B.Sc. BOTANY

PERIYAR UNIVERSITY
PERIYAR PALKALAI NAGAR

SALEM – 636011
DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM
Syllabus for
B.SC. BOTANY
(SEMESTER PATTERN )
(For Candidates admitted in the Colleges affiliated to
Periyar University from 2023-2024 onwards)
PERIYAR UNIVERSITY
PERIYAR PALKALAI NAGAR
SALEM – 636011
DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM
Syllabus for
B.SC. BOTANY
(SEMESTER PATTERN )
(For Candidates admitted in the Colleges affiliated to

Periyar University from 2023-24 onwards)
PERIYAR UNIVERSITY
DEFINITION
PROGRAMME:
“Programme” means core degrees offered in various disciplines.
COURSE:
“Course” refers to the courses offered under the degree programme spread over the complete
Programme of study as under.
Part I -Refers Foundation Language “Tamil/other languages” offered under the programme.
Part II -Refers Foundation Language “English” offered under the programme.
Part III-Refers CC- Core Course subjects related to the programme concerned including
Practicals.
Part III -Refers EC- Generic elective-Allied subjects offered as Generic elective, which is
interdisciplinary in nature(allied) but related to the programme.
Part III -Refers EC- Discipline Specific elective-core subject electives offered as elective,
which is Botany disciplinary in nature of the programme concerned.
Part IV- Refers SEC -Generic-Non-Major Electives means option is being given to students who
do not come under the programme concerned.
SEC-Discipline centric skill/Entrepreneurial- core specific skill based elective courses

means the courses offered under the programmerelated to Advanced
Skill acquisition for industrial application and for professional
competency enhancement
Projects-Team or Group Projects in the concerned subject
Internship- to be carried out in the summer vacation 60 hours
Refers- EVS-Environmental studies
Refers- Value education- Yoga and Extension activity means all those activities which form part
of NSS/NCC/Sports/YRC and other co and extracurricular activities.
03
B.Sc. BOTANY
Duration of the Course:
Currently for the undergraduate programme the duration of study is THREE
years. The course of the degree of Bachelor of Science shall consist three
academic years divided into six semesters. Each semester consists of 90 working
days. Practical examinations will be at the end of each semesters. These
regulations apply to the regular course of study in approved institutions of the
University.
Credits:
Means the weightage given to each course of study (subjects) attributed by the
experts of the Boardof Studies concerned.
Credit System:
Means, the course of study under this pattern, where weightage of credits are
spread over to different semesters during the period of study and the
Cumulative Grade Point Average will be awarded based on the credits
earned by the students. The following are the total credit points:
For Undergraduate Programme (Three years) : 140
AIM AND SCOPE OF THE COURSE:

1. To acquire knowledge in different areas of plant science.
2. The topics included in different units of different papers would enable the students
to develop technical skills in Basic Botany and its applied branches.
3. Skill based subjects like Mushroom cultivation, Herbal medicine, Global climate
change, Botanical garden and landscaping, Herbal technology, Cultivation of
algae, Fermentation technology, Environment Impact Analysis, have been
included in order to provide opportunities in employment and research in
Government and Private Organizations.
4. The above courses also provide internship and projects to lay foundation for
enterprenership.
5. Practicals included in the syllabus will improve the skills of the students in
Microscopic techniques, Observations, Drawing, instrumentation techniques and
Physiological and Ecological Laboratory techniques.
04
ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION:
Candidate for admission to the first year of the degree of Bachelor of Science
Course shall be required to have passed the Higher secondary examination
(Academic or vocational stream with Botany/Biology along with Chemistry
under higher secondary board of examination Stream) conducted by the
Government of Tamil Nadu or an Examination accepted by the Syndicate,
Subject to such conditions may be prescribed therefore shall be permitted to
appear and qualify for B.Sc degree examination in Botany.
PASSING MINIMUM:
The candidate shall be declared to have passed the examinations if he /she secures
not less than 40marks.
CLASSIFICATION OF SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES:
• Candidates who secure not less than 60 % of the aggregate marks in the whole
examinations shall bedeclared to have passed the examinations in First class.
• Candidates who secure above 50 % and below 60 % shall be declared to have passed the
examinations inSecond class.
• Other successful candidates who secure below 50% shall be declared to have passed the
examination inThird class.
LEARNING OUTCOMES-BASED CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK GUIDELINES BASED
REGULATIONS FOR UNDER GRADUATE PROGRAMME
Programme: B.Sc. BOTANY
Programme
Code:
Duration: 3 Years (UG)
Programme P PO1: Disciplinary knowledge: Capable of demonstrating comprehensive
Outcomes: knowledge and understanding of one or more disciplines that form a part of an
undergraduate Programme of study
P PO2: Communication Skills: Ability to express thoughts and ideas effectively in
writing and orally; Communicate with others using appropriate media; confidently
share one’s views and express herself/himself; demonstrate the ability to listen
carefully, read and write analytically, and present complex information in a clear
and concise manner to different groups.
P PO3: Critical thinking: Capability to apply analytic thought to a body of
knowledge; analyse and evaluate evidence, arguments, claims, beliefs on the
basis of empirical evidence; identify relevant assumptions or implications;
formulate coherent arguments; critically evaluate practices, policies and theories
by following scientific approach to knowledge development.
P PO4: Problem solving: Capacity to extrapolate from what one has learned and
apply their competencies to solve different kinds of non-familiar problems, rather
than replicate curriculum content knowledge; and apply one’s learning to real life
situations.
P PO5: Analytical reasoning: Ability to evaluate the reliability and relevance of
evidence; identify logical flaws and holes in the arguments of others; analyze and
synthesize data from a variety of sources; draw valid conclusions and support
them with evidence and examples, and addressing opposing viewpoints.
P PO6: Research-related skills: A sense of inquiry and capability for asking
relevant/appropriate questions, problem arising, synthesising and articulating;
Ability to recognise cause-and-effect relationships, define problems, formulate
hypotheses, test hypotheses, analyse, interpret and draw conclusions from data,
establish hypotheses, predict cause-and-effect relationships; ability to plan,
execute and report the results of an experiment or investigation
P PO7: Cooperation/Team work: Ability to work effectively and respectfully with
diverse teams; facilitate cooperative or coordinated effort on the part of a group,
and act together as a group or a team in the interests of a common cause and
work efficiently as a member of a team
PO8: Scientific reasoning: Ability to analyse, interpret and draw conclusions from
quantitative/qualitative data; and critically evaluate ideas, evidence and experiences from
an open-minded and reasoned perspective. 05
PO9: Reflective thinking: Critical sensibility to lived experiences, with self awareness
and reflexivity of both self and society.
PO10 Information/digital literacy: Capability to use ICT in a variety of learning
situations, demonstrate ability to access, evaluate, and use a variety of relevant information
sources; and use appropriate software for analysis of data.
PO 11 Self-directed learning: Ability to work independently, identify appropriate
resources required for a project, and manage a project through to completion.
PO 12 Multicultural competence: Possess knowledge of the values and beliefs of
multiple cultures and a global perspective; and capability to effectively engage in a
multicultural society and interact respectfully with diverse groups.
PO 13: Moral and ethical awareness/reasoning: Ability toembrace moral/ethical values
in conducting one’s life, formulate a position/argument about an ethical issue from
multiple perspectives, and use ethical practices in all work. Capable of demonstratingthe
ability to identify ethical issues related to one‟s work, avoid unethical behaviour such as
fabrication, falsification or misrepresentation of data or committing plagiarism, not
adhering to intellectual property rights; appreciating environmental and sustainability
issues; and adopting objective, unbiased and truthful actions in all aspects of work.
PO 14: Leadership readiness/qualities: Capability for mapping out the tasks of a team
or an organization, and setting direction, formulating an inspiring vision, building a team
who can help achieve the vision, motivating and inspiring team members to engage with
that vision, and using management skills to guide people to the right destination, in a
smooth and efficient way.
PO 15: Lifelong learning: Ability to acquire knowledge and skills, including „learning
how to learn‟, that are necessary for participating in learning activities throughout life,
through self-paced and self-directed learning aimed at personal development, meeting
economic, social and cultural objectives, and adapting to changing trades and demands of
work place through knowledge/skill development/reskilling.
Programme On successful completion of Bachelor of Physics with Computer Applications
Specific programme, the student should be able to:
Outcomes: PSO1: Disciplinary Knowledge: Understand the fundamental principles,
concepts, and theories related to physics and computer science. Also, exhibit
proficiency in performing experiments in the laboratory.
PSO2: Critical Thinking: Analyse complex problems, evaluate information,
synthesize information, apply theoretical concepts to practical situations, identify
assumptions and biases, make informed decisions and communicate effectively
PSO3: Problem Solving: Employ theoretical concepts and critical reasoning
ability with physical, mathematical and technical skills to solve problems, acquire
data, analyze their physical significance and explore new design possibilities.
PSO4: Analytical & Scientific Reasoning: Apply scientific methods, collect and
analyse data, test hypotheses, evaluate evidence, apply statistical techniques and
use computational models.
PSO5: Research related skills: Formulate research questions, conduct literature
reviews, design and execute research studies, communicate research findings and
collaborate in research projects.
PSO6: Self-directed & Lifelong Learning: Set learning goals, manage their own
learning, reflect on their learning, adapt to new contexts, seek out new knowledge,
collaborate with others and to continuously improve their skills and knowledge,
through ongoing learning and professional development, and contribute to the
growth and development of their field.
PO/PSO PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5 PSO6
PO1 
PO2 
PO3 
PO4 
PO5 
PO6 
2. Highlights of the Revamped Curriculum:
 Student-centric, meeting the demands of industry & society, incorporating industrial
components, hands-on training, skill enhancement modules, industrial project, project with
viva-voce, exposure to entrepreneurial skills, training for competitive examinations,
sustaining the quality of the core components and incorporating application oriented content
wherever required.
 The Core subjects include latest developments in the education and scientific front, advanced
programming packages allied with the discipline topics, practical training, devising statistical
models and algorithms for providing solutions to industry / real life situations. The
curriculum also facilitates peer learning with advanced statistical topics in the final semester,
catering to the needs of stakeholders with research aptitude.
 The General Studies and Statistics based problem solving skills are included as mandatory
components in the ‘Training for Competitive Examinations’ course at the final semester, a
first of its kind.
 The curriculum is designed so as to strengthen the Industry-Academia interface and provide
more job opportunities for the students.
 The Statistical Quality Control course is included to expose the students to real life problems
and train the students on designing a mathematical model to provide solutions to the
industrial problems.
 The Internship during the second year vacation will help the students gain valuable work
experience, that connects classroom knowledge to real world experience and to narrow down
and focus on the career path.
 Project with viva-voce component in the fifth semester enables the student, application of
conceptual knowledge to practical situations. The state of art technologies in conducting a
Explain in a scientific and systematic way and arriving at a precise solution is ensured. Such
innovative provisions of the industrial training, project and internships will give students an
edge over the counterparts in the job market.
 State-of Art techniques from the streams of multi-disciplinary, cross disciplinary and inter
disciplinary nature are incorporated as Elective courses, covering conventional topics to the
latest DBMS and Computer software for Analytics.
Value additions in the Revamped Curriculum:
Semester Newly introduced Outcome / Benefits
Components
I Foundation Course  Instil confidence among students
To ease the transition of  Create interest for the subject
learning from higher
secondary to higher
education, providing an
overview of the
pedagogy of learning
abstract Statistics and
simulating mathematical
concepts to real world.
I, II, III, Skill Enhancement  Industry ready graduates
IV papers (Discipline  Skilled human resource
centric(SBC)/Generic(N
 Students are equipped with essential skills to make
MEC)/ Entrepreneurial)
them employable
 Training on Computing / Computational skills
enable the students gain knowledge and exposure
on latest computational aspects
 Data analytical skills will enable students gain
internships, apprenticeships, field work involving
data collection, compilation, analysis etc.
 Entrepreneurial skill training will provide an
opportunity for independent livelihood
 Generates self – employment
 Create small scale entrepreneurs
 Training to girls leads to women empowerment
 Discipline centric skill will improve the Technical
knowhow of solving real life problems using ICT
tools
III, IV, V Elective papers-  Strengthening the domain knowledge
& VI An open choice of topics  Introducing the stakeholders to the State-of Art
categorized under techniques from the streams of multi-disciplinary,
Generic and Discipline
Centric cross disciplinary and inter disciplinary nature
 Students are exposed to Latest topics on Computer
Science / IT, that require strong statistical
background
 Emerging topics in higher education / industry /
communication network / health sector etc. are
introduced with hands-on-training, facilitates
designing of statistical models in the respective
sectors
IV DBMS and Programming  Exposure to industry moulds students into solution
skill, Biostatistics, providers
Statistical Quality  Generates Industry ready graduates
Control, Official  Employment opportunities enhanced
Statistics, Operations
Research
II year Internship / Industrial  Practical training at the Industry/ Banking Sector /
Vacation Training Private/ Public sector organizations / Educational
activity institutions, enable the students gain professional
experience and also become responsible citizens.
V Project with Viva – voce  Self-learning is enhanced
Semester  Application of the concept to real situation is
conceived resulting in tangible outcome
VI Introduction of  Curriculum design accommodates all category of
Semester Professional Competency learners; ‘Statistics for Advanced Explain’
component component will comprise of advanced topics in
Statistics and allied fields, for those in the peer
group / aspiring researchers;
 ‘Training for Competitive Examinations’ –caters to
the needs of the aspirants towards most sought -
after services of the nation viz, UPSC, ISS, CDS,
NDA, Banking Services, CAT, TNPSC group
services, etc.
Extra Credits:  To cater to the needs of peer learners / research
For Advanced Learners / Honors aspirants
degree
Skills acquired from Knowledge, Problem Solving, Analytical ability, Professional

the Courses Competency, Professional Communication and Transferrable Skill
Credit Distribution for UG Programmes
Sem I Credit H Sem II Credit H Sem III Credit H Sem IV Credit H Sem V Credit H Sem VI Credit H
Part 1. 3 6 Part..1. 3 6 Part..1. 3 6 Part.1. 3 6 5.1 Core 4 4 6.1 Core 4 5
Language – Language – Language – Language – Course – Course –
Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil \CC IX CC XIII
Part.2 3 6 Part..2 3 6 Part..2 English 3 6 Part..2 3 6 5.2 Core 4 4 6.2 Core 4 6
English English English Course – Course –
CC X CC XIV
1.3 Core 5 5 2..3 Core 5 5 3.3 Core Course 5 5 4.3 Core 5 5 5. 3.Core 4 4 6.3 Core 4 6
Course – CC I Course – CC – CC V Course – CC Course Course –
III VII CC -XI CC XV
1.4 Core 5 3 2.4 Core 4 3 3.4 Core Course 5 3 4.4 Core 5 3 5. 4.Core 5 6 6.4 Core 3 3
Course – CC Course – CC – CC VI Course – Course Course –
II IV CC VIII CC -XI CC XVI
1.5 Elective I 3 4 2.5 Elective 3 4 3.5 Elective IV 3 4 4.5 Elective 3 4 5. 5.Core 4 4 6.5 Elective 2 3
Generic II Generic Generic Allied V Generic Course –/ -VII
Allied Allied Chemistry Allied Project Discipline
Zoology Zoology Chemistry with viva- Specific
voce
CC -XII
1.6 Elective - 2 2.6 Elective 2 2 3.6 Elective VI 2 - 4.6 Elective 2 2 5.6 3 4 6.6 Elective 2 3
III Generic III Generic Generic Allied VI Generic Elective VIII
Allied Zoology Chemistry Allied V Discipline
Zoology practical Practical Chemistry Discipline Specific
practical Practical Specific
1.7 Skill 2 2 2.7 Skill 2 2 3.7 Skill 1 1 4.7 elective I 2 2 5.7 3 4 6.7 1 -
Enhancement Enhancement Enhancement Core Elective V Extension
Course Course Course SEC-3, Discipline Discipline Activity
SEC-1 S Generic (Entrepreneurial Specific Specific I
Generic (NME)EC-2 Skill) Industry
(NME) Module
1.8 Skill 2 2 2.8 Skill 2 2 3.8 E.V.S. - 1 4.8 Skill 1 1 5.8 Value 2 2 6.8 Skill 2 4
Enhancement Enhancement Enhancement Education Enhancement
-(Foundation Course – Course Professional
Course) SEC-3 Discipline Competency
Specific Skill SEC 5
SEC-4
4.10 E.V.S 2 1 5.9 2
Summer
Internship
/Industrial
Training
23 30 23 30 22 30 25 30 26 30 21 30
Total – 140 Credits
Methods of Evaluation Theory
Continuous Internal Assessment Test
Internal Assignments 5 marks
25 Marks
Evaluation Tests 15 marks
Attendance and Class Participation 5 marks
External
End Semester Examination 75 Marks
Evaluation
Total 100 Marks
Methods of Evaluation Practicals
Continuous Internal Assessment Test 30 marks 40 Marks
Attendance and Class Participation 10 marks
External 60 Marks
End Semester Examination
Evaluation
Record
Total 100 Marks
Methods of Assessment
Recall (K1) Simple definitions, MCQ, Recall steps, Concept definitions
Understand/
MCQ, True/False, Short essays, Concept explanations, Short summary or
Comprehend
overview
(K2)
Application Suggest idea/concept with examples, Suggest formulae, Solve problems,
(K3) Observe, Explain
Problem-solving questions, Finish a procedure in many steps, Differentiate
Analyze (K4)
between various ideas, Map knowledge
Evaluate
Longer essay/ Evaluation essay, Critique or justify with pros and cons
(K5)
Check knowledge in specific or offbeat situations, Discussion, Debating or
Create (K6)
Presentations
In order to avoid pull the score down of each PO, it is suggested that the usage L-Low (1) to
the minimum.
The S, M, L is based on the Course outcomes. The mapping is based on the revised Bloom’s
Taxonomy Verbs used to describe your Course outcomes.
 Remember and Understanding – Lower level
 Apply and Analyze – Medium Level
 Evaluate and Create – Strong Level
15
CBCS - COURSE PATTERN AND SYLLABUS
UG - BOTANY
(For students who join the programme from 2023-2024 onwards)
First year- semester I

