2nd - Lipid Metabolism HMU

Title of the lecture:
LIPID METABOLISM
By:
Professor
Dr. Salar A. Ahmed
Ph.D. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – Greece
Hawler Medical University
College of Medicine
Email: salar.adnan@hmu.edu.krd
Tel: 0750 4101917
5.3. Lipoproteins metabolism
✓Chylomicrons
✓VLDLs Very Low Density Lipoproteins
✓IDLs Intermediate Density Lipoproteins
✓LDLs Low Density Lipoproteins
✓HDLs High Density Lipoproteins
Chylomicrons
Origin: Mucosal cells of the intestine.
Major lipid: TG
Reactions: In the circulation, the TGs carried in

chylomicrons are metabolized in muscle and AT by LPL
releasing FFAs, which are subsequently metabolized by
muscle & AT, then chylomicron remnants are formed.
Chylomicron remnants are then taken up by the liver
Function: Transport exogenous lipids from the intestine to

other parts of the body.
VLDLs
VLDLs ------ IDLs ------ LDLs

VLDLs
Origin: Hepatic cells.
Major lipid: TG
The reaction: Under the LPL catalyst, TG is hydrolyzed to
form FAs & glycerol.
VLDL is converted to IDL, and has equal amount of
cholesterol & TG.
50% of IDL is captured by the liver and half of it further
undergoes the same procedure as VLDL does. The last
remnant is LDL.
Function: Transport endogenous lipid from the liver to

extrahepatic tissues .
LDLs ( Bad cholesterol)
Origin: VLDL
Major lipids: Cholesterol
Reaction: 50% of LDL is degraded in the liver; 50% of

LDL is captured by extrahepatic tissues.
Function: Transport endogenous lipid from the liver to

extrahepatic tissues.
Functions of LDL in the cells:
Cholesterol metabolism:
1) Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase to inhibit Ch synthesis.
2) Inhibit biosy. of the LDL receptor at the transcription

level.
3) Stimulate acyl CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT)

activity, stimulate the formation of Ch-E from free Ch
and accumulate in plasma.
4) Construct cell membranes.

HDLs( Good cholesterol)
Origin: liver (major), intestine, Chylomicron & VLDL.
Major lipids: Cholesterol ester & phospholipids.
Reaction: Lecithin: Cholesterol acyltransferase

(LCAT) catalyzes Ch to ChE,
Function:
Function
1- Reservoir for apo C-II & E
2- Uptake of unesterified Ch
3- Esterification of cholesterol
4- Transport Ch from peripheral tissues to the
liver
Title of the lecture:
LIPID METABOLISM
By:
Professor
Dr. Salar A. Ahmed
Ph.D. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – Greece
University of Kurdistan Hawler
School of Medicine
Email: salar.adnan@ukh.edu.krd
Tel: 0750 4101917
Lipids metabolism
1- TG
a- Esterification (Biosynthesis)
b- Lipolysis (Break down)
2- Cholesterol
Triglyceride Metabolism
a- Esterification b- Lipolysis
(Biosynthesis) (Break down)
Catabolism & anabolism are not the forward and

reverse processes of the same, they are entirely
different pathways involving different reactants
& enzymes
A- Esterification: (Biosynthesis of TGs)
For TGs biosynthesis, 2 substrates are required
❑ Fatty acids (Activated fatty acid - Acyl Co-A)
❑ Glycerol (α –Glycerol phosphate (Glycerol)

What are the sources of
➢ Glycerol phosphate ?
➢ Acyl-CoA ?
How α – glycerol phosphate is formed in the body ?

a.1-Source of α–glycerol phosphate:
Mainly two sources
1. Conversion of glycerol to α–glycerol-P by gly.
kinase in the presence of ATP
2. From glucose oxidation: dihydroxyacetone
phosphate is converted to α–gly.-P without ATP
a.2- Conversion of FFAs to it is activated form
FFA Thiokinase / CoA synthetase acyl-CoA

Note :
❑Glycerol kinase is absent in A.T
❑ Glycerol produced by lipolysis in AT can not be

utilized for the provision of α-gly-P in AT.
❑ Glycerol From liver, kidney & other tissues

which possess GK utilized for α-glycerol
phosphate synthesis
An overview of TG biosynthesis
B- lipolysis( Breakdown of Triglyceride )
TG in ATs & liver undergoes hydrolysis by
hormone-sensitive TG lipase to form free FFAs
& glycerol.
HSL removes FA from carbon No.1 & or C3

additional lipase specific for diacyl or
monoacylglycerol removes the remaining fatty
acids
Hormonal regulation of triglycerol degradation in the adipocyte
The fate of glycerol
Glycerol release during lipolysis is

transported through the blood to the liver where
it can be phosphorylated, used to form TGs in
the liver, or can participate in glycolysis or
gluconeogenesis
b. 2. The fate of fatty acids
➢Free FAs move through the cell membrane of

