In class it has been shown that the solution to the wave equation: ∂t2 = v2 ∂ y(x,t)
∂x2 such that v = T
µ is the speed of
∂y(x,0)
the wave. With boundary conditions: y(x, 0) = y(x, L) = 0. And initial conditions: y(x, 0) = f (x) and ∂t = g(x). Is the
next:
∞ 
X  nπx 
y(x, t) = sen (Cn sen (ωn t) + Dn cos (ωn t)) . (1)
n=1
L
In the equation 1 the constants ωn , Cn and Dn are given by:

ωn = nπv
L . So that ωn = 2π
τn = 2πfn . With τn = 2π
ωn yqfn = ω2πn the period and the frequency of wave .
2L nv n T
τn = nv y fn = 2L ⇒ fn = 2L µ . Con n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5...

2
RL nπx



Cn = L 0
f (x) sen L dx.

2
RL nπx



Dn = nπv 0
g(x) sen L dx.

2
It is also defined, in analogy to the definition of ωn , kn = nπ
L , as a wave number, such that, kn =
nπ
L = 2π
λn . Where λn = 2L
n
is called the wavelength. Therefore the solution of the wave equation can be written:
∞
X
y(x, t) = (sen (kn x)) (Cn sen (ωn t) + Dn cos (ωn t)) . (2)
n=1

or alternatively

∞        
X 2πx 2πt 2πt
y(x, t) = sen Cn sen + Dn cos . (3)
n=1
λn τn τn
∂y(x,t)
The speed of the vibrating string is given by vy (x, t) = ∂y :
∞
∂y(x, t) X
vy (x, t) = = (sen (kn x)) (Cn ωn cos (ωn t)) − (Dn ωn sen (ωn t)) . (4)
∂t n=1

In the figure 2 shows y(x, 0) = f (x) of a vibrating string at t = 0[s] is shown, such that its speed is: vy (x, 0)= ∂y(x,0)
∂t = g(x) = v.

Figure 2: Initial conditions

∂y(x,0)
1. Finish writing the functions that represent the initial conditions: y(x, 0) = f (x) y ∂t = g(x) = v :

H

 □x if 0≤x≤h
y(x, 0) = f (x) =
−H □
L−h x + if h<x≤L

L−□

∂y(x,0) 
∂t = g(x) = v if 0≤x≤L

1
For the previous initial conditions and the following values of rope length, mass and tension: L = 1[m], m = 10 [Kg]
and T = 1[N ]
2. Calculate: τn , fn , ωn , kn and λn . Obviously, each of the above quantities are a function of n. For example: τn = 2L nv
q q
and as v = Tµ and µ = m 2L
pm 1 1 2
L . Then: τn = n LT with L = 1[m], m = 10 [Kg] and T = 1[N ], therefore τn = n 5 [s]

3
3. Calculate the constants: Cn and Dn . Obviously, Cn and Dn are expressed in terms of the values of L, h , H and are
functions of the integer variable n.

4. Write the solution y(x, t) and vy (x, t) = ∂y(x,t)

∂t for the vibrating string in terms of the parameters that characterize
1
it: L = 1[m], m = 10 [Kg], T = 1[N ], L, h and H.And explicitly present (or write) the sum of 7 terms of the solution
y(x, t) and vy (x, t) = ∂y(x,t)
∂t .
Note: Solving the problem with the following values for h, H and v = g(x):

Number h H g(x) = v
1 h = L/8 H = L/5 v = −1/2
2 h = L/4 H = −L/10 v = 1/2

5. Graph y(x, 0) = f (x) and vy (x, 0) = ∂y(x,0)

∂t = g(x) for N = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. That is, a comparison of the functions
∂y(x,0)
y(x, 0) = f (x) and vy (x, 0) = mustbepresented.partialt = g(x) for different approximations. For example, in the problem
worked out in class, the position y(x, 0) = f (x) looked like this:

Figure 3: Comparison of the different approaches for y(x, 0) = f (x)

6. Graphically represent the shape of the string and its speed: y(x, t) and vy (x, t) = ∂y(x,t)
∂t , for N = 7 fixed. For 10
different moments in time during an oscillation. For example, in the problem worked out in class, the shape of the
string y(x, t) looked like this:

4
 Figure 4: Comparison of the shape of the string y(x, t) at different moments in time

4.2. Standing waves on a vibrating string

A model for the motion of a vibrating string whose ends are free to slide 5 on frictionless rigid vertical axes tied at x = 0
and x = L, is given by the following conditions:

Figure 5: Vibrating string with free ends

∂y(0, t) ∂y(L, t)
= 0; =0
∂x ∂x
∂y(x, 0)
y(x, 0) = f (x); = g(x)
∂t
The boundary conditions indicate that the motion is such that the slope of the curve y(x, t) is zero at its ends for all time
t > 0.
For the given conditions, find the displacement of the string y(x, t) for all time t > 0, taking into account damping effects of
2 2
the string: ∂ y(x,t)
∂t2 + γ ∂y(x,t)
∂t = v 2 ∂ ∂x
y(x,t)
2 . If: f (x) = 2 − (x − 1)2 with 0 < x < L , L = 2 m and g(x) = 1 m
s . Assume that
1
the mass m is equal to 10 kg and the tension T is equal to 1 N .

5. Second Point (Experimental work)

5.1. Experimental study of the 2d Laplace Equation (Rectangular Coordinates )
Carry out a laboratory practice that allows you to experimentally verify the solution of the Laplace Equation. Use a
container with water in which a copper wire (without enamel) will be introduced in the shape of a rectangle and a potential

5
difference will be supplied (with a voltage source). Then measure the voltage at the different points inside the rectangle as
shown in the figure 6:

Figure 6: Experimental mounting

Hint: A geometry of 20 X 20 cm (400 point mesh) and a voltage of 30 volts is suggested.

1. Perform voltage measurements at the different points of the mesh and represent them in a Voltage graph as a function
of the position x and y position (V = V (x, y)) as shown in the figure 7:

Figure 7: Voltage as a function of the position x and y position

2. Solve the Laplace Equation for the boundary conditions established in the laboratory and graph the solution, then

6
 compare with the experimental results.

5.2. Experimental study of the 2d Laplace Equation (Polar Coordinates )

Perform the same problem, as in the previous item, but with a circular geometry. Establish the boundary conditions that
you consider relevant. Hint: I suggest a circle of radius 10 cm (see figure 8

Figure 8: Circular Geometry

1. Perform voltage measurements at the different points of the mesh and represent them in a Voltage graph as a function
of the position x and y position (V = V (x, y)).

2. Solve the Laplace Equation for the boundary conditions established in the laboratory and graph the solution, then
compare with the experimental results.

6. Third Point (Fourier Transform and Partial Differential Equations)

The Fourier method is a powerful technique for solving real-world problems involving differential equations. The general
idea of this method is as follows:

1. Start with the linear problem described in the t or x − domain.

2. Apply the Fourier Transform to convert the problem into the ω or κ − domain. This step involves transforming the
differential equation and any initial or boundary conditions.

3. Perform calculations and manipulations in the ω or κ − domain, where the problem becomes simpler due to the
properties of the Fourier transform.
4. Use the inverse Fourier transform to obtain the solution back in the t or x − domain. This step gives us the final
solution to the original problem.

Figure 9: Fourier transform and PDEs

7
6.1. 1D Heat Equation
Let be a rod extending from −∞ to +∞. Consider the following heat problem on for t > 0:
 2
∂ u(x, t) ∂u(x, t)
k ∂x2

 = , −∞ < x < +∞.
∂t



u(x, 0) = f (x), t ≥ 0.
where f (x) is an integrable function. Note that there is no boundary condition for this problem; however, the boundedness
condition should be satisfied by the solution as x approaches ±∞. By utilizing the Fourier Transform in x, solve the problem.
From the previous solution, solve the particular case:

∂ 2 u(x, t) ∂u(x, t)
k = , −∞ < x < +∞.


2



 ∂x ∂t

(
1, if − 1 ≤ x < 1



u(x, 0) = f (x) = 0, if otherwise , t ≥ 0.




6.2. 1D Wave Equation

Consider the following problem defined on x ∈ (∞, +∞):
 2 2
∂ u(x, t) ∂u(x, t) 2 ∂ u(x, t)


2
+ 2ϵ = v , −∞ < x < +∞.
 ∂t ∂t ∂x2







u(x, 0) = f (x), t ≥ 0.






∂u(x, t)


= 0, t ≥ 0.


∂t
where f (x)is the function:
2

1 − x
, if − 1 ≤ x < 1
f (x) = 4
0, if otherwise


7. Third Point (Research Problem)