Language/ Hours Credit Internal External Total
Part
Core/ Name of the Course Per/ marks marks Marks

elective Week
I Language Language Paper I 6 3 25 75 100
II Language English– Paper I 6 3 25 75 100
III Core 1 Core I -Plant Diversity I –Algae 5 6 25 75 100
III Core Major-Practicals 3 Assessment in the academic year end
III Allied 1 Allied: Zoology Paper – I 4 3 25 75 100
III Allied Allied: Zoology Practicals 2 Assessment in the academic year end
IV NMEC 1 1. Organic farming 2 2 25 75 100
2. Environmental Biotechnology
3. Nursery and Landscaping
IV FC 1 Basics of Botany 2 2 25 75 100
Total 30 19 600
First year- semester II
I Language Language Paper I 6 3 25 75 100
II Language English– Paper I 6 3 25 75 100
I Core 2 Core II -Plant Diversity II – Fungi, Bacteria, 5 6 25 75 100
I Viruses, Plant pathology and Lichens
I
III Core 3 Core III Major-Practicals including Core I 3 5 40 60 100
and Core II
III Allied 2 Allied: Zoology Paper – II 4 3 25 75 100
III Allied 3 Allied: Zoology Practicals 2 2 40 60 100
IV NMEC 2 1. Mushroom cultivation 2 2 25 75 100
2. Herbal Medicine
3. Global Climate change
IV SEC 1 Botanical garden and landscaping 2 2 25 75 100
Total 30 26 800
Second year- semester III
I Language Language Paper III 6 3 25 75 100
II Language English– Paper III 6 3 25 75 100
III Core 4 Core IV-Plant Diversity III – 5 6 25 75 100
Bryophytes and Pteridophyte s
III Core Major-Practicals 3 Assessment in the academic year end
III Allied 4 Allied: Chemistry Paper – I 4 3 25 75 100
III Allied 5 Allied: Chemistry Practicals-I 2 1 40 60 100
IV SEC 2 Herbal Technology 2 2 25 75 100
IV SEC 3 *Entrepreneurial Skill 1 2 25 75 100
Entrepreneurial opportunities in botany
V EVS Environmental studies 1 Assessment in the academic year end
Total 30 20 700
Road map for SBEC3: Workshop on Entrepreneurship with hands-on training special lectures by experts/industrialists on
entrepreneurial schemes and funding available from Central/State Government
Second year- semester IV
I Language Language Paper IV 6 3 25 75 100
II Language English– Paper IV 6 3 25 75 100
III Core 5 Core V -Plant Diversity IV– Gymnosperms, 5 6 25 75 100
16
Paleobotany and Evolution
III Core 6 Core VI Major-Practical’s including Core III 3 5 40 60 100
and Core IV
III Allied 6 Allied: Chemistry Paper – II 4 3 25 75 100
III Allied 7 Allied Chemistry Practicals -II 2 1 40 60 100
IV SEC 4 Fermentation technology 2 2 25 75 100
IV SEC 5 Environmental impact analysis 2 1 25 75 100

V EVS Environmental studies 1 2 25 75 100
Total 30 26 900
Second Year Vacation – Internship - 40 hours
Third year- semester V
III Core 7 Core VII- Plant Morphology, Taxonomy and 25 75 100
Economic Botany 5 4
III Core 8 Core VIII - Plant Anatomy and Embryology 5 4 25 75 100
III Core 9 Core IX - Cell Biology, Genetics and Plant 5 4 25 75 100
Breeding
III Core 10 Core X Major Practicals including Core VII 6 Assessment in the academic year end
Core VIII and Core IX
III Project Project with Viva-voce 4 4 40 60 100
III Internship Internship viva voce - 2 100
III Elective 1. Bio-Analytical Techniques 3 2 25 75 100
course 1 2. Aquatic Botany
3. Entrepreneurial Botany
V VE Value Education 2 2 25 75 100
Total 30 22 700
Third year- semester VI
III Core 11 Core XI– Plant Ecology and Phytogeography 5 4 25 75 100
III Core 12 Core XII- Plant Biotechnology and 5 4 25 75 100
Molecular Biology
III Core 13 Core XIII-Plant Physiology and Plant 5 4 25 75 100
Biochemistry
III Core 10 Core X-Major Practicals including Core VII, - 4 40 60 100
VIII and Core IX
III Core 14 Core XIV- Major Practicals including Core 6 4 40 60 100
XI+XII+XIII practical
III Elective 1. Horticulture 3 2 25 75 100
course 2 2. Natural Resource Management
3. Forestry
III Elective 1. Bionanotechnology 3 2 25 75 100
course3 2. Computer application in Botany
3. Forensic Botany
IV SEC 6 Training for Competitive examinations 3 2 25 75 100
 Botany for Competitive examinations (2
hours)
 General Studies for Competitive
examinations (2 hours)
Botany for Advanced Studies (4 hours)
V EA Extension activity - 1
Total 30 27 800
GRAND TOTAL 140 4500
Practical Exams will be held in the academic year end i.e., II, IV and VI semester
17
CORE-I PLANT DIVERSITY I ALGAE
Title of the Course PLANT DIVERSITY I ALGAE

Paper Number CORE I.
Category Core Year I Credits 6 Course
Semester I Code
Instructional Hours Lecture Tutorial Lab Practice Total

per week 3 2 -- 5
Pre-requisite Students should be familiar with the basics of different classes of algae.
Learning Objectives
C1 To provide a comprehensive knowledge on the biology of algae.
C2 To provide a basis for better understanding of the evolution higher of plants.
C3 To understand reproductive biology, ecology of plants by studying the simpler
systems in algae.
C4 To understand the role of algae in ecosystems as primary producers of nutrition.
C5 To understand importance of algae to animals and humans.
Course
On completion of this course, students will;
outcomes
Relate to the structural organization, reproduction and significance
CO1 K1
of algae.
Demonstrate knowledge in understanding the various life cycle
CO2 K2
patterns and the fundamental concepts in algal growth
Explain the benefits of various algal technologies on the
CO3 K3
ecosystem.
Compare and contrast the thallus organization and modes of
CO4 K4
reproduction in algae.
Determine the emerging areas of Algal Biotechnology for
CO5 K5
identifying commercial potentials of algal products and their uses.
UNIT CONTENTS
I Definition of algae. Characteristic features of Algae w.s.r.t. cell wall, flagella
eye spot, pigmentation and reserve food materials in algae. algal distribution.
Habit and Habitat (Hydrophytes: Benthophytes, Epactiphytes,
Thermophytes, planktophytes, Halophytes, Epizoophytes; Edaphophytes:
saprophytes, cryptophytes; Aerophytes;Cryptophytes; symbionts;
Endozoophytes; Parasites;Fluviatile). Thallus organization: (unicellular-
colonial-filamentous- siphonous-parenchymatous). Reproduction and life-
history: (haplontic-diplontic- diplohaplontic- and diplobiontic) Classification
(Fritsch-1935-1945), criteria for classification.
A general study of Thallus organization; Reproduction-Vegetative, asexual,
sexual reproduction and life histories a the following genera: Anabaena,
II
Chlorella, Volvox, Oedogonium, Chara.
18
A general study of Thallus organization; Reproduction-Vegetative, asexual,
sexual reproduction and life histories a the following genera: Caulerpa, Ulva
III
Diatoms, Sargassum, Gracilaria.
Inorganic nutritional requirements of algae and algal culture media. Algal

cultivation methods indoor cultivation methods and large-scale cultivation of
IV
algae, Algal production systems; harvesting of algae and value added products.
Algae as food and feed: Agar-agar, Alginic acid and Carrageenan; Diatomite.
Resource potential of algae: Application of algae as fuel, agriculture and
pharmaceutical.
V Phycoremediation. Role of algae in CO2 sequestration, Algae as indicator of water
pollution, algal bioinoculants, Bioluminescence.
Extended Questions related to the above topics, from various competitiveexaminations
Profession UPSC / TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR / GATE / TNPSC /others to be solved
al (To be discussed during the Tutorial hour)
Componen
t (is a part
of internal
componen
t only, Not
to be
included
in the
External
Examinati
on
question
paper)
Skills Knowledge, Problem Solving, Analytical ability, Professional
acquired Competency, Professional Communication and Transferrable Skill
from this
course
Recommended Texts:
1 Dehradun. Edwardlee, R. 2018. Phycology, 5th Ed., Cambridge University Press,

London.
2 Kumar, H.D. 1999. Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West Press, Delhi
Singh, Pandey and Jain. 2020. A text book of Botany, 5th Edition, Rastogi
3 Publication, Meerut.
Vashishta, P.C. 2014. S.Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi.

4
Ian Morris. 1977. An introduction to the algae. Hutchinson & Co (Publishers)
5
Ltd. London.
References Books:
19
Aziz, F and Rasheed, R. 2019. A Course Book of Algae. Publisher: University of
1
Sulaimani.ISBN: 978-9922-20-391-1.
2 Mihir Kumar, D. 2010. Algal Biotechnology. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi.
3 Chapman V.J. and Chapman D.J, 2013. The Algae. Alpha Numera.
Fritsch, F.E. 1945. Structure and reproduction of Algae. Cambridge University
4
press.
5 Round, FE. 1984.The Ecology of Algae. Cambridge University Press.
6 Lee, R.D. 2008.Phycology 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Bold, H.C and Wynne, M.J. 1978. Introduction to the Algae: Structure and
7 Function. Prantice Hall of India New Delhi.
Web Resources:
https://www.crcpress.com/Therapeutic-and-Nutritional-Uses-of-
1
Algae/Pereira/p/book/9781498755382
https://www.crcpress.com/Therapeutic-and-Nutritional-Uses-of-
2
Algae/Pereira/p/book/9781498755382
https://www.crcpress.com/Algae-Anatomy-Biochemistry-and-Biotechnology-
3
Second-Edition/Barsanti-Gualtieri/p/book/9781439867327
https://www.crcpress.com/Marine-Algae-Biodiversity-Taxonomy-Environmental-
4
Assessment-and-Biotechnology/Pereira-Neto/p/book/9781466581678
https://www.kopykitab.com/Botany-For-Degree-Students-ALGAE-by-B-R-
5
Vashishta-Dr-A-K-Sinha-Dr-V-P-Singh
6 https://www.wileyindia.com/a-textbook-of-algae.html
7 https://www.kobo.com/in/en/ebook/algae-biotechnology
https://www.ikbooks.com/books/book/life-sciences/botany/a-textbook-
8
algae/9788188237449/
https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Culture/culture-
9
algues/algoculture/Algal%20Culture%20and%20Biotechnology.pdf
Mapping with Programme Outcomes:
COs PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PSO6 PSO7 PSO8 PSO9 PSO10
CO1 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 1
CO 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 `1 3 3
CO 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 2
CO 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2
CO 5 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 3
S-Strong (3) M-Medium (2) L-Low(1)
20
CORE-II PLANT DIVERSITY I ALGAE - PRACTICAL-I
Title of the PLANT DIVERSITY – I: ALGAE Practical I (Assessed in semester II)

Course
Paper Number CORE III(Assessed in II semester)
Category Core Year I Credits Assessed in Course

Semester I II semester Code

per week 1 - 2 3
Pre-requisite Students should be familiar with the basics of algae.
Learning Objectives
C1 To develop skills to identify algae based on habitat, thallus structure and the internal
organization.
C2 To identify microalgae in a mixture.
C3 To develop skills to prepare the microslides of algae.
C4 To study the economic importance of few species.
C5 To understand various techniques in algal cultures
Course Programme outcomes
outcomes:
On
completion of
this course, the
students will be
able to
CO
CO1 Recall and K1
identify algae
using key
identification
characters.
CO2 K2
Demonstrate
practical skills
in preparation of
fresh mount and
identification of
algal forms
21
from algal
mixture.
CO3 Describe K3
the internal
structure of
algae prescribed
in the syllabus
CO4 Decipher K4
the algal
diversity in
fresh/marine
water and their
economic
significance.
CO5 Evaluate K5
the various
techniques used
to culture algae
for commercial
purposes
EXPERIMENTS
1. Micro-preparation of the types prescribed in the syllabus.
2. Identifying the micro slides relevant to the syllabus.
3. Identifying types of algal mixture.
4. Economic importance of Algae as: (i) Food (ii) Feed (iii) Biofertilizers (iv) Seaweed liquid fertilizer (v)
Hydrogen production by algae (vi) SCP (vii) Agar Agar (viii) Alginate (ix) Diatomaceous earth.
5. Field visit to study fresh water/marine water algal habitats.
6. Visit to nearby industry actively engaged in algal technology.
7. Algal culture methods(demonstration only).
Extended Questions related to the above topics, from various competitiveexaminations UPSC /
Professional TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR / GATE / TNPSC /others to be solved
Component (is a (To be discussed during the Tutorial hour)
part of internal
component only,
Not to be included
in the External
Examination
question paper)
this Competency, Professional Communication and Transferrable Skill
course
22
Recommended 1. Kumar, H.D. 1999. Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West Press, Delhi.
Texts 2. Bendre, M. Ashok and Ashok Kumar, A. 2020. Text Book of Practical Botany-
1 (10th ed).Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
3. Round, FE. 1984.The Ecology of Algae. Cambridge University Press.
4. Aziz, F and Rasheed, R. 2019. A Course Book of Algae. Publisher: University of
Sulaimani.ISBN: 978-9922-20-391-1.
5. Singh, Pandey and Jain. 2020. A text book of Botany, 5th Edition, Rastogi Publication,
Meerut.
Reference Books: 1. Nancy Serediak and M. Huynh. 2011. Algae identification lab Guide. Accompanying
2. manual to algae identification field guide, Ottawa Agriculture and Agri food Canada
publisher.
3. Chapman, V.J and Chapaman, D.J. 1960.The Algae, ELBS & MacMillan, London.
4. Lee, R.D. 2008.Phycology 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York.
5. Dehradun. Edwardlee, R. 2018. Phycology, 5th Ed., Cambridge University Press,
London.
Web resources: 1. https://www.amazon.in/Practical-Manual-Algae-Sundara-Rajan/dp/8126106492
2. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Practical_Manual_of_Algae.html?id=
8d5DAAAACAAJ&redir_esc=
3. https://freebookcentre.net/biology-books-download/Concepts-of-Botany-Algae-
(PDF-21P).html
4. https://www.ebooks.com/en-in/book/210152662/algae/sachin-kumar-mandotra/
5. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Algae.html?id=s1P855ZWc0kC&redir_esc
=y
23
CO1 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 3 2 1
CO 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3
CO 3 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 3 1 2
CO 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2
CO 5 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3
24
CORE-II PLANT DIVERSITY II FUNGI, BACTERIA, VIRUSES, PLANT
PATHOLOGY AND LICHENS
Title of the Course PLANT DIVERSITY – II: FUNGI, BACTERIA, VIRUSES,

