Lesson 14

Environmental Education,
Protection and Management
Environmental Education
 Process of teaching and learning, helping to acquire
understanding, skills and values that makes them active
and informed citizens in the development and
maintenance of an ecological, sustainable and socially
just society.
Environmental education must be:
a) Action-oriented – finding solutions to real environment problems and issues

b) Experiential – use variety of approaches and environments

c) Future-oriented – concerned with the present and future generations

d) Globally-oriented – consider the whole earth as one ecosystem

e) Holistic – deal with the natural and man-made aspect of the environment

f) Interdisciplinary – relate to all the disciplines

g) Issue-oriented – deal with local, regional, national and global perspective

Pollution
• Alteration of our surroundings, wholly or largely as a
product of man’s actions, through direct or indirect
effects of changes in every patter of chemical and
physical constituents of organisms.

Classification and Sources of Pollution

1. Air Pollution
2. Water Pollution
3. Solid Wastes/Land Pollution
 global phenomenon
Air Pollution can cause health problems and even death of other people
• Physical and chemical alteration of the properties of air, which is harmful to
human health, vegetation and animals.

Major Types of Air Pollution

1) Outdoor Pollution
• Derived from the mixture or collection of additional loads of chemical produced
by natural events and human activities

Major Sources of Outdoor Pollution

 Burning of fossil fuels for power consumption
 Photochemical and industrial smog
 Sulfuric dioxide and suspended particulates
 Forest fire
 Evaporation of volatile organic compounds
 Natural radioactive 22-gas from uranium deposits
2) Indoor Pollution
• Derived from the accumulation or build up of chemical, SPM, VOC’s inside
the office, buildings, houses, school, commercial store that are harmful to
health.

Major Sources of Outdoor Pollution

 Aerosol sprays
 Chlorine treated water can cause cancer

 Air freshener crystal and moth balls can cause cancer

 Tobacco and cigarettes lung cancer and heart diseases

 Carpets and plastic products can damage liver and kidney

 Paint stripper and thinner can cause diabetes and nerve disorders

 Gas stove, kerosene, heater and woodstone respiratory disorder

 Dry cleaning fluids can damage nerve, liver, and kidney

 water - transports pollution from one location to another

Water Pollution
• Physical and chemical changes in the surface and ground water caused by
pollutants that can adversely affect living organisms.

Major Sources of Air Pollution

1) Point Source
• Discharges pollutants or any affluent, such as waste water, through pipes, ditches
and sewers into bodies of water to specific location

2) Non-point Source
• Widely scattered and discharges pollutants over a large area
ex. construction areas
Common Types of Water Pollutants and its Sources

 Disease causing organism bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites,

Type text here
 Oxygen demanding wastes
 Water soluble inorganic chemicals
 Inorganic plant nutrients
 Organic chemicals
 Sediments of suspended matter
 Radioactive substances
 issue for all of us bc most countries produce tons householdof wastes
Solid Wastes/Land Pollution when solid wastes are burned, these cause air pollution
• Referring to the presence in land of any solid waste in such quality of such nature
and duration, and under such conditions that would injurious to human health or
welfare, animal or plantlike or property.

Citizens should divide their waste and garbage into four categories:

madaling sunugin like paper, stick

 Combustibles
 Non-combustibles non-flammmable. ex.metal, glass, ceramics

 Recyclable pwede pa magamit or itransfer sa ibang gamit na may ibang functional use

 Hazardous wastes can pose threats/risks to public health if not disposed properly
requires proper disposal
kerosene, gasoline, and other substances
 ground
air
water
Solid and its Disposal

 Landfills sanitary landfills protect the env. from pollutions

designed to reduce the amount of waste that leaks out into the
environment

 Incineration
reducing solid waste by burning it first and this causes fly ash,
gases and particulate matter to the air

 Ocean dumping
tons of waste are discharge into the ocean 300 kilometers offshore
50m tons waastes a year are discharged into the ocean
 personala water managenent

Simple and Effective Ways of 4R’s

• Avoid over-packed goods baka di magamit lahat, sayang lang

• Avoid disposable goods throw-away razors, pens, plastics, etc
• Buy food in bulk maramihan
• Practice composting
• Patronize recycled and recyclable goods avoic pvc containers
• Patronize products that are made from renewable rather than non-renewable
• Choose products with little packing as possible
• Choose products packaged made from recycled materials ex. brown paper bag
• Recycle paper
4R’s of Ecology
• Strategy in attaining ecological sustainability at school and community based
projects.