the adipocyte and immediately bind to albumin
in the plasma, then they
➢Transport to the tissues, where the FA enter the

cells get activated to their CoA derivatives &
are oxidized for energy
Fatty acids metabolism:
FAs are water-insoluble long-chain

hydrocarbons with one carboxyl group at the end
of the chain which may be
Saturated FAs: Do not have a double bond in the

chain
Unsaturated FAs: Have one or more double bonds
Branched-chain fatty acids like Phytanic acid
Fatty acids Nomenclature
1. The systematic name (IUPAC):
2. Trivial Names: The names typically derive

from a common source of the compound or the
source from which it was first isolated.
3. Two Abbreviation Systems:

a. Alpha (α) Nomenclature(delta (Δ) numbering
system
b. Omega (ω) Nomenclature
Common name No. of C & double bond
Saturated FA
Formic acid 1
Acetic acid 2:0
Butyric acid 4:0
Caproic acid 6:0
Caprylic acid 8:0
Capric acid 10:0
Lauric acid 12:0
Myristic acid 14:0
Palmitic acid 16:0
Stearic acid 18:0
Arachidic acid 20:0
Behenic acid 22:0
Lignocericacid 24:0
Unsaturated FA
Palmitoleic acid 16:1(9) ω-7

Oleic acid 18:1 Δ9 ω-9
Linoleic acid 18:2 Δ9,12 Essential ω-6
Linonlenic acid 18:3 Δ9,12,15 FAs ω-3
Arachidonic acid 20:4 Δ5,8,11,14 ω-6
Eicosapentaenoic 20:5 Δ5,8,11,14,17 ω-3
acid
The truth about fats:
The good, the bad, and the in-between
Saturated FFAs
1- Source of energy
2- In the food: usually accompanied by ch.
3- Enhance the level of T.Ch. and LDL
4- Stability: Autooxidation takes place at higher T
5- Promote obesity and atherosclerosis
Note: Diet must contain a limited amount of

saturated FAs to reduce the above disadvantages.
Unsaturated FAs
❑Source of energy
❑In the food: usually accompanied by ch.
❑Resists to oxidation
❑Are essential nutrients that are important in
preventing and managing heart disease
❑is a primary structural component of the human
brain, cerebral cortex, skin, and retina.
Note: cerebral cortex is the thin layer of the brain

Omega-3 FAs (fish oil) which may help to:
➢Lower blood pressure
➢Reduce TGs, LDL and VLDL
➢Slow the development of plaque in the arteries
➢Reduce the chance of abnormal heart rhythm
➢Reduce the likelihood of heart attack and stroke
➢Lessen the chance of sudden cardiac death in
people with heart disease
➢Vasodilator
➢Anti-inflammatory effects
➢Inhibition platelet aggregation
Omega-6 FAs
✓Are used for reducing the risk of Cancer and

heart disease by lowering T.Ch. , "bad" (LDL-C
levels and raising "good" (HDL) Ch. levels,
✓Vasoconstrictor
✓Pro-inflammatory effects
✓Enhanced platelet aggregation

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Title of the lecture:

Origin: Mucosal cells of the intestine.

Reactions: In the circulation, the TGs carried in

Function: Transport exogenous lipids from the intestine to

VLDLs ------ IDLs ------ LDLs

Function: Transport endogenous lipid from the liver to

Major lipids: Cholesterol

Reaction: 50% of LDL is degraded in the liver; 50% of

Function: Transport endogenous lipid from the liver to

1) Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase to inhibit Ch synthesis.

2) Inhibit biosy. of the LDL receptor at the transcription

3) Stimulate acyl CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT)

4) Construct cell membranes.

Origin: liver (major), intestine, Chylomicron & VLDL.

Major lipids: Cholesterol ester & phospholipids.

Reaction: Lecithin: Cholesterol acyltransferase

Catabolism & anabolism are not the forward and

For TGs biosynthesis, 2 substrates are required

❑ Fatty acids (Activated fatty acid - Acyl Co-A)

❑ Glycerol (α –Glycerol phosphate (Glycerol)

How α – glycerol phosphate is formed in the body ?

a.2- Conversion of FFAs to it is activated form

FFA Thiokinase / CoA synthetase acyl-CoA

❑Glycerol kinase is absent in A.T

❑ Glycerol produced by lipolysis in AT can not be

❑ Glycerol From liver, kidney & other tissues

HSL removes FA from carbon No.1 & or C3

Glycerol release during lipolysis is

➢Free FAs move through the cell membrane of

➢Transport to the tissues, where the FA enter the

FAs are water-insoluble long-chain

Saturated FAs: Do not have a double bond in the

1. The systematic name (IUPAC):

2. Trivial Names: The names typically derive

3. Two Abbreviation Systems:

Palmitoleic acid 16:1(9) ω-7

Note: Diet must contain a limited amount of

Note: cerebral cortex is the thin layer of the brain

✓Are used for reducing the risk of Cancer and

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