PLANT PATHOLOGY AND LICHENS
Paper Number CORE II
Category Core III Year I Credits 6 Course

Semester II Code

per week 3 1 -- 5
Pre-requisite Students should be familiar with the basics of fungi, bacteria,
viruses and lichens.
Learning Objectives
C1 To describe the common characteristics of fungi as being
heterotrophic, unicellular/multicellular.
C2 To understand the biology of fungi and to discuss the
importance of fungi in various ecological roles
C3 To understand lichen structure, function, identification, and
ecology; Comprehend the events of symbiosis and lichenization
and to demonstrate the use of lichens as bioindicator species.
C4 To identify the main groups of plant pathogens, their symptoms.
C5 To understand the various types of plant diseases.
Course outcomes: Programme outcomes
On completion of this course, the

students will be able to:
CO
1. Recognize the general K1
characteristics of microbes,
fungi and lichens and disease
symptoms.
2. Develop an understanding of K2
microbes, fungi and lichens and
appreciate their adaptive
strategies based on structural
organization.
3. Identify the common plant K3
diseases, according to geographical
locations and device control
measures.
25
4. Analyze the emerging K4
trends in fungal biotechnology
with special reference to
agricultural and
pharmaceutical applications.
5. Determine the economic K5
importance of microbes,
fungi and lichens.
UNIT CONTENTS
FUNGI
Classification of fungi - (Alexopoulos and Mims, 1979), criteria for
classification, Characteristic features, thallus organization, mode of nutrition,
I structure, reproduction and life-history of classes, each with one suitable
example: Zygomycotina (Pilobolus, Mucor, Rhizopus), Ascomycotina
(Aspergillus, Saccharomyces, Peziza), Basidiomycotina (Agaricus, Pleurotus,
Puccinia) and Deuteromycotina (Cercospora, Alternaria).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI:
II Cultivation of mushroom – Pleurotus (food).
Fungi in agriculture application (biofertilizers including VAM): Mycotoxins
(biopesticides),
Production of industrially important products from fungi- alcohol (ethanol),
organic acids (citric acid), enzymes (protease). Vitamins (Vitamin B-complex
and Vitamin B-12),
Applications of fungi in pharmaceutical products (Penicillin).
Harmful effects of Fungi: Mycotoxins
BACTERIA, VIRUS: General characters of Bacteria. Morphology and ultra
III structure of bacteria. Mode of Nutrition in Bacteria: Heterotrophic-parasitic,
saprophytic, symbiotic; autotrophic-chemosynthetic, Photosynthetic.
Reproduction in bacteria.
Classification (Bergey’s, 1994). Economic importance of bacteria: Agriculture,
Industry-butter, cheese, vinegar, alcohol, tobacco and tea curing, tanning,
retting; sewage, medicines etc.
Mycoplasma: History, general characters and cell structure of Mycoplasma
Virology -Viruses general characters, structure and reproduction of plant
viruses. Structure of reproduction of Bacteriophage.
PLANT PATHOLOGY: General symptoms of plant diseases;
Geographical distribution of diseases;
Etiology; Host-Pathogen relationships;
Disease cycle and environmental relation;
IV Prevention and control of the following plant diseases.
Bacterial diseases – Citrus canker and Bacterial blight of paddy
Viral diseases – Tobacco Mosaic and Vein clearing of Papaya
Fungal diseases – Blast disease in rice and Tikka disease of groundnut
26
LICHEN: Classification (Hale, 1969). Habitat, nature of association, Structure,
Nature of Mycobionts and Phycobionts, Study of growth forms of lichens
(crustose, foliose and fruticose), types, distribution, thallus organization,
reproduction and ecological significance of lichens with special reference to
Usnea.
Economic importance of Lichens: food, fodder and nutrition, flavor, tanning
V and dyeing, cosmetics and perfumes, Brewing and distillation, minerals, Natural
products, medicine (Ayurvedic, Siddha), pharmaceutical products,
biodegradation agent, air pollution and biomonitoring, soil formation, nitrogen
fixation, Harmful aspects, poison from lichens,
Professional UPSC / TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR / GATE / TNPSC /others to be solved
Component (is (To be discussed during the Tutorial hour)
a part of
internal
component
only,Not to be
included in the
External
Examination
question paper)
Skills acquired Knowledge, Problem Solving, Analytical ability, Professional
from this Competency, Professional Communication and Transferrable Skill
course
27
Recommended 1. Pandey, B.P. 1997. College Botany. Vol. I Fungi & Pathology.
Texts 2. Mehrotra, R.S and Aneja, K.R. 2003. An introduction to mycology. New age
International (P) Ltd, Publishers, New Delhi.
3. Poonam Singh and Ashok Pandey. 2009. Biotechnology for agro-Industrial
residues utilization. Springer.
4. Satyanarayana T and Johri B.N. 2005. Microbial diversity, Current
Perspectives and Potential Applications, IK International.
5. Nair, L.N. 2007. Topics in Mycology and Pathology, New Central Book
agency, Kolkata.
6. Sharma, P.D. 2011. Plant Pathology, Rastogi Publication, Meerut, India.
7. Mahendra Rai. 2009. Advances in Fungal Biotechnology. I.K. International
Publishing House, New Delhi.
Reference 1. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., Blackwell, M. 1996. Introductory
Books Mycology. 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Singapore.
2. Webster, J and Weber, R. 2007. Introduction to Fungi. 3rd edition.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
3. Sharma, O.P. 2011. Fungi and allied microbes The McGraw –Hill
companies, New Delhi.
4. Burnett, J.H. 1971.The fundamentals of Mycology. ELBS Publication,
London.
5. Bessey, E.A. 1979. Morphology and Taxonomy of fungi, Vikas publishing
House Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
6. Dharani Dhar Awasthi. 2000. A Handbook of Lichens Vedams eBooks (P)
Ltd. New Delhi.
7. Pelzer, M.J., Chan, E.C.S and Krieg, N.R. 1983. Microbiology , Tata
MaGraw Hill Publishing House, New Delhi.
8. Pandey, P.B. 2014. College Botany- 1: Including Algae, Fungi, Lichens,
Bacteria, Viruses, Plant Pathology, Industrial Microbiology and Bryophyta.
Chand Publishing, New Delhi.
9. Mishra, A. and Agarwal, R.P. 1978. Lichens – A Preliminary Text. Oxford
and IBH.
10. Pandey, B.P. 2005. College Botany I: Including Algae, Fungi, Lichens,
Bacteria, Viruses, Plant Pathology, Industrial Microbiology and Bryophyta.
S Chand & Company
Web 1. https://www.amazon.in/Fungi-Sarah-C-Watkinson-
Resources ebook/dp/B0199YFDFE
2. http://www.freebookcentre.net/biology-books-download/A-text-book-of-
mycology-and-plant-pathology.html
3. http://www.freebookcentre.net/Biology/Mycology-Books.html
4. https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/introduction-to-fungi
5. http://www.freebookcentre.net/biology-books-download/Introductory-
Mycology.html
6. http://www.freebookcentre.net/biology-books-download/Fungi-(PDF-
15P).html
28
COs COs PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4
CO1 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2
CO 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 1
CO 3 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 3 1 3
CO 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
CO 5 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
29
CORE-III- PLANT DIVERSITY II: FUNGI, BACTERIA, VIRUSES, PATHOLOGY AND
LICHENS – MAJOR PRACTICAL-I
Title of the Course Plant diversity – i: Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses, Plant Pathology and
Lichens – Major Practical I (Including Core I +II)
Paper Number CORE III

Semester II Code

per week 1 - 2 3
Pre-requisite Students should be familiar with the basics of fungi and lichens.
Learning Objectives
C1 To enable students to identify microscopic and
macroscopic fungi.
C2 To prepare microslides of fungi and lichens.
C3 To know the presence of pathogen inside the plant tissues
through microscopic sections.
C4 To identify the fungi and lichens based on the
morphology, and microslides.
C5 To know the economic importance of the microbes
studied.
Course outcomes
On completion of this course, Programme Outcomes
the students will be able to:
CO
1. Identify microbes, fungi and K1
lichens using key identifying
characters
2. Develop practical skills for K2
culturing and cultivation of fungi.
3. Identify and select suitable K3
control measures for the common
plant diseases.
4. Analyze the characteristics of K4
microbes, fungi and plant pathogens
5. Access the useful role of fungi in K5

agriculture and pharmaceutical
industry.
30
EXPERIMENTS
1. Microscopic observation of vegetative and reproductive structures of types prescribed in the
syllabus through temporary preparations and permanent slides.
3. Herbarium specimens of bacterial diseases/photograph.
3. Protocol for mushroom cultivation.
4. Inoculation techniques for fungal culture (Demonstration only).
5. Study of economically important products obtained from fungi: Fungal biofertilizers,
biopesticides, biofungicide (Trichoderma), edible mushroom/Yeast, organic acids (citric acid)
enzymes (protease), antibiotics and vitamins.
6. Mycorrhiza: ecto-mycorrhiza and endo-mycorrhiza (Photographs)
7. Visit to fungal biotechnology laboratories.
8. Ultra sturcture of bacteria.
9. Simple and Gram staining of Bacteria
10. Structure of bacteriophage.
11. Micro-preparation of Usnea to study vegetative and reproductive structures.
13. Study of thallus and reproductive structures (apothecium) through permanent slides.
14. Economic importance of Lichens - Dye and perfume.
Recommended Texts:
1. Chmielewski, J.G and Krayesky, D. 2013. General Botany laboratory Manual. AuthorHouse,
Bloomington, USA.
2. Das, S and Saha, R. 2020. Microbiology Practical Manual. CBS Publishers andDistributors
(P) Ltd., New Delhi, India.
3. Webster, J and Weber, R. 2007. Introduction to Fungi, 3rd Ed. Cambridge UniversityPress,
Cambridge.
4. Nair, L.N. 2007. Topics in Mycology and Pathology, New Central Book agency, Kolkata.
5. Nair, L.N. 2007. Topics in Mycology and Pathology, New Central Book agency, Kolkata.
Reference Books:
1. Alexopoulos, J and Mims, W. 1985. Introductory Mycology, Wiley Eastern Limited NewDelhi.
2. Bendre, M. Ashok and Ashok Kumar, A. 2020. Text Book of Practical Botany 1 ( 10th ed).
Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
3. Singh, R and U.C. Singh 2020. Modern mushroom cultivation, 3d Edition Agrobios (India),
Jodhpur.
4. Poonam Singh and Ashok Pandey. 2009. Biotechnology for agro-Industrial residues utilization.
Springer.
5. Satyanarayana T and Johri B.N. 2005. Microbial diversity, Current Perspectives and Potential
Applications, IK International.
31
Web resources:
1. https://www.amazon.in/Practical-Manual-Fungi-Fungicides/dp/B0025AEFP4
2. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Practical_Mycology.html?id=5ycJAQAAMAAJ&redir_e
sc=y
3. https://www.flipkart.com/colour-handbook-practical-plant-pathology/p/itmefsn6dyhfhs9b
4. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Practical_Botany.html?id=T5narQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
5. https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/introduction-to-fungi
COs COs PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4
CO1 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 1
CO 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3
CO 3 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 3 1 2
CO 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2
CO 5 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 3
32
CORE-IV PLANT DIVERSITY III BRYOPHYTES AND PTERIDOPHYTES
Title of the PLANT DIVERSITY-III BRYOPHYTES AND
Course PTERIDOPHYTES
Paper Number CORE IV
Category Core Year II Credits 6 Course
Semester III Code

per week 4 1 - 5
Pre-requisite Students should be familiar with the basics of Bryophytes and
Pteridophytes.
Learning Objectives
C1 To enable the students to have an overview of Non-vascular
and Vascular cryptogams.
C2 To understand the morphological diversity of Bryophytes and
Pteridophytes.
C3 To know the evolution of Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.
C4 To understand the economic importance of the Bryophytes and
Pteridophytes.
C5 To understand anatomy and reproduction of Bryophytes and
Pteridophytes.
Course outcomes: Progra
On completion of this mme
course, the students will be able Outcom
to:CO es
1. Recognize morphological K1
variations of Bryophytes and
Pteridophytes.
2. Explain the anatomy and K2
reproduction of Bryophytes
and Pteridophytes.
3. Compare and contrast the K3
variations in the internal cellular
organization, gametophyte and
sporophyte of Bryophytes and
Pteridophytes.
4. Decipher the stages of plant K4
evolution and their
transition to land habitat.
5. Access the useful role of K5
Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.
UNIT CONTENTS
33
I BRYOPHYTES
General characters of Bryophytes, classification (Watson, 1971) (up to family).
criteria for classification.
Structure, reproduction and life histories of the following classes each with a
suitable example: Hepaticopsida (Marchantia, Porella);
II Structure, reproduction and life histories of the following classes each with a
suitable example: Anthocerotopsida (Anthoceros) and Bryopsida (Polytrichum).
Evolution of Bryophytes. Progressive evolution theory and Regressive evolution
theory.
Economic importance of Bryophytes –
Ecological importance (Pollution indicators and monitoring),
Medicinal uses, horticulture and industrial uses.
III PTERIDOPHYTES
General Characters of Pteridophytes - Classification (Reimer, 1954). Criteria for
classification. Apogamy and apospory.
Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of reproduction of the taxa belonging to
each of the following classes: Psilotopsida (Psilotum), Lycopsida (Selaginella).
IV Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of reproduction of the taxa belonging to

each of the following classes: Sphenopsida (Equisetum), Pteropsida (Marsilea).
Homospory and heterospory. Heterospory and seed habit.
V Origin and evolution of Pteridophytes: origin of vascular cryptogams:
Anthocerotean theory, Protocorm theory, Phyton theory. Origin of sporophyte:
Telome theory, Enation theory. Stelar Evolution. Economic importance of
Pteridophytes- as food, as fibre, as horticulture plant, as weed, as biofertilizer, as
medicine etc.
Extended Questions related to the above topics, from various competitive examinations
a part of
internal
component
only,Not to be
included in the
External
Examination
question paper)
from this
course Competency, Professional Communication and Transferrable Skill
34
Recommended 1. Sharma, O.P. 2017. Bryophyta, MacMillan India Ltd. Delhi.
Texts 2. Alam, A. 2020. Contemporary Research on Bryophytes Book Series: Recent
Advances in Botanical Science. 10.2174/97898114337881200101.
3. Alain Vanderpoorten. 2009. Introduction to Bryophytes, 1st Edition,
Cambridge University Press.
4. Chopra, R. N. 2005. Biology of bryophytes. New Age International (P) Ltd.
New Delhi, India.
5. Prem Puri. 2001. Bryophytes– morphology growth and differentiation. Atma
Ram & Sons. Lucknow, India.
Reference 1. Eames, A. 1963. Morphology of lower vascular plant, McGraw Hill,
Books Chennai.
2. Parihar. N.S. 1967. An introduction of Embryophyta, Vol.III –
Pteriodophyta, Central book depot, Allahabad.
3. Smith, G.M. 1955. Cryptogamic Botany, Volume-II– McGraw Hill, Chennai
4. Sporne, K.L. 1976. Morphology of Pteridophytes, 4th edition, B.I.
Publication. Chennai.
5. Watson, E.V. 1963. The structure and Life of Bryophytes. Hutchinson & Co,
UK.
6. Parihar, N.S. 1991. Bryophytes. Central Book Depot, Allahabad.
7. Parihar, N.S. 1996. The Biology and Morphology of Pteridophytes.Central
Book Depot, Allahabad.
Web 1. http://www.bryoecol.mtu.edu/
Resources: 2. https://www.amazon.in/Introduction-Bryophytes-Alain-Vanderpoorten-
ebook/dp/B007NWFWQK
3. http://scitec.uwichill.edu.bb/bcs/bl14apl/bryo1.htm
4. http://www.bsienvis.nic.in/Database/Pteridophytes-in-India_23432.aspx
5. http://www.botany.ubc.ca/bryophyte/mossintro.html
6. aeTIUC&redir_esc=y
CO1 3 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 2
CO 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 2
CO 3 2 2 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 2
CO 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3
CO 5 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 3 1 3
35
CORE-VI PLANT DIVERSITY III BRYOPHYTES AND PTERIDOPHYTES –
PRACTICAL-II
Title of the PLANT DIVERSITY III BRYOPHYTES AND