 Reduce
limit or conserve the use of materials for more important projects

 Reuse
to use again the materials that are non-degradable, reusable and
recyclable

 Recycle
reuse after the materials had been reprocessed either to a new
products or similar functional products

 Repair
reconstruct/restructure and reinstall equipment/appliances/ gadgets
that are still repairable to its functional state.
Lesson 15
Seven Environmental Principles and
Laws
serve as behaviorla guide so each person may do his or her guide in order to help
protect future detoriation of environment

Seven (7) Environmental Principles (EPs)

most basic and impactive. abide the nature's
1. Balance of Nature – Nature Knows Best role. dont go againt nature's natural processes
each organism performs fundamental role. we break one
2. Biodiversity – All forms of Life are Important bond on web of life when we loose 1 species
3. Interconnectedness – Everything is connected by Everything Else every ecosystem is connected
4. Change – Everything Changes even nature is constantly changing
the environemnet, air, water, land has the
ability to acsorb waste and transform them
5. Materials Cycles – Everything Must Go Somewhere to new resources
6. Finiteness – Ours is a Finite Earth non-nenewable resources - finite
7. Stewardship – Nature is Beautiful and we are all Stewards of God’s
Creation reserve and conserve nature for enjoyment of future generations
Important Environmental Laws
• R.A. 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
aims to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological waste
management program that shall ensure the protection of public health and
environment.

• R.A. 9275 – Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

aims to protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from land-
based sources. to prevent or minimize pollution

• R.A. 6969 – Toxic Substances, Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act
1990
aims to control toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear wastes,
providing penalties for violations thereof.
• R.A. 8435 – Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997
establishes that the Department of Agriculture should take into account
climate change, weather disturbances and annual productivity cycles in
forecasting and formulating appropriate agricultural and fisheries programs

• R.A. 8749 - Clean Air Act of 1999

moves for an effective air quality management program that will
mitigate the worsening problem of air pollution

• R.A. 9512 – National Environmental Awareness and Education Act of

2008
promotes national awareness on the role of natural resources in
economic growth and importance of environmental conservation and ecological
balance

• R.A. 9513 – Renewable Energy Act of 2008

promotes the development, utilization and commercialization of
renewable energy resources
Lesson 16
Forestry Protection, Conservation and
Development
Urban Forestry

• Specialized branch of forestry that deals with the cultivation and management of
tress and other plants forms for their present and potential contribution to the
physiological, ecological, aesthetic and economic well-being or urban society.

• Establishment and management of forests in urban environments for the

physiological and psychological well-being of the people.

• Deliberate process of cultivating trees, shrubs or ornamental plants to affect the

effects of pollution and at the same time provide aesthetic and scenic
surroundings

• A greening movement oriented forestry designed to raise the quality of the

environment of the people in Urban centers
man-made urban parks
 protection form wind
erosion
makes the city env a better place to live in watershed
noise
gas
particulate pollutants
reflection of solar radiation
privacy control
Benefits derived from Urban Forestry
tress shrubs ameliorates air temp by controlling
the solar radiation
leaves absorb solar radiation
1. Climatic Amelioration trees- nature's airconditioner

2. Engineering uses trees and plans- solving

for soil erosion, air pollution, traffic control, reflection reduction
3. Architectural uses space articulation, screening, privacy control,
4. Aesthetic uses soften the archi lines, enhance, complement archi elements
introduce naturalness
 -arrangement of trees has to follow rules of modern landscaping
-group planting with irellative spacing

if limited space, mainly shrubs and only few trees

Target Areas for Urban Forest Development

1. Parks
2. Street Right-of-Way not advisable to use large trees
museum, institutions, etc
3. Public Building and Grounds includes ceetry, airports, golf courses Type
devt is similar wt that of the cars

4. Extraterritorial Lands shelter belts, groove, vegetated land filed

provide watershed protection, recreation, scenery
river front, canals, channel diversion, lake shores, sea shores
5. Riparian Areas areas for creation and open spaces within the cities
devt is similar wt parks
residential commmercial urban lands
6. Private Lands depends on size and available space
depends on the owner
Characteristics of Tree Species for Urban Forest
Development to withstand harsh condition of the area

a. Capacity to grow and develop

b. Resistant to pests and diseases
c. Adaptable to the environmental stresses of the site
d. Culturally low maintenance species
e. Satisfactory growth rate
f. Ability to fill the functional use in the urban areas
g. Reasonably effective lifespan
h. Acceptable percentage survival
Some Species Suitable for Urban Planting

1. Trees with bright colors 2. Trees with beautiful foliage or needles

Bottle brush (Callistemon lanceolata)
Banaba (Largerstroemi speciosa)* Norfolk pine (Araucaria excelsa)
Dapdap (Erythrina orientalis)* Japanese cypress (Cryptomeria japonica)
Fire tree (Delonix Regia)* Agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia)
African Tulip (Spathodea campanulata) Silky oak (Grevillea robusta)
Golden shower (Cassia fistula) * Buri Palm (Corypha elata)
Anchoan dilao (Cassia spectabili) Bunga or Betelnut palm (Areca cathecu)
Thailand shower (Cassia siamea) Pugahas (Caryota cumingii)
Royal palm (Roystonia regina)
Some Species Suitable for Urban Planting

Shrubs with bright flowers or colorful foliage

Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima)
Gumamela (Hibiscus spp.)
Yellow bell (Solandra hartwegii)*