Course PTERIDOPHYTES - PRACTICAL-II(Assessed in IV semester)
Paper Number CORE VI
Category Core Year II Credits Assessed Cours
Semester III in IV e
semester Code
per week 1 - 2 3
Pre-requisite Students should be familiar with the basics of Bryophytes and
Pteridophytes.
Learning Objectives
C1 To enable students gain expertise in hand sectioning
technique.
C2 To study diversity of Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.
C3 To understand the anatomical structure of the Bryophytes
and Pteridophytes.
C4 Develop comprehensive skills in sectioning and micro
preparation.
C5 Describe the structure of fossil forms prescribed in the
syllabus.
Course outcomes: Programme Outcomes
On successful completion of
this course the student will be able to:
CO
1.Recognize the major groups of K1
Non-vascular and Vascular
cryptogams
2. Describe the structure of K2
Bryophytes and Pteridophytes forms
prescribed in the syllabus.
3.Identify and illustrate the K3
morphological and anatomical
features of bryophytes and
Pteridophytes.
4. Develop comprehensiv e skills K4
in sectioning and micropreparation.
5.Interpret the significance of K5
reproductive structures in
Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.
36
EXPERIMENTS
Bryophytes
1. Study of morphology, anatomy and structure of the vegetative and reproductive organs of
Bryophytes genera included in the theory syllabus.
2. Hepaticopsida Marchantia, Porella); Anthocerotopsida (Anthoceros) and Bryopsida
(Polytrichum) (need not study developmental aspects).
Pteridophytes
3. Study of morphology, anatomy and structure of the vegetative and reproductive organs of
Pteridophytes genera and fossils included in the theory syllabus.
Psilotopsida (Psilotum), Lycopsida (Selaginella), Sphenopsida (Equisetum), Pteropsida
(Marsilea). Identifying the micro slides relevant to the syllabus.
4. Botanical excursion.
Extended Professional Questions related to the above topics, from various competitive
Component (is a part of examinations UPSC / TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR / GATE /
internal TNPSC /others to be solved (To be discussed during the
component only,Not to be Tutorial hour)
included in the External
Examination
question paper)
37
this course Competency, Professional Communication and Transferrable Skill
Recommended 1. Sharma, O.P. 2017. Bryophyta, MacMillan India Ltd, New Delhi.
Texts 2. Sharma, O.P. 2012. Pteridophyta, Tata McGraw-Hills Ltd, New Delhi.
3. Ashok, M. Bendre and Kumar. 2010. A text book of Practical Botany,
Algae, Fungi, Lichen, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and
Palaeobotany. Revised edition. Published by Rakesh Kumar Rastogi
publication.
4. Prem Puri. 2001. Bryophytes– morphology growth and differentiation. Atma
Ram & Sons. Lucknow, India.
5. Tuba Z., Slack N.G. and Stark L.R. 2011. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate
Change. Cambridge university press, Cambridge.
Reference Books 1. Ashok, M. Bendre and Kumar. 2010. A text book of Practical Botany,
Algae, Fungi, Lichen, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and
Palaeobotany. Revised edition. Published by Rakesh Kumar Rastogi
publication.
2. Mohammed Gufran Khan, Shite Gatew and Bedilu Bekele. 2012.
Practical manual for Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. Lambert Academic
Publishing.
3. Puri, P. 1980. Bryophytes. Atma Ram and Sons, New Delhi.
4. Sporne, K.R. 1991. The Morphology of Pteridophytes. B.I. Publ. Pvt.
Ltd. Chennai.
5. Vashista.P.C. 1971. Botany for Degree students: Pteridophyta. S.Chand
& Co. New Delhi.
Web resources 1. https://www.amazon.in/Manual-Practical-Bryophyta-Suresh-
Kumar/dp/B0072GNFX4
2. https://www.amazon.in/Practical-Manual-Pteridophyta-Rajan-
Sundara/dp/8126106883
3. http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/people/goffinet/Classificationmosses.html
4. https://www.vitalsource.com/products/introduction-to-bryophytes-alain-
vanderpoorten-v9780511738951?duration=perpetual
5. https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/plant-kingdom/pteridophytes/
CO1 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2
CO 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2
CO 3 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 3 2 1
CO 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3
CO 5 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3

38
CORE-V PLANT DIVERSITY V GYMNOSPERMS, PALEOBOTANY AN
EVOLUTION
Title of the PLANT DIVERSITY V GYMNOSPERMS, PALEOBOTANY

Course AND EVOLUTION
Paper Number CORE V
Category Core Year II Credits 6 Course
Semest IV Code
er
per week 4 1 - 5
Pre-requisite Students should know about the fundaments of
Gymnosperms, fossil records and evolution.
Learning Objectives
C1 To enable the students to understand thallus
organization,
C2 To enable the students to understand internal and the
reproductive structures of Gymnosperms and the
importance of evolution.
C3 to acquaint students with evidences of the past history
of plant groups and significance of the fossilization.
C4 To know the scope of pleobotany, types of fossils and
geological time scale.
C5 Understand the various fossil genera representing
different fossil groups.
On completion of this course,
CO
1. Relate to the general characteristics K1
of Gymnosperms and fossil forms
2. Explain about the morphology K2
and anatomy Gymnosperms.
3. Compare and contrast the K3
reproductive structures of
Gymnosperms & fossil forms.
4. Analyze the anatomy and K4
reproduction Gymnosperms along with
their ecological and economical
importance.
5. Determine the various K5
fossilization methods and their
significance in paleobotany.
39
UNIT CONTENTS
GYMNOSPERMS
I
General characteristics of Gymnosperms. Classification of Gymnosperms
(Sporne, 1954) (up to family). Criteria for classification. Economic importance
of Gymnosperms with special reference to oil, resin, timber, etc.
Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of the taxa belonging to each of the
following orders: Cycadales (Cycas),
GYMNOSPERMS
II Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of the taxa belonging to each of the
following orders: Coniferales (Pinus). Gnetales (Gnetum).
PALEOBOTANY
III Introduction to fossils and fossilization processes such as compression, casts,
molds, petrification, impressions and coal balls. Geological time scale.
Radiocarbon dating. Contribution of Birbal Sahni
PALEOBOTANY
IV Study of the following fossils: Rhynia, Lepidodendron, Lepidocarpon, Calamites
and Williamsonia sewardiana.
EVOLUTION
V Evolution - origin of life, chemosynthetic theory - evidences (any five).
Theories of evolution - Darwin, Lamark and De veries, modern synthetic
theory.
Variation - analysis and sources, adaptive radiation,
Concept of species - Allopatric and sympatric.
Component (To be discussed during the Tutorial hour)
(is a part of
internal
component
only,Not to be
included in
the External
Examination
question
paper)
acquired from Competency, Professional Communication and Transferrable Skill
this course
40
Recommended 1. Gupta, M.N. 1972. The Gymnosperms (2nd Edition) Shiva Lal Agarwala & Co.,
Texts Agra.
2. Vashista, P.C. 1976. Gymnosperms, S.Chand & Co. New Delhi.
3. Bhatnagar, S.P and Moitra, A. 1996. Gymnosperms. New Age International
Publishers, New Delhi, India.
4. Anil Kumar. 2006. Gymnosperms. S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
5. Bhatnagar S.P and Alok Moitra. 2013. Gymnosperms. Publisher: New Age
International Pvt Ltd Publishers. New Delhi.
Reference 1. Sporne, K.R.1991. The Morphology of Gymnosperme. B.I. Publications, New
Books Delhi.
2. Bhatnagar, S.P and Moitra, A. 1996. Gymnosperms, New Age Int. Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
3. Stewart, W.N and Rathwell, G.W. 1993. Paleobotany and the Evolution of
Plants. Cambridge University Press.
4. Raup, D.M and Steven, M. Stanley. 2004. Principles of paleontology. San
Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1971.
5. Bhatnagar S.P and Alok Moitra. 2013. Gymnosperms. Publisher: New Age
International Pvt Ltd Publishers. New Delhi.
Web Resources 1. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Pn7CAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&p
g=PA1&dq=Introduction+to+Gymnosperms&ots=sfYSzCL02&sig=ysX1KR
vetV0bAza4Sq6RWau4XU8&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Introduction%20to
%20Gymnosperms&f=false
2. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Botany_for_Degree_Gymnosperm_M
ulticolor.html?id=HTdFYFNxnWQC&redir_esc=y
3. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Gymnosperms.html?id=4dvyNckni8w
C
4. https://arboretum.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013-70-4-beyond-pine-
cones-an-introduction-to-gymnosperms.pdf
5. https://www.palaeontologyonline.com/
41
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42
CORE-VI PLANT DIVERSITY IV GYMNOSPERMS, PALEOBOTANY AND
EVOLUTION - PRACTICAL-II
Title of the PLANT DIVERSITY IV GYMNOSPERMS, PALEOBOTANY AND

Course EVOLUTION – MAJOR PRACTICAL-III(including Core IV+V)
Paper Number CORE VI
Category Core Year II Credits 5 CourseCode
Semester IV

per week 1 - 2 3
Pre-requisite Students should be familiar with the fundamentals of Gymnosperms,
Paleobotany.
Learning Objectives
C1 To enable students observe and record the morphological features of
selected species of Gymnosperms.
C2 To enable students observe and record the anatomical features of
selected species of Gymnosperms.
C3 To develop the skill of preparation of microslides of the gymnosperm
samples.
C4 To enable students to gain insights into the basics of paleobotany and
methods of fossilization.
C5 To understand the anatomy of the fossil plants through microscopy.
Course outcomes:
Programme Outcomes
On completion of this
course, the students will be able
to: CO
1. Analyze and observe and K1

record the morphological
features of selected species
of Gymnosperms..
2. Describe the structure of K2
fossil forms prescribed in
the syllabus.
3. Identify and Illustrate the K3
morphological and anatomical
features of gymnosperms.
4. Develop comprehensive K4
skills in sectioning and
micro preparation.
43
5. Interpret the significance of K5
reproductive structures in
gymnosperms.
EXPERIMENTS
1. Study of morphology, anatomy and structure of the vegetative and reproductive organs of Cycas, Pinus
and Gnetum.
3. Field visit to study the habitat (Hill station).
4.Study the following fossil members: Rhynia, Lepidodendron, Lepidocarpon, Calamites and
Williamsonia sewardiana through permanent slides.
5. Photograph of evolution scientists: Darwin, Lamark and De veries.
6. Photograph related to evolution theory: Darwinism, Lamarkism and De veries, modern synthetic
theory.
Extended Professional Component Questions related to the above topics, from various
(is a part of internal component competitiveexaminations UPSC / TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR / GATE /
only, Not to be included in TNPSC /others to be solved
the External Examination (To be discussed during the Tutorial hour)
question paper)
Skills acquired from this Knowledge, Problem Solving, Analytical ability,
course Professional Competency, Professional Communication and
Transferrable Skill
Recommended Texts 1. Sharma O.P and S, Dixit. 2002. Gymnosperms. Pragati Prakashan.
2. Gangulee, H.C and A.K. Kar. 2013. College Botany. Vth Edition.
S. Chand.
3. Sharma, O.P. 2012. Textbook of Pteridophyta, TATA MacMillan India Ltd., New
Delhi.
4. Chamberlain, C.J. 1934. Gymnosperms: Structure and Evolution. Chicago
Reprinted 1950). New York.
5. Bhatnagar, S.P and Moitra, A. 1996. Gymnosperms. New Age International
Publishers, New Delhi, India.
Reference Books 1. Smith, G.M. 1955. Cryptogamic Botany Vol.II. Tata McGraw Hill. New Delhi.
2. James.W. Byng. 2015. The Gymnosperms practical hand book. A practical guide
to extant families and genera of the world. Published by plant Gateway, Tol Bot
Street, Herford, SG137BX, United Kingdom.
3. Sharma, O.P. 2012. Textbook of Pteridophyta, TATA MacMillan India Ltd., New
Delhi.
4. Chamberlain, C.J. 1934. Gymnosperms: Structure and Evolution. Chicago
Reprinted 1950). New York.
5. Kirkaldy, J.E. 1963. The study of Fossils. Hutchinson Educational, London.
44
Web resources 1. https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Gymnosperms/3YrT5E3Erm8C?hl=en&gbpv
=1&dq=gy mnosperms&printsec=frontcover
2. https://www.amazon.in/Paleobotany-Biology-Evolution-Fossil-Plants/dp/0123739721
3. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Paleobotany.html?id=HzYUAQAAIAAJ
4. https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/11471742?q&versionId=46695996
5. http://www.freebookcentre.net/Biology/Evolutionary-Biology-Books.html.
CO1 3 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 3
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45
CORE VII PLANT MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY
Title of the PLANT MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY

Course
Paper Number CORE VII
Category Core Year III Credits 4 CourseCode
Semester V

per week 4 1 - 5
Pre-requisite Prior knowledge on morphological, anatomical characteristics and uses
of plants.
Learning Objectives
C1 Students will have extensive knowledge of the morphology
(vegetative structures and floral structures) of flowering plants.
C2 Students will know about the basic concepts of classification of
plants.
C3 Understand major evolutionary trends in Angiospermic plants.
C4 To know the characteristic features of the selected families.
C5 To know the economic importance of plants.
Course outcomes: On completion of Programme Outcomes
this course, the students will be able
to: CO
1. Define K1
the concepts in plant morphology
and rules of IUCN in
botanical nomenclature.
2. Classify systems of K2
plant classification and recognize
the importance of herbarium and
virtual herbarium.
3. Describe the core K3
concepts of economic Botany
and relate its applications in
human life.
4. Analyze the characters of the K4
families according to the
Bentham and Hooker’s system
of classification.
5. Assess terms and concepts K5
related to Phylogenetic
Systematics.
46
UNIT CONTENTS
Morphology – root system – modifications. Shoot system – modifications – (Aerial, sub-
aerial and underground). Leaf-Types-simple and compound- phyllotaxy, modifications
I
(phyllode, pitcher), tendrils, stipules. Inflorescences – definition and types – racemose,
cymose, mixed and special types. Fruits - classification.
History of Angiosperm classification – Artificial (Linneaus), Natural (Bentham and
Hooker) and Phylogenetic (Thakthjan) system of classification(Including merits and
II
demerits). An outline of Bentham and Hooker system of classification, an overview of
APG Classification. Herbarium technique–collection, pressing, drying, mounting and
preservation of plant specimens, digital herbarium. Botanical Survey of India. Botanical
nomenclature–rules, typification and author citation.
Study of the following families based on the Natural system and their economic
importance: Annonaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Capparidaceae, Rutaceae, Leguminosae
III
(Fabaceae/Fabaoideae, Caesalpinaceae/ Caesalpinioideae, Mimosaceae/Mimosoideae ),
Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae.
Study of the following families based on the natural system and their economic importance:
Convolvulaceae, Acanthaceae, Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae, Amaranthaceae,
IV
Euphorbiaceae, Liliaceae, Orchidaceae and Poaceae.
Source, cultivation method (brief) and the processing of the economically important
products of the following – Cereal (Rice), Pulses (Black gram), Sugar (Sugarcane),
V
Beverage (Coffee), Oil seed (Groundnut), spices (Cardamom), essential oil
(Rose), natural rubber(Hevea brasiliensis) and timber plants (Teak) and Fibre (Cotton).
Extended Questions related to the above topics, from various competitiveexaminations UPSC
Professional / TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR / GATE / TNPSC /others to be solved
part of internal
component only,
Not to be
included in the
External
Examination
question paper)

course
47
Recommended 1. Lawrence, G.H.M. 1985. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy, Central Book
Depot, Allahabad.
Texts
2. Porter, C.L. 1982. Taxonomy of Flowering Plants, Eurasia Publications
House, New Delhi
3. Solbrig, O.T. 1970. Principles and Methods of Plant Biosystematics. The
MacMillan Co-collier-MacMillan Ltd., London.
4. Solbrig, O.T and Solbrig, D.J. 1979. Population Biology and Evolution,
Addison-Weslley Publicating Co. Ind USA.
5. Takhtajan, A.L. 1997. Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants.
Columbia University Press, New York.
6. Woodland, D.W. 1991. Contemporary Plant Systematics. Prentice Hall. New
Jersey.
7. Rajni Gupta. 2012. Plant Taxonomy: Past, Present and Future. Vedams (P)
Ltd. New Delhi.
48
Reference Books 1. Hutchinson, J. 1973. The Families of Flowering plants , Oxford University
press, London.
2. Gamble, J.S., Fisher, L.E.F.1967. The Flora of The presidency of Madras
(Vol-III) BSI,
Calcutta
3. Davis, P.H and Heywood, V.M. 1965. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy,
Oliver and
Boyd Edinburgh.
4. Clive AS.1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics, Chapman and Hall Inc.
New York.
5. Harborne, J.B and Turner, B.L. 1984. Plant Chemosystematics, Acad. Press,
London.
6. Lawrence, G.H. 1955. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants, MacMillan Co., USA.
7. Jones, S.B. Jr. and Luchsinger, A.E. 1986. Plant Systematics (2nd edition).
McGraw-HilI Book Co., New York.
Web Resources 1. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Plant_Taxonomy_2E.html?id=_px_WA

wHiZIC&redirhttps://books.google.co.in/books/about/Plant_Taxonomy_and_Bi
osystematics.html?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C&redir_esc=y_esc=y
2. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/PLANT_TAXONOMY_2E.html?id=Roi
0lwSXFnUC&redir_esc=y
3. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Plant_Taxonomy.html?id=0bYs8F0Mb9
gC&redir_esc=y
4. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Economic_Botany.html?id=2ahsDQAA
QBAJ&redir_esc=y
5. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Textbook_Of_Economic_Botany.html?id
=XmZFJO_JHv8C&redir_esc=y
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49
CORE X- PLANT MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC
BOTANY- PRACTICAL-III
Title of the PLANT MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY-

Course PRACTICAL-III(Assessed in VI Semester)
Paper Number CORE X
Category Core Year III Credits Assessed in CourseCode
Semester V VI Semester

per week 1 - 2 3
Pre-requisite Theoretical understanding of plant taxonomy as well as basic laboratory
skills for the relevant core course.
Learning Objectives
C1 To study morphological characters of the families.
C2 Able to describe the plant technically using the floral characteristics.
C3 To preserve the plants and prepare herbarium sheets.
C4 To be able to identify the local flora.
C5 To understand the economic importance of the plants.
to:
CO
1. Recognize the distinguishing K1
plant morphological
characters.
2. Identify locally available K2
plants to their respective
families.
3. Develop comprehensive skills K3
in field identification, collection
of specimens,
writing technical description,
botanical drawings and herbaria
preparation.
4. Construct floral diagram and K4
write floral formula for a given
flower.
5. Validate the plant K5
specimen by analyzing and
dissecting the vegetative and
floral characters.
50
EXPERIMENTS
1. Morphology of root, stem and leaf modification, types of inflorescence and fruits.
2. Plants of local flora included under theory syllabus and family identification and derivation based on
reasoning(Bentham and Hooker Classification).
3. Dissection, identification, observation and sketching the floral parts of the plants belonging to the
families included in the syllabus.
4. Students must describe the floral parts, draw the L.S., floral diagram and write the floral formula of
at least one flower from each family.
5. Twenty (20) Herbarium sheets, field notebook and bonafide record to be submitted.
6. Study the products of plants mentioned in the syllabus of economic botany with special reference to
the morphology, botanical name and family.
7. Field trips to places for observation, study and collection of plants prescribed in the syllabus for 2
to 5 days under the guidance of faculties.
Professional / TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR / GATE / TNPSC /others to be solved
Component (is a part (To be discussed during the Tutorial hour)
of internal
component only,Not
to be included in the
External
Examination
question paper)
course
Recommended 1. Subramaniam, N.S. 1996. Laboratory Manual of Plant Taxonomy. Vikas
Texts Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Gokhale, S.B., Kokate, C.K. and Gokhale, A. 2016. Pharmacognosy of
Traditional Drugs. Nirali Prakashan, 1st Edition. ISBN: 9351642062.
3. Rendle, A.B. 1980. The Classification of Flowering Plants (Vol. I & II), Vikas
Students Education.
4. Pandely, B.P. 1987. Taxonomy of Angiosperms.
5. Nordenstam, B., EI Gazaly, G and Kassas, M. 2000. Plant Systematics for 21st
Century. Portlant Press Ltd., London.
51
Reference Books 1. Mann J. Davidson, R.S and J.B. Hobbs, D.V. Banthorpe, J.B. Harborne.1994.
Natural Products. Longman Scientific and Technical Essex.
2. Gopalan, C., B.V. Ramasastri and S.C. Balasubramanian. 1985. Nutritive
Value of Indian Foods. National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad.
3. Grant, W.E. 1984. Plant Biosystematics. Academic Press, London.
4. Harrison, H.J. 1971. New Concepts in Flowering Plant Taxonomy. Rieman
Educational Book Ltd., London.
5. Jones, A.D. and Wilbins, A.D. 1971. Variations and Adaptations in Plant Species.
Hiemand & Co. Educational Books Ltd. London.
Web resources 1. https://www.amazon.in/Practical-Taxonomy-Angiosperms-R-

Sinha/dp/9380578210
2. https://www.wileyindia.com/plant-science/practical-taxonomy-of-angiosperms-
2ed.html
3. https://www.flipkart.com/practical-taxonomy-
angiosperms/p/itm194794e7a76e8
4. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Plant_Taxonomy.html?id=uWg76rCqA
68C
5. https://www.amazon.in/PLANT-TAXONOMY-Sharma/dp/0070141592
6. https://www.kopykitab.com/Economic-Botany-By-Manoj-Kumar-Sharma-
eBook.
52
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53
CORE VIII PLANT ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
Title of the PLANT ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY

Course
Paper CORE VIII
Number
Category Core Year III Credits 4 Course
Semester V Code
Instructional Hours Lecture Tutorial Lab Total
per week Practice
4 1 - 5
Pre-requisite To acquire knowledge on the anatomical structure and reproductive
phase of angiosperms.
Learning Objectives
C1 To know fundamental concepts of plant anatomy and
embryology.
C2 To understand the internal tissue organization of various plant
organs.
C3 To differentiate normal and abnormal secondary growth.
C4 To comprehend the structural organization of flower with
relevance to the process of pollination and fertilization.
C5 To know embryology of plants.
to: CO
1. Relate to the fundamental K1

concepts of plant anatomy
and embryology.
2. Describe the internal K2
tissue organization of various
plant organs.
3. Elucidate the stages of K3
normal and abnormal
secondary growth.
4. Compare K4
the
structural
organization
of flower
in relation to
the process
o
f pollination
and
54
fertilization.
5. Access K5
the
variou
s anatomical
adaptations
in
plants.
UNI CONTENTS
T
Cell wall - structure, and function. Tissues - Definition, types - Simple tissue
system - parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma (fibers and sclereids).
I Complex tissue system - xylem and phloem. Meristem: definition, structure,
function and classification. Apical organization and theories: Apical cell theory,
Histogen theory and Tunica-Corpus theory. Root apex: Histogen theory and
Korper-Kappe theory.
Primary structure of root and stem (Dicot and monocot). Epidermal tissue
II system: epidermis, cuticle, trichome, bulliform cells, periderm and silica cells.
Ground tissue systems: cortex, endodermis, pericycle, pith and pith rays.
Vascular tissue systems: different types of vascular bundles and their
arrangement in oot and stem. Nodal anatomy: leaf trace, leaf gap, branch trace
and branch gap-types
Secondary thickening in monocots and dicots, Secondary thickening in monocot
and dicot root. Anomalous secondary growth of stem- Boerhaavia, Nyctanthes
III and Dracaena. Leaf - anatomy of dicot and monocot leaf. Periderm structure
and development: Phellem, Phellogen, Phelloderm, Rhytidome and lenticels.
Stomatal types.
Structure and development of anther - development of male gametophyte. Ovule:
IV Structure of mature ovule, types of ovules; female gametophyte–
megasporogenesis (monosporic, bisporic and tetrasporic) and
megagametogenesis (Polygonum type); Organization and ultra structure of
mature embryo sac.
Double fertilization and triple fusion. Endosperm and its types - free nuclear,
V cellular, helobial, endosperm haustoria. Polyembryony - types, apomixis,
parthenogenesis and parthenocarpy. Seed structure and its importance.

55
(is a part of
internal
component
only,Not to be
included in
the External
Examination
question
paper)
this course
Recommended 1. Bhojwani, S.S and Bhatnagar, S.P. 1994. Embryology of Angiosperms,
Texts Vikas.
2. Bhojwani, S.S and Bhatnagar, S.P. 2000. The Embryology of
Angiosperms (4th revised and enlarged edition). Vikas Publishing House,
New Delhi.
3. Burgess, J. 1985. An Introduction to Plant Cell Development. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
4. Raghavan, V. 1999. Developmental Biology of Flowering Plants.
Springer-Verlag,
New York.
5. Vimla Singh and Alok Abhishek. 2019. Plant Embryology and
Experimental Biology. Educational Publishers and Distributors. New
Delhi.
6. Pandey, B.P.2015. Plant Anatomy S. Chand Publ. New Delhi.
7. Bhatnagar,S.P., Dantu, P.K, Bhojwani, S.S. 2014. The Embryology of
Angiosperms 6th edition Vikas Publishing House. Delhi.
8. Waisel, Y., Eshel, A and Kafkaki, U. (eds.). 1996. Plant Roots : The
Hidden Hall (2nd edition). Marcel Dekker, New York.
Reference Books 1. Esau, K. 1985. Anatomy of Seed Plants –John Willey.

2. Cutter, E.G. 1989. Plant Anatomy – Part I – Addison – Wesley Publishing
Co..
3. Maheswari, P.1991. An Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms,
Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.,
4. Swamy, B.G.L and Krishnamoorthy. K.V.1990. From Flower to Fruits,
Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.
5. Dickison, W.C. 2000. Integrative Plant Anatomy. Harcourt Academic
Press, USA.
6. Fahn, A. 1974. Plant Anatomy. Pergmon Press, USA.
7. Mauseth, J.D. 1988. Plant Anatomy. The Benjammin/Cummings
Publisher, USA.
8. Evert, R.F. 2006. Esau’s Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues
of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function and Development. John
56
Wiley and Sons, Inc. Any local/state/regional flora published by BSI or
any other agency.
9. Swamy, B.G.L and Krishnamurthy,K.V.1980. From flower to fruit .Tata
McGraw Hill Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi
Web Resources 1. https://www.amazon.in/PLANT-ANATOMY-EMBRYOLOGY-

BIOTECHNOLOGY-
ebook/dp/B07H5JYFBJ/ref=asc_df_B07H5JYFBJ/?tag=googleshopdes-
2
2. https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/a-textbook-of-plant-anatomy
3. https://archive.org/EXPERIMENTS/plantanatomy031773mbp
4. https://www.amazon.in/Embryology-Angiosperms-6th-S-P-Bhatnagar-
ebook/dp/B00UN5KPQG
5. https://www.worldcat.org/title/embryology-of-
angiosperms/oclc/742342811
6. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Embryology_of_angiosperms.ht
ml?id=uYfwAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y.
CO1 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 1
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57
CORE IX CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
Title of CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

the
Course
Paper CORE IX
Number
Semester V

per week 4 1 - 5
Pre-requisite To acquire knowledge on cell and expose the students a fundamental of the
various techniques used in plant breeding.
Learning Objectives
C1 To enable students to gain insights into cell wall
organization and its functions.
C2 To familiarize with various cell organelles and their functions.
C3 To gain knowledge in classical genetics.
C4 To know about sex linked inheritance.
C5 To have knowledge about plant breeding techniques for crop
improvement.
CO
1. Enumerate the structure K1
and functions of cells,
cellular structures and
organelles.
2. Explain about cell cycle, cell K2
division and lawsof
inheritance with suitable
examples.
3. Elucidate concepts of sex K3
determination and sex linked
inheritance
4. Analyze the K4
importance
ofgenes
interactions at
population and
evolutionary
levels.
58
5. Develop K5
conceptual
understanding
of plant genetic
resources,
plant breeding,
gene bank and
gene pool.
UNIT CONTENTS
Introduction- scope- cell organisation- Ultra structure of Prokaryotic cell and
Eukaryotic cell. Plant cell structure and function.
Cell boundaries- cell wall- gross layer i.e. middle lamella, primary wall,
I secondary wall- Structure, chemistry and functions of cell wall, pits- (simple
and bordered), Plasmodesmata. Plasma membrane- occurrence, structure
(fluid mosaic model) chemistry, function and origin. Properties of Cytoplasm
Membrane transport – Passive, active and facilitated transport, endocytosis
and exocytosis.
Occurrence, structure, function and origin of Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi

apparatus, Lysosomes, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Chloroplast and Micro
bodies. Semi genetic autonomy of Mitochondria and Chloroplast.
II Ultrastructure and functions of Nucleus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore
complex, nucleolus, chromosomes structure molecular organization of
chromatin, Euchromatin, heterochromatin, Polytene and Lampbrush
chromosomes-, Centromere: types. cell inclusion. Cell cycle, Cell division,
Mitosis and Meiosis- their significance.
Mendelian genetics – monohybrid, dihybrid crosses. Laws of Mendel,
Reciprocal cross - Back cross and Test cross. Incomplete dominance -
Mirabilis jalaba. Interaction of factors – Complementary genes,
III Supplementary genes, inhibitory genes, epistasis (dominant and recessive),
duplicate genes and multiple alleles.
Multiple alleles. ABO Blood grouping in Human. Chromosome theory of
linkage, crossing over, recombinations and mapping of genes on
chromosomes. Sex determination in plants.
Sex linked inheritance – Haemophilia and colour blindness. Polyploidy

origin, types and significance. Mutation-types and significance. chromosomal
aberration – addition, deletion, inversion, duplication and translocation .
IV Extra nuclear inheritance and its significance - Male sterility in corn , Maternal
inheritance – Plastid Inheritance in Mirabilis jalaba. Genetics of Neurospora.
Population genetics – Hardy – Weinberg principle.
59
Principles involved in plant breeding. Plant introduction and acclimatization.
Methods of crop improvement: selection (mass, pure line and clonal),
hybridization techniques. Heterosis – Interspecific and intergeneric, causes and
V effects. Brief account of Mutation in plant breeding, polyploidy in plant
breeding and its applications. Breeding for crop improvement for paddy and
sugarcane. A brief outline of biotechnological approaches in crop
improvement eg. Transgenics – Bt- Cotton (only scope and its limitations).