1. Rain tree (Samanea saman) 9. Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala)

2. Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) 10. Yemane (elina arborea)
3. Manila palm ( Vietchai merrillii) 11. Adelfa (Neriu oleander)
4. Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) 12. Nangka (Artocarpus heterophylla)
5. Rubber tree (Hevea brasilliensis) 13. Neem (Azadirachta indica)
6. Star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito) 14. Mango (Mangifera spp.)
7. Talisai (Terminalia catappa) 15. Duhat (Syzgium cuminii)
8. Japanese acacia (Acacia auriculiformis) 16. Macopa (Syzgium samaragense)
17. Camachile (Pithecollbium dulce)
Lesson 17
Water Resource Management,
Sanitation and Conservation
Issues in Water Resource Management
made worse by distraction of natural ecosystem

1. Water problems portions of lakes and rivers are drying up

2. Groundwater extraction rising increasing groundwater use, pollution of groundwater

3. Watershed management many of nature's basin is considered in critical condition
degradation result in soil erosion
4. Coastal and marine resources
5. Coral reefs in poor conditions human activities severly degrading the quality of freshwater
seriously polluted
6. Water demand growing rapidly bc of population is growing rapidly, water demand problem
is due to lack of infrastructure
7. Agricultures use dominates irrigation-biggest water user in agriculture
8. Access to water supply varies
Surface Water Quality Issues and Concerns

1. Untreated domestic sewage leading contributor to water pollution

another major contributor
2. Industrial wastewater pollution comes from manufacturing processes
3. Threats from non-point pollution sources ex. agricultural and urban
4. Inefficient solid waste management serious concern
affect quality of watter
clogging of drainage system
surface, rain, or groundwater
degragation of quantity and quality of water
Causes and mechanism of water sources degradation
• logging of forest
• kaingin (slash and burn) farming
• mining activities
• transportation routes
• accidental leaks or spills of chemicals
• cattle grazing, piggery and poultry farming
• pesticide and fertilizers from agricultural lands
• human settlements and sewage disposal systems
• garbage open dumpsite and sanitary landfills
• underground storage tanks
• salinity intrusion into coastal aquifers
• recreation instream and lakes areas
• river quarrying of gravel and sand
to ensure availability and sustainability of freshwater

Countermeasures to be done for maintaining good water

quality
• water conservation at home, in schools, offices and other places
• increasing the efficiency of irrigation system
• safeguarding all wetlands from destructive systems
• development of crop varieties that need less water or drought-resistant
crops
• large scale reforestation of denuded watersheds
• cleaner production in industries (recycling wastewater, good
housekeeping)
• provision of clean water for underdeveloped localities
• enactment of appropriate laws.
Lesson 18
National Security Concerns
National Security

• State or condition where our most cherished values and beliefs, our
democratic way of life, our institutions of governance and our unity,
welfare and well-being as a nation and people are permanently protected
and continuously enhanced

• State or condition wherein the people’s way of life and being are
protected and/or advanced.

National Security Council

• Advise the President with respect to the integration of domestic, foreign

and military policies relating to national security

• Serves as the President’s principal arm for coordinating these policies

among various government departments and agencies in matters
involving national security
Internal Threats threats inside nation

1. Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and Abu Sayaf Group (ASG)
2. Communist Part of the Philippines/ New People Army/ National Democratic
Front (CCP/NPA/NDF)
3. Organized crime
nat'l security concern ex. illegal use of drugs
4. Grave incidence of poverty
5. Economic sabotage
6. Graft and corruption affects the delivery of quality basic services
7. Severe calamities
8. Persistent environment degradation
External Threats

1. Multilateral dispute over Spratly Island and other islands in the West Philippine
Seas
2. Smuggling of firearms and contraband, illegal migration and movement of
foreign terrorist
3. Serious economic disparity between rich and other poor nations
4. Ethnics, religions and cultural conflicts
5. Proliferation of weapons and mass destruction (WMD)
6. Transnational organized crime
7. Natural disaster and environment issues
8. Cybernetic crime
Types of Security Threats (Labuguen, et al., 2010)

1. Rebellion of insurrection
2. Terrorism
3. Crime’s measurable damage or destruction
4. Murder
5. Hijacking/ Highway robbery
6. Kidnapping or serious illegal detention
 educate
discourage parents from buying such war toys
encourage parents to join cooperative and collaborative activities thatn competitive
discuss roots of conflict to prepare alternative ways to solve them
Roles of schools in promoting peace for national security

1. Peaceful pedagogies
2. Disarmament education
3. Avoid sexist education
4. Conducting cooperative and collaborative activities
5. Preparing alternative ways of solving roots of conflicts
6. Undertake activities that promote intercultural dialogue
National Security Policy of 2017-2022
• Declaration of the Government’s commitment to continuously develop a national
security that is rules-based, able to effectively respond not only to security threats
but also to opportunities beneficial to the national interest.

Twelve (12) – point National Security Agenda

1. Human and Political Security

eventually change over time
2. Health Security
3. Economic and Financial Security
4. Food and Water Security
5. Military and Border Security
6. Socio-Cultural Security
7. Environmental and Disaster Security
8. Energy Security
9. Maritime and Airspace Security
10. International Security
11. Information and Cyber Security
12. Transportation and Port Security

yaay!