a part of
internal
component
only, Not to be
included in the
External
Examination
question paper)
course
Recommended 1. Verma, P.S and V.K. Agarwal. 2002. Cytology. S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New
Texts Delhi-55.
2. Sinnott, EW., Dunn, L.L and Dobzhansky, T. 1997. Principles of Genetics,
Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing Co. New Delhi.
3. Cohn.N.S.1979, Elements of Cytology, Freeman Book Co.
4. Singh, R. J. 2016. Plant Cytogenetics, 3rd Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Florida, USA.
5. Singh, R.J. 2017. Practical Mannual on Plant Cytogenetics. CRC Press, Boca
Raton, Florida, USA.
Reference Books 1. De Robertis and De Robertis. 1990. Cell and Molecular Biology, Saunders
College, Philadelphia, USA.
2. Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J and Snustad, D. 1991. Principles of Genetics,
John Wiley Sons Inc., 8th Edn., New York.
3. Hackett, P.B., Fuchs, J.A and Messing, J.W. 1988. An Introduction to
Recombinant. DNA Techniques: Basic Experiments in Gene Manipulation.
The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. Inc., Menlo Park, California.
4. Cooper, G.M and Hausman, R.E. 2009. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5th
edition. ASM Press & Sunderland, Washington, D.C. Sinauer Associates,
MA.
60
5. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J and Bertoni, G. P. 2009. The World
of the Cell. 7th edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San
Francisco.
6. Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. 2009. Concepts of Genetics. 9th
edition. Benjamin Cummings, U.S.A.
7. Lewin. 2007. Gene IX. Jones and Barlett Pub. ISBN. O 7637 52223.
8. Strickberger, M.W. 1999.Genetics.Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.
Web Resources 1. http://www.freebookcentre.net/Biology/Cell-Biology-Books.html
2. https://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/medicine/cell-biology
3. https://www.amazon.in/Cell-Biology-Thomas-D-Pollard-
ebook/dp/B01M7YAL2A
4. http://www.freebookcentre.net/medical_text_books_journals/genetics_eboo
ks_online_texts_download.html
5. https://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/medicine/genetics
6. https://libguides.uthsc.edu/genetics/ebooks
7. https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/principles-of-plant-genetics-and-
breeding
8. http://sharebooks.com/content/plant-breeding-ebooks-raoul-robinson
CO1 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 3 1
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61
CORE X COVERING PRACTICAL COVERING – CORE VIII AND IX -
PRACTICAL-III
Title of the MAJOR PRACTICAL-III (including Core VII+VIII+IX) to be assessed in VI

Course semester
Paper CORE X Major Practical III

Number

Semester V To be assessed in
VI semester
per week - - 3 3
Pre-requisite Theoretical understanding of anatomy, embryology, cell biology, genetics and
plant breeding as well as basic laboratory skills for the relevant core course.
Learning Objectives
C1 To study the anatomy of the plant organs using various techniques.
C2 To study the embryology of the plant.
C3 To identify the structure of various cell organelles.
C4 To understand genetics through problem solving.
C5 To study various plant breeding techniques.
course, the students will be
able to: CO
1. Identify the structure K1
of cell organelles and
stages of cell division.
2. Classify the types of K2
stomata and ovules.
3. Compare the K3
functions of various
ergastic substances present
in plant tissues.
4. Perform free hand K4
sectioning of plant
materials and decipher the
internal tissue
organization.
62
5. Interpret the given K5
genetic data to develop
genetic map based on the
principles of Mendelian
inheritance and gene
interaction.
EXPERIMENTS
Anatomy
1. Study of simple and complex (Primary and Secondary) tissues by maceration.

2. Study the internal structure of primary (young) and secondary (old) stems dicot and monocot stem
and root.
3. Anomalous secondary growth in the stems of Boerhaavia, Bignonia, Nycthanthes and Dracaena.
4. T.S of dicot and monocot leaves.
5. Study of stomatal types by leaf peeling.
Embryology
1. T.S of (young and mature) anther (section from Datura or Cassia flower).
2. Observation of pollinia –Calotropis.
3. Types of ovules- Anatropous, Orthotropous, Circinotropous, Amphitropous, Campylotropous
(Permanent slides).
4. Types of Endosperm - Nuclear, cellular and helobial
(Permanent slides).
5. Dissection and display of any two stages of embryo in
Tridax
Cell biology
1. Study of the photomicrographs of cell organelles.
2. Ergastic substances - starch grains, aleurone grains, crystals – cystolith and raphide(Permanent slides).
3. Study the polytene and lamp brush chromosome structure through photograph.
4. Identification of different stages of mitosis by using squash and smear techniques – Onion
root tip.
Genetics
1. Genetic problems – test cross, back cross and allelic interaction.
2. Construction of chromosome map – three point test cross
3. Multiple alleles problems.
Plant Breeding
1. Emasculation technique.
2. To test the viability of seeds using Tetrazolium chloride.
3. Genetic models of heterosis.
4. Phenotype of heterosis (Maize).
63
part of internal
component
only, Not to be
included in the
External
Examination
question paper)
course
Recommended 1. Sundara, R. S. 2000. Practical manual of plant anatomy and embryology. Anmol
Texts Publ. PVT LTD, New Delhi.
2. Panshin, A.J and C. de Zeeuw.1980.Textbook of wood technology. Structure,
identification and uses of the commercial woods of the United States and Canada.
Fourth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
3. Sharma, H.P. 2009. Plant Embryology: Classical and Experimental, Bombay
Popular Prakashan, ISBN-8173199698, 9788173199691.
4. Gupta P.K. 2017. Cell and Molecular Biology (5th ed.), Rastogi Publications,
Meerut.
5. Krebs J.E., Goldstein E.S and Kilpatrick S.T. 2017. Lewin's GENES XII (12thed.).
Jones & Bartlett Learning.
6. Jackson, S.A., Kianian, S.F., Hossain, K.G and Walling, J.G. 2012. Practical
laboratory exercises for plant molecular cytogenetics. In Plant Cytogenetics (pp.
323-333). Springer, New York.
Reference 1. Sundara Rajan, S, 2003. Practical Manual of Plant Anatomy and Embryology 1st
Books ed, Anmol Publications, ISBN-812610668.
2. Katherine Esau. 2006. Anatomy of Seed Plants. 2nd edition, John Wiley and Sons.
3. Allen, Sarah et al., 2016. Plant Anatomy Lab Manual, Fall.
4. Gardener, J, Simmons, H.J and Snustad, D.P. 2006. Principle of Genetics, John
Wiley & Sons, New York.
5. De Robertis E.D.P. and De Robertis E.M.P. 2017. Cell and Molecular Biology
(8thed.) (South Asian Edition), Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, USA.
6. Jackson, S.A., Kianian, S.F., Hossain, K.G., and Walling, J. G. 2012. Practical
laboratory exercises for plant molecular cytogenetics. In Plant Cytogenetics (pp.
323-333). Springer, New York, NY.
Web resources 1. https://www.amazon.in/Practical-Anatomy-Adriance-1901-1973-
Foster/dp/1341784509
2. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Practical_Manual_Of_Plant_Anatomy_And_
Em.html?id =Cq1KPwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y
3. https://www.amazon.in/Cell-Biology-Dr-Renu-Gupta/dp/8193651219
4. https://www.amazon.in/Practical-Handbook-Genetics-Vikas-Pali/dp/932727248X
5. https://www.amazon.in/Practical-Handbook-Plant-Breeding-Vikas/dp/9327272498
64
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CO 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
CO 5 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 3
65
CORE XI PLANT ECOLOGY AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
Title of the PLANT ECOLOGY AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

Course
Paper CORE XI
Number
Semester VI Code

per week 3 2 - 5
Pre-requisite Understanding the environmental factors impacting biodiversity is crucial
after taking this course.
Learning Objectives
C1 To relate to the significance of the biotic and abiotic components
of the ecosystems.
C2 To understand the energy flow in ecosystem.
C3 To conceptualize the biodiversity.
C4 To know implication of pollution on the environment.
C5 To familiarize with the phytogeography.
CO
1. Relate to the significance of K1
the biotic and abiotic
components of the ecosystems
and energy flow.
2. Summarize the phytogeograph K2
ical division of India.
3. Explain the implication of K3
pollution on the environment.
4. Analyze the K4
implications of
functional and
behavioral ecology
in natural and
man-made areas,
biodiversity and
conservation.
66
5. Develop K5
mitigations for the
effective
conservation of
biodiversity and
disaster
management.
Unit CONTENTS
Biotic and abiotic factors and their influence on vegetation – a brief
account of microbes, plants, animals, soil, wind, light, temperature,
rainfall, and fire. Autecology and Synecology – Vegetation – Units of
I Vegetation – Formation, Association, Consociation, Society –
development of vegetation. Migration – ecesis, colonization, Methods of
study of vegetation (Quadrat and transect). Plant succession –Hydrosere
and Xerosere. Ecological classification of plants: Morphological and
anatomical features of plants and their correlation to the
habitat factors.
Structure, trophic organization; food chains and food web, energy flow in
an ecosystem. Types of ecosystems: pond, forest and grassland.
II Ecological
pyramids and Biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen and
phosphorus.
Plant Biodiversity and its importance. Definition, levels of biodiversity-
III genetic, species and ecosystem. Biodiversity hotspots- Criteria,
Biodiversity hotspots of India. Loss of biodiversity – causes and
conservation (In situ and ex situ methods). Seed banks - conservation of
genetic resources and their importance. Consequences of deforestation and
exploitation of targeted species; Forest conservation, Social forestry and
Participatory Management of Forest. Concept of degeneration and
regeneration of plants.
Pollution: Types of pollution: Primary and secondary and their impacts:

IV Air - Green house effect, global warming, ozone depletion, acid rain,
Water, soil-
causes and consequences. Remedial measures – Green building.
Disaster management.
Phytogeography Definition,Introduction, Principles of phytogeography.
Concept, Scope and significance of phytogeography.
Continuous and discontinuous distribution w.s.r.t. Endemism, Age Area
V Hypothesis and continental drift.
Phytogeography of India, Vegentational regions of India,.
Plant indicators.
Diversification of land plants.
Speciation Changing Earth.
Island Biogeography.
67
(is a part of
internal
component
only,Not to be
included in
the External
Examination
question
paper)
this course
Recommended 1. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P., Gupta, S. 2006. Ecology Environment and
Texts Resource Conservation. Anamaya Publications, New Delhi, India.
2. Sharma, P.D. 2010. Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications,
Meerut, India.8th edition.
3. Krishna Iyer.V.R. 1992. Environmental protection and legal defence.
Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.,
4. Shukla, R.S and Chandel,PS.1990. Plant Ecology, S.Chand & Co. Pvt.
Ltd.,
5. Krishnamurthy, K.V. 2003. An advanced text book on Biodiversity -
Principle and Practice. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
6. Sharma, P.D. 2009. Ecology and Environment, Rastogi Publications.
Reference Books 1. Odum, E.P. 2005. Fundamentals of ecology. Cengage Learning India
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 5th edition.
2. Wilkinson, D.M. 2007. Fundamental Processes in Ecology: An Earth
Systems Approach. Oxford University Press. U.S.A.
3. Kumar,H.D. 1990. Modern concepts of Ecology, Vikas Publishing
House Pvt. Ltd.,
4. Smith,W.H. 1981. Air pollution and forest : Interactions between air
contaminants and forest ecosystems.
5. Vickery, M.L. 1984. Ecology of Tropical plants, John Wiley and Sons.
6. Melchias, G., 2001. Biodiversity and Conservation, Science Publishers
Inc. USA.
7. Asthana, D.K and Meera Asthana. 2006. A text book of Environmental
studies. S.Chand and Company Ltd. New Delhi.
8. Brian Groombridge. 1992. Global Biodiversity, Chapman and Hall, UK.
9. IUCN. 1985. The World Conservation Strategy, IUCN, Switzerland.
10. Ambasht, R.S. 2017. A textbook of plant ecology 15ed (pb 2019). CBS
Publishers Distributors.
68
Web Resources 1. https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/plant-ecology-3.
2. https://www.worldcat.org/title/plant-ecology/oclc/613206385
3. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Plant_Ecology.html?
4. https://www.kopykitab.com/Plant-Ecology-by-Agrawal-AK-And-Deo-PP
5. http://www.freebookcentre.net/Biology/Ecology-Books.html
6. https://www.amazon.in/Plant-Ecology-Ernst-Detlef-
Schulze/dp/354020833X
7. https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tped20/current (Plant Ecology and
Diversity)
8. https://link.springer.com/journal/11258 (Plant Ecology)
CO1 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 1
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CO 3 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 3 1 2
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69
CORE XII BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Title of PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

the
Course
Paper CORE XII
Number
Semester VI

per week 3 2 - 5
Pre-requisite To empower students recognize and appreciate the basic principles that
sustain biotechnology as an interdisciplinary domain of learning and
research.
Learning Objectives
C1 To know various aspects of biotechnology
C2 To know the concept and techniques of plant tissue culture.

C3 To familiarize with the gene transfer techniques.
C4 To know about DNA replication and repair.
C5 To familiarize with gene regulation.
CO
1. Recognize the fundamentals K1
concepts of plant biotechnology
and genetic engineering.
2. Explain various steps in K2

transcription, protein synthesis and
protein modification.
3. Elucidate gene cloning and K3

evaluate different methods of
gene transfer.
4. Analyze the major concerns K4
and applications of transgenic
technology.
5. Develop their competency on K5
different types of plant tissue
culture.
UNIT CONTENTS
Biotechnology – definition, history and scope. Application of
plant biotechnology in various fields. Agriculture -
70
I Biofertilizers, Biopesticides. Medicine – Antibiotics
(Penicillin) Recombinant vaccines, insulin and interferons.
Environment – Bioremediation and Biofuel. Industry – ethanol
production (yeast), citric acid production (Aspergillus niger)
and Proteases production (Bacillus sps).
Plant tissue culture - introduction, scope and importance,
concept of totipotency, aseptic techniques in plant tissue
II culture. Composition of media, types of media, sterilization,
explant preparation and inoculation. Callus induction and
micropropogation. Application of plant tissue culture in
agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Synthetic seed
technology.
Vectors; plasmid, bacteriophage, viral vectors, cosmids.
Restriction enzymes. Recombinant DNA technology, gene
III transfer – indirect method, Agrobacterium mediated gene
transfer. Direct method – Biolistic method. Development of
transgenic plants with reference to insect resistance, Pros and
cons of GM food.
Nature and function of genetic materials, Nucleic acid – base
paring – Chargaff’s rule, DNA – structure. Types, denaturation
IV - renaturation. Replication of DNA in prokaryotes. RNA
structure and types. DNA repair mechanism.
Transcription – Enzymology – RNA polymerase – classes of
V RNA molecules – transcription in prokaryotes. Protein
synthesis – Genetic code – characters – codons and anticodons.
Gene regulation in Prokaryotes – lac operon and trp operon
Extended Professional Questions related to the above topics, from various
Component (is a part of internal competitive examinations UPSC / TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR
component only, Not to be / GATE / TNPSC /others to be solved
included in the External (To be discussed during the Tutorial hour)
Examination
question paper)
Skills acquired from this Knowledge, Problem Solving, Analytical ability,
course Professional
Competency, Professional Communication and Transferrable
Skill
Recommended . Bhajwani, S and Razdan, 1984. Plant tissue culture. Theory and practice.
Texts 2. Verma P.S and Agarwal V.K. 2010. Molecular Biology. S Chand Publishers.
3. Ignacimuthu, S.J. 2003. Plant Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH Publishing,
New Delhi.
4. Bhojwani, S.S and Razdan, M.K. 2004. Plant Tissue Culture, Read Elsevier
India Pvt. Ltd.
5. Purohit, S.S. 2010. Plant tissue culture, Student edition, Jodhpur.
6. Bajaj, Y.P.S. 1987. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. Springer –
Verlag
71
Reference Books 1. Bernard R Glick and Jack J Pasternak. 2001. Molecular biotechnology-
principles and applications of recombinant DNA, (2nd Edition), ASM Press,
Washington, D.C.
2. Jogdand, SN. 1997. Gene biotechnology, Himalaya Publishing House, New
Delhi.
3. Ernst L. Winnaccker. 2002. From Genes to Clones-introduction to gene
technology, VCR Pub., Weintein.
1. James, D Watson et al., 1992. Recombinant DNA (2nd Edition), WH
Freeman and Co., New York.
5. Maniatis and Sambrook. 2003. Molecular Cloning- A lab manual Vol.I, II &
III, Coldspring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.
6. Old, RW and Primrose, SB. 2001. Principles of Gene Manipulation-an
introduction to genetic engineering, Black Well Science Ltd., New York.
7. Halder, T and Gadgil, V.N.1981. Plant cell culture in crop improvement.
Plenum, New York.
8. Neuman, K.H., Barz, W and E. Reinhard. 1985. Primary and secondary
metabolism of plant cell cultures – Springer – Verlag, Berlin.
9. Barz, W., Reinhard, E and Zenk, M.H. 1977. Plant tissue culture and its
biotechnology application – Springer – Verlag, Berlin.
10. Hu, C.Y and P.J.Wang. 1984. Handbook of plant cell culture Vol.1. Mac
million, New York.
11. Hammond, J.C. McGarvey and V. Yusibov. 2009. Plant Biotechnology,
Springer Verlag. New York.
1. http://www.freebookcentre.net/Biology/BioTechnology-Books.html
2. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Introduction_to_Plant_Biotechnolo
gy.html?id=RgQLISN8zT8C
3. https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/plant-biotechnology-1
5. https://www.worldcat.org/title/molecular-biology/oclc/1062496183
6. http://www.freebookcentre.net/Biology/Molecular-Biology-Books.html
7. https://www.amazon.in/Molecular-Biology-Multicolour-Verma-Agarwal-
ebook/dp/B06XKVVWT3
72
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CORE XIII PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY
Title of the PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY

Course
Paper Number CORE XIII
Semester VI Code

per week 3 2 - 5
Pre-requisite Basic knowledge on physiological processes in plants and primary and
secondary plant metabolites and enzymes.
Learning Objectives
C1 To relate to water relation of plants with respect to various
physiological phenomenon.
C2 To know the pathways of photosynthesis.
C3 To familiarize with respiration and nitrogen metabolism.
C4 To know about plant growth regulators.
C5 To familiarize with plant biochemistry.
able to:
CO
1. Relate to water relation K1
of plants with respect to
various physiological
phenomenon.
2. Explain the process and K2
significance of photosynthesis
and respiration.
3. Elucidate properties K3
of nutrients and their
deficiency symptoms in
plants.
4. Analyze the K4
biological role of
plant growth
regulators, carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, nucleic
acids and
enzymes.
74
5. Decipher K5
the phenomenon
of seed
dormancy and
germination in
plants.
UNIT CONTENTS
Water Relations:
Properties of water—imbibition, diffusion, osmosis and plasmolysis- ascent of
sap, mechanism of water absorption – active and passive, apoplast and symplast
I pathway. Transpiration – types and factors affecting transpiration and
significance. Opening and closing of stomata- mechanisms and theories of
transpiration.
Photosynthesis:
Radiant energy, Photosynthetic unit, photosynthetic pigments and their role, photo
systems, path of carbon in photosynthesis - Light reaction, electron transport
II system in the chloroplast (Z-Scheme). Dark reaction - C3 cycle, C4 cycle, CAM
pathway, Photorespiration
Respiration
Aerobic, Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport System, oxidative
III phosphorylation, respiratory quotient, Anaerobic- fermentation - Respiratory
quotient.
Nitrogen Metabolism
Biological nitrogen fixation, nitrification and denitrification. Nitrate assimilation-
Synthesis of amino acids - Reductive amination and Transamination. Nitrogen
cycle.
75
Growth:
Growth – plant growth regulators (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and
abscisic acid) - Practical applications - Photo morphogenesis – photoperiodism –
IV vernalization – dormancy- phytochromes. Stress Physiology: Concepts of plant
responses to stresses (water, salt, temperature).
Plant Biochemistry:
Classification, properties and biological role of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and
nucleic acids. Enzyme – properties – classification – nomenclature of enzymes –
V mode of enzyme action – factors influencing enzyme action.
(is a part of
internal
component
only, Not to
be included
in the
External
Examination
question
paper)
from this
course
Recommended 1. Noggle and Fritz. 1976. Introductory Plant Physiology, Prentice Hall, New
Texts Delhi.
2. Pandey, SN and Sinha, BK. 1989. Plant Physiology, Vikas Publishing House
Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Robert M. Devlin. 1970. Plant Physiology, East West Press, New Delhi.
4. Westhoff, P. 1998. Molecular Plant Development from Gene to Plant.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Jain, JL. 1979. Fundamentals of
Biochemistry, Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Jain, V.K. 2006. Fundamentals of Plant Physiology, S.Chand and Company
Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Conn, E and Stumpf, PK. 1979. Outline of Biochemistry Niley Easdtern Ltd.,
New
Delhi.
7. Metz, E.T. 1960. Elements of Biochemistry. V.F & S (P) Ltd., Bombay.
8. Verma,V. 2008. Textbook of plant Physiology, Ane's student edition, New
Delhi.
76
Reference 1. Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W and Jones, R.L. 2000. Biochemistry and
Books Molecular Biology of Plants, American Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland,
USA.
2. Dennis, D.T., Turpin, D.H., Lefebvre, D.D and Layzell, D.B. (Eds) 1997.
Plant Metabolism (second edition). Longman Essex, England.
3. Galston, A.W. 1989. Life Processes in Plants. Scientific American Library,
Springer-Verlag, New York, USA.
4. Hooykaas, P.J.J., Hall M.A and Libbenga, K.R. (eds). 1999. Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands.
5. Hopkins, W.G. 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York, USA.
6. Moore, T.C. 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones (second
edition). Springer-Verlag, NewYork, USA.
7. Nobel, P.S. 1999. Physiochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology
(second edition), Academic Press, San Diego, USA.
8. Salisbury, F.B and Ross, C.W. 1992. Plant Physiology (4th edition).
Wadsworth Publishing Co., California, USA.
9. Singhal, G.S., Renger, G., Sopory, S.K., Irrgang, K.D and Govindjee. 1999.
Concepts in Photobiology: Photosynthesis and Photo morphogenesis. Narosa
Publishing House, New Delhi.
10. Taiz, L and Zeiger, E. 1998. Plant Physiology (2nd edition). Sinauer
Associates, Inc., Publishers, Massachusetts, USA.
11. Thomas, B and Vince-Prue, D. 1997. Photoperiodism in Plants (second
edition). Academic Press, San Diego. USA.
Web Resources 1. https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/biochemistry-and-molecular-biology-of-

plants
2.https://www.amazon.in/Plant-Biochemistry-Hans-Walter-Heldt-
ebook/dp/B004FV4RS6
3. https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/plant-biochemistry
4. https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/a-textbook-of-plant-physiology-1
5.https://www.amazon.in/Advances-Plant-Physiology-P-Trivedi-
ebook/dp/B01JP5L0YA
6.https://www.crcpress.com/Plant-Physiology/Stewart-
Globig/p/book/9781926692692
7.https://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Plant-Physiology-William-Hopkins-
ebook/dp/B006R6I850
77
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CO 5 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
78
CORE XIV PRACTICAL COVERING – CORE XI, XII AND XIII - PRACTICAL-IV
Title of the Course PRACTICAL-IV

(including core
XI+XII+XIII)
Paper Number CORE XIV
Semester VI Code

per week Practice
1+1 - 2+2 6
Pre-requisite Practicals pertaining to above subjects is important to get
knowledge on various physiological functions of plants.
Learning Objectives
C1 To study morphological and anatomical adaptations of plants of various
habitats.
C2 To demonstrate techniques of plant tissue culture.
C3 To familiarize with the structure of DNA, RNA.
C4 To carryout experiments related with plant physiology.
C5 To perform biochemistry experiments.
On completion
of this course, the
CO
1. Relate to the K1
distribution and
adaptions of plants
pertaining to their
habitat
2. Demonstrate K2
skills in green planning
and callus culture.
3. Elucidate the K3
basic principles
involved in the plant
physiology and
biochemistry
experiments.
4. Appreciate the K4
structure and functions
of DNA and RNA.
5. Estimate the K5
biochemical
components and
79
determine the factors
controlling
photosynthesis and
transpiration of plants.
EXPERIMENTS
Plant Ecology and Phytogeography
1. Study of morphological and anatomical adaptations of locally available hydrophytes,

xerophytes, mesophytes and halophytes and correlate to their particular habitats.
Hydrophytes : Nymphaea, Hydrilla
Xerophytes : Nerium, Casuarina
Mesophytes : Tridax, Vernonia
Halophytes : Avicennia, Rhizophora (only permanent slides)
Epiphytes : Vanda(only permanent slides)
2. Map of the phytogeographical regions of India.
3. Quadrate study and line transect.
4. Plan for a green building.
5. Field trip to any one scrub jungle or wetland (nearby forests).
Plant Biotechnology - Demonstration
1. Sterilization techniques in plant tissue culture.

2. MS - Media preparation.
3. Explant sterilization, Callus induction, Plantlet, hardening.
Molecular Biology – Photographs
1. DNA Structure
2. tRNA
3. DNA – Replication
4. DNA – Repair
5. Genetic code
80
Plant Physiology and Plant Biochemistry
1. Determination of water potential by plasmolytic method.

2. Effect of chemicals on membrane permeability.
3. Effect of environmental factors on rate of transpiration by Ganong’s photometer
4. Separation of plant pigments by paper chromatography.
5. Study the rate of photosynthesis under different light intensities by using Willmott’s bubble
counter.
6. Study of rate of photosynthesis under different wavelengths (red & blue) of light.
7. Comparison of rate of respiration of different respiratory substrates(flower bud and
germinating seeds).
8. Measurement of pH of expressed cell sap(lemon, tomato…) and different soils using pH
meter.
9. Enzyme activity – catalase.
Biochemical test for carbohydrates, proteins and lipids-Priliminary qualitative tests.
Demonstration – Experiments
1. Study the rate of transpiration by using gravimetric method.
2. Demonstration of stomatal movement(opening and closing).
3. Induction of roots in leaves by auxins.
4. Potato osmoscope.
5. Anaerobic respiration (Khune’s method).
Component (is a part of examinations UPSC / TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR / GATE / TNPSC /others
internal component to be solved
only,Not to be included
(To be discussed during the Tutorial hour)
in the External
Examination
question paper)
Recommended Texts 1. Sharma, P.D. 2017. Ecology and Environment- Rastogi Publication,
Meerut.
2. Bhojwani, S.S and Razdan, M.K. 1996. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory
and Practice. Elsevier Science Amsterdam. The Netherlands.
3. Jackson, S.A., Kianian, S.F., Hossain, K.G and Walling, J.G. 2012.
Practical laboratory exercises for plant molecular cytogenetics. In
Plant Cytogenetics (pp. 323-333). Springer, New York.
4. Plummer, D. 1988. An introduction to Practical Biochemistry, Tata
McGraw–HillPublishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Palanivelu, P. 2004. Laboratory Manual for analytical biochemistry
and separationtechniques, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj
University, Madurai.
81
6. Jayaraman.J.1981. Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry. Whiley
Eastern Limited,New Delhi.
7. Bendre, A.M. and Ashok Kumar, 2009. A text book of practical
Botany. Vol. I & II.Rastogi Publication. Meerut. 9th Edition.
Reference Books 1. Mick Crawley. 1996. Plant Ecology, 2nd Edition Wiley-Blackwell.
2. Gamborg, O.L and G.C. Phillips (eds). 1995. Plant cell, tissue and
organ culture. Springer Lab Manual.
3. Glick, B.R and J.E. Thompson. 1993. Methods in Plant Molecular
Biology and Biotechnology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
4. Bala, M., Gupta, S., Gupta, N.K and Sangha, M.K. 2013. Practicals in
plant physiology and biochemistry. Scientific Publishers (India).
5. Wilson, K and J. Walker (Eds). 1994. Principles and Techniques of
Practical Biochemistry (4th Edition) Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
6. Bendre, A.M and Ashok Kumar. 2009. A text book of practical
Botany. Vol. I & II.Rastogi Publication. Meerut. 9th Edition.
7. Manju Bala, Sunita Gupta, Gupta, N.K. 2012. Practicals in Plant
Physiology andBiochemistry. Scientific Publisher.
Web resources 1. https://www.amazon.com/Practical-plant-ecology-beginners-
communities/dp/B00088FDQK
2. https://www.amazon.in/Practical-Biotechnology-Plant-Tissue-
Culture/dp/8121932009
3. https://www.elsevier.com/books/molecular-biology-
techniques/carson/978-0-12-815774-9
4. https://www.amazon.in/Practical-Physiology-Biochemistry-Sunita-
Sangha/dp/9386102633
5. https://www.amazon.in/Practical-Biochemistry-Muriel-Wheldale-
Onslow/dp/1107634318
CO1 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 3 1
CO 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2
CO 3 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 2 2 3
CO 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
CO 5 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 2
82
ELECTIVE ALLIED BOTANY-I
Title of the Course ALLIED BOTANY-
I
Paper Number Core-Allied-I
Semester I Code

per week Practice
3 1 - 4
Pre-requisite To study basics of
botany.
Learning Objectives
C1 To study morphological and anatomical adaptations of plants of various
habitats.
C2 To demonstrate techniques of plant tissue culture.
C3 To familiarize with the structure of DNA, RNA.
C4 To carryout experiments related with plant physiology.
C5 To perform biochemistry experiments.
On completion
of this course, the
CO
1. Increase the awareness K1
and appreciation of
human friendly algae and
their economic
importance.
2. Develop an K2
understanding of
microbes and fungi and
appreciate their adaptive
strategies
3. Develop critical K3
understanding on
morphology, anatomy and
reproduction of
Bryophytes,
Pteridophytes and
Gymnosperms.
4.Compare K4
the structure and function
of cells and explain the
development of cells.
83
5.Understand K5
the core concepts and
fundamentals of plant
biotechnology and
genetic engineering.
UNIT CONTENTS
Algae and Bryophytes:
General characters of algae - Structure, reproduction and life cycle of the following
I genera - Anabaena and Sargassum and economic importance of algae. General
characters of Bryophytes, Structure and life cycle of Funaria.
Fungi, Lichens, Bacteria and Virus:
General characters of fungi, structure, reproduction and life cycle of the following
genera - Penicillium and Agaricus and economic importance of fungi.
II A brief account of Lichens
Bacteria - general characters, structure and reproduction of Escherichia coli and
economic importance of bacteria. Virus - general characters, structure of TMV,
structure of bacteriophage.
Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms:
III General characters of Pteridophytes, Structure and life cycle of Lycopodium.
General characters of Gymnosperms, Structure and life cycle of Cycas.
Cell Biology:
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell- structure /organization. Cell organelles - ultra
IV structure and function of chloroplast, mitochondria and nucleus. Ergastic
substances- starch grains, aleurone, raphides, cystoliths. Cell division - mitosis
and meiosis.
Genetics and Plant Biotechnology:
Mendelism - Law of dominance, Law of segregation, Incomplete dominance. Law
V of independent assortment. Monohybrid and dihybrid cross - Test cross - Back
cross. Plant tissue culture - In vitro culture methods. Plant tissue culture and its
application in biotechnology.
(is a part of
internal
component
only, Not to
be included
in the
External
Examination
question
paper)
84
from this
course
Recommended Texts 1. Singh, V., Pande, P.C and Jain, D.K. 2021. A Text Book of Botany.
Rastogi Publications,Meerut.
2. Bhatnagar, S.P and Alok Moitra. 2020. Gymnosperms, New Age
International (P) Ltd., Publishers, Bengaluru.
3. Sharma, O.P. 2017. Bryophyta, MacMillan India Ltd. Delhi.
4. Lee, R.E. 2008. Phycology, IV Edition, Cambridge University Press, New
Delhi.
5. Rao, K., Krishnamurthy, K.V and Rao, G.S. 1979. Ancillary Botany,S.
Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd., Madras.
Reference books: 1. Parihar, N.S. 2012. An introduction to Embryophyta –Pteridophytes -
Surjeet Publications, Delhi.
2. Alexopoulos, C.J. 2013. Introduction to Mycology. Willey Eastern Pvt.
Ltd.
3. Vashishta, P.C. 2014. Botany for Degree Students Gymnosperms.
Chand & Company Ltd, Delhi.
4. Coulter, M. Jhon, 2014. Morphology of Gymnosperms. Surjeet
Publications, Delhi.
5. Vashishta, P.C. 2014. Botany for Degree Students Algae. 2014. Chand
& Company Ltd, Delhi.
6. Parihar, N.S. 2013. An introduction to Embryophyta –Bryophytes -,
7. Pandey B.P. 1986, Text Book of Botany (College Botany) Vol I &II,
S.Chand and Co. New Delhi.
Web Resources 1. https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/the-algae-world
15P).html
5. https://arboretum.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013-70-4-beyond-
pine-cones-an-introduction-to-gymnosperms.pdf
85
CO 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
CO 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
CO 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3
CO 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3
CO 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1
86
ELECTIVE ALLIED BOTANY-II
Title of the Course ALLIED BOTANY-
II
Paper Number Core-Allied-
II
Semester II Code

per week Practice
3 1 - 4
Pre-requisite To study basics of
botany.
Learning Objectives
C1
To be familiar with the basic concepts and principles of plant systematics.
C2 Learn the importance of plant anatomy in plant production systems.
C3 Understand the mechanism underling the shift from vegetative to
reproductive phase.
C4 To learn about the physiological processes that underlie plant metabolism.
C5 To know the energy production and its utilization in plants.
On completion
of this course, the
CO
K1
1.
Underst
and the
fundam
ental
concept
s of
plant
anatom
y and
embryo
logy
K2
87
Analyz
e and
recogni
ze the
differen
t organs
of
plants
and
seconda
ry
growth
K3
Underst
and
water
relation
of
plants
with
respect
to
various
physiol
ogical
process
es
K4
Classif
y
aerobic
and
anaero
bic
respirat
ion
K5
88
5.
Classif
y plant
systema
tics and
recogni
ze the
importa
nce of
herbari
um and
virtual
herbari
um
UNIT CONTENTS
MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS:
Plant and its parts. Structure and function of root and stem. Leaf and its parts.
Leaf type: simple and compound. Phyllotaxy and types. Inflorescence -
I Racemose, Cymose and Special type. Terminology with reference to flower
description.
TAXONOMY:
Study of the range of characters and plants of economic importance in the
following families: Leguminosae(3 sub families included), Asclepiadaceae,
II Acanthaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Poaceae
ANATOMY
Tissue and tissue systems: Simple and complex tissues. Anatomy of monocot and
III dicot of monocot roots. Anatomy of monocot and dicot stems - anatomy of dicot
and monocot leaves.
89
EMBRYOLOGY
Structure of mature anther and ovule - Types of ovules, structure of embryo sac,
pollination and double fertilization, structure of dicotyledonous and
IV monocotyledonous seeds.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Absorption of water, photosynthesis - light reaction - Calvin cycle; respiration –
Glycolysis- Krebs cycle- electron transport system. Transpiration. Growth
V hormones - auxins and cytokinins and their application
(is a part of
internal
component
only, Not to
be included
in the
External
Examination
question
paper)
from this
course
Recommended 1.Sharma, O.P. 2017. Plant Taxonomy. (II Edition).The McGraw Hill Companies.
Texts
2. Bhojwani, S.S. Bhatnagar, S.P and Dantu, P.K. 2015. The Embryology of
Angiosperms (6th revised and enlarged edition). Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
3. Maheshwari, P. 1963. Recent Advances in Embryology of Angiosperms. Intl. Soc.

Plant Morphologists, New Delhi.
4. Salisbury, F. B.C.W. Ross.1991. Plant Physiology. Wassworth Pub. Co. Belmont.
5. Ting, I.P. 1982. Plant Physiology. Addison Wesley Pb. Philippines.
90
Reference 1.Lawrence.G.H.M. 1985. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy, Central Book Depot,
Books Allahabad.
2. Bhojwani, S.S and Bhatnagar, S.P. 2000. The Embryology of Angiosperms (4th
revised and enlarged edition). Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
3. Pandey, B.P. 2012. Plant Anatomy. S Chand Publishing.
4. Jain, VK. 2006. Fundamentals of Plant Physiology, S. Chand and Company Ltd.
5. Rajni Gupta. 2012. Plant Taxonomy: Past, Present and Future. Vedams (P) Ltd.
New Delhi.
6. Jain, V.K. 2006. Fundamentals of Plant Physiology, S.Chand and Company Ltd.,
New Delhi.
7. Verma, S.K. 2006. A Textbook of Plant Physiology, S.K.Chand & Co., New
Delhi.
Web Resources https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Plant_Taxonomy.html?id=0bYs8F0Mb9gC&

redir_esc=y
2.
https://books.google.co.in/books/about/PLANT_TAXONOMY_2E.html?id=Roi0lw
SXFnUC&redir_esc=y
3. https://archive.org/EXPERIMENTS/plantanatomy031773mbp
4. https://www.amazon.in/Embryology-Angiosperms-6th-S-P-Bhatnagar-
ebook/dp/B00UN5KPQG
5. https://www.crcpress.com/Plant-Physiology/Stewart-
Globig/p/book/9781926692692
91
CO 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
CO 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
CO 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 3
CO 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3
CO 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2
92
ELECTIVE ALLIED BOTANY PRACTICALS
Title of the Course Allied Botany

PRACTICALS
Paper Number Core Allied Practicals
Semester II Code

per week Practice
- - 2 2
Pre-requisite Practicals pertaining to above subjects is important to get knowledge on
various aspects of plants.
Learning Objectives
C1 To enhance information on the identification of each taxonomical group by
developing the skill-based detection of the morphology and microstructure of
microorganisms, algae, and fungi.
C2 To comprehend the fundamental concepts and methods used to identify
Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms through morphological
changes and evolution, anatomy and reproduction.
C3 To be familiar with the basic concepts and principles of plant systematics.
C4 Understanding of laws of inheritance, genetic basis of loci and alleles.
C5
To learn about the physiological processes that underlie plant metabolism.
On completion
of this course, the
CO
1. To study K1
the internal
organization
of algae and
fungi.
2. Develop K2
critical
understanding
on
morphology,
anatomy and
reproduction
of
Bryophytes,
Pteridophytes
and
Gymnosperm
s..
93
3. To study K3
the classical
taxonomy
with
reference to
different
parameters.
4. Understand K4
the
fundamental
concepts of
plant anatomy
and
embryology
K5
5. To study
the effect of
various
physical
factors on
photosynthesi
s.
EXPERIMENTS
Make suitable micro preparation of the types prescribed in Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes,
Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms.
2. Micro photographs of the cell organelles ultra structure.
3. Simple genetic problems.
4. To describe in technical terms, plants belonging to any of the family prescribes and to
identify the family.
6. To dissect a flower, construct floral diagram and write floral formula.

7. Economic importance of Families studied
8. Demonstration experiments
1. Ganong’s Light screen
2. Ganong’s respiroscope
3. Ganong’s Potometer
9. To make suitable micro preparations of anatomy materials prescribed in the syllabus.
10. Spotters - Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperm
anatomy, Embryology, Cell biology and Biotechnology.
94
Component (is a part of examinations UPSC / TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR / GATE / TNPSC /others
internal component to be solved
only,Not to be included
in the External
Examination
question paper)
Recommended Texts Sharma, O.P. 2017. Bryophyta, MacMillan India Ltd, New Delhi.
2. Sharma, O.P. 2012. Pteridophyta, Tata McGraw-Hills Ltd, New Delhi.
3. Subramaniam, N.S. 1996. Laboratory Manual of Plant Taxonomy. Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Benjamin, A. Pierce. 2012. Genetics- A conceptual Approach. W.H. Freeman and
Company, New York, England.
5.Noggle G.R and G.J. Fritz. 2002. Introductory Plant Physiology. Prentice Hall of
India, New Delhi.
95
Reference Books Strickberger, M.W. 2005. Genetics (III Ed). Prentice Hall, New Delhi, India.
2. Nancy Serediak and M. Huynh. 2011. Algae identification lab Guide.

Accompanying manual to algae identification field guide, Ottawa Agriculture and
Agri food Canada publisher.
3. Mohammed Gufran Khan, Shite Gatew and Bedilu Bekele. 2012. Practical
manual for Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. Lambert Academic Publishing.
4. Aler Gingauz. 2001. Medicinal Chemistry. Oxford University Press & Wiley
Publications.
5. Steward, F.C. 2012. Plant Physiology Academic Press, US
Web resources
1. https://www.amazon.in/Practical-Manual-Pteridophyta-Rajan-
Sundara/dp/8126106883
2.
https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Gymnosperms/3YrT5E3Erm8C?hl=en
&gbpv=1&dq=gy mnosperms&printsec=frontcover
3. https://www.amazon.in/Computational-Phytochemistry-Satyajit-Dey-Sarker-
ebook/dp/B07CV96NZJ
4. https://medlineplus.gov/genetocs/understanding/basics/cell/
5. https://apan.net/meetings/apan45/files/17/17-01-01-01.pdf
6. http://www.cuteri.eu/microbiologia/manuale_microbiologia_pratica.pdf
7. https://www.amazon.in/Manual-Practical-Bryophyta-Suresh-
Kumar/dp/B0072GNFX4
96
CO 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
CO 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
CO 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 3
CO 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3
CO 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2
97
NON-MAJOR ELECTIVE-I
1. ORGANIC FARMING
Title of ORGANIC FARMING

the
Course
Paper Non-Major Elective-I
Numbe
r
Category Elective Year I Credits 2 CourseCode
Semester I

per week 2 - - 2
Pre-requisite To understand the various applications of environmental biotechnology.
Learning Objectives
C1 To enable students to gain knowledge on the scope of organic
farming and its significance.
C2 To impart practical insights sustainable agriculture, green
manuring, recycling and composting.
C3 To understand the physical and chemical properties of soil.
C4 To study sustainable agriculture.
C5 To know about the importance of biofertilizers.
Course outcomes: Programm
On completion of this e Outcomes
course, the students will
be able to: CO
1. Recognize the different K1

forms of biofertilizers and
their uses.
2. Explain and interpret the K2
components, patterns, and
processes of bacteria for
growth in crop production.
3. Apply techniques for K3
synthesizing green manure
and develop strategies to
increase crop yield.
4. Analyze and decipher the K4
significance of biofertilizers
in soil fertility.
5. Develop new strategies to K5
enhance growth and quality
check of medicinal herbs
98
considering the practical
issues pertinent to India.
UNIT CONTENT
S
Soil – physical, chemical properties. Soil pollution – oil, chemicals –fertilizers, pesticide
and herbicide, non-degradable solids, biomagnification, consequences of land pollution –
I damage to soil and crops.
Organic farming – definition, basic concept of organic farming, integrated plant nutrient
supply management, integrated insect pest and disease management, integrated soil and
II water management. Sustainable agriculture practices-crop rotation, mixed cropping.
Management of organic wastes and green manures: Farm manures, Composts, Mulches and
pest control, importance of organic manure, importance of green manure, crops of green
III manure, oil cake. Animal based organic manure–cow dung, vermicompost-methods,
production and utilization.
Biofertilizers–classification, nitrogen fixers–Rhizobium, Cyanobacteria, Azolla and
IV Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza.
Recycling of bio-degradable municipal, agricultural and Industrial wastes –
V biocompost making methods.
Profession / TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR / GATE / TNPSC /others to be solved
Compone
nt (is a
part of
internal
component
only, Not
to be
included in
the
External
Examinati
on
question
paper)
from this
course
99
Recommen 1. NIIR Board. 2012. The complete Technology Book on Biofertilizer and organic
ded Texts farming. 2nd Edition. NIIR Project Consultancy Services.
2. Sathe, T.V. 2004. Vermiculture and Organic Farming. Daya publishers.
3. Subba Rao N.S. 2017. Biofertilizers in Agriculture and Forestry. Fourth
Edition.Medtech.
4. Vayas,S.C, Vayas, S. and Modi, H.A. 1998. Bio-fertilizers and organic Farming
Akta Prakashan, Nadiad.
5. Dongarjal, R.P and Zade, S.B. 2019. Insect Ecology and Integrated Pest
Management Akinik Publications, New Delhi.
Reference Vayas,S.C, Vayas, S and Modi, H.A. 1998. Bio-fertilizers and organic Farming
Books: Akta Prakashan, Nadiad.
2. Sathe, T.V.2004. Vermiculture and Organic Farming. Daya publishers.
3 Subha Rao, N.S.2000. Soil Microbiology, Oxford & IBH Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Reddy, S.R. 2019. Fundamentals of Agronomy Kalyani Publications, Uttar Pradesh
5. Tolanur, S. 2018. Fundamentals of Soil Science IIndEdition , CBS Publishers ,
New Delhi
Web 1. https://www.amazon.com/Beginners-Practical-botanical-horticulture-landscape-
Resources ebook/dp/B00MOURUNY
2. https://www.e-booksdirectory.com/listing.php?category=323
3. http://www.freebookcentre.net/Biology/Agriculture-Books.html
4.https://casfs.ucsc.edu/about/publications/Teaching-Organic-Farming/PDF-
downloads/TOFG-all.pdf
5.
https://www.amazon.in/s?k=the+organic+farming+manual&hvadid=726365635
75133&hvbmt=bb&hvdev=c&hvqmt=b&tag=msndeskstdin-
21&ref=pd_sl_6sbf0qtxcy_b
CO1 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2
CO 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 2 3 2 3
CO 3 2 2 3 3 1 2 2 3 2 3
CO 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 2 3
CO 5 3 3 2 3 1 2 3 3 3 3

100
1. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Title of ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

the
Course
Paper Non-Major Elective-I
Numbe
r
Semester I

per week 2 - - 2
Pre-requisite To understand the various applications of environmental biotechnology.
Learning Objectives
C1 To introduce the student to the various developed and
applications of environmental biotechnology.
C2 To provide knowledge about the scope of bioremediation and
bioleaching using GMOs.
C3 To study about pollution of water bodies.
C4 To know about bioremediation.
C5 To study about biomineralization.
Course outcomes: Programm
On completion of this e Outcomes
course, the students will
be able to: CO
1. Recognize the various K1

causes of pollution and
control measures.
2. Explain about the K2
beneficially role of GMOs
on environment.
3. Reflect upon various K3
sustainable environmental
protection strategies.
4. Analyze the different K4
methods of air, water, and
soil quality monitoring
process.
101
5. Evaluate the K5
implications of
international legislations
and policies for
environmental protection.
UNIT CONTENT
S
Introduction:
The environment-soil, water and air, Pollution and its causes (outline only)
I
Source and treatment of polluted waters and effluents:
Pollution of water bodies by heavy metals and pesticides – removal of heavy
II metals and pesticides by Biosorption. Removal of oil spills by using microbes.
Biological treatment of sewage – characteristics of sewage and objectives in
sewage treatment
– Anaerobic digestion.
Soil and air pollution and their treatment:
III Soil pollution by Xenobiotics. Degradation of Xenobiotics – pathways of phenol,
pentachlorophenol and polychlorinated biphenyl degradation.
Bioremediation:
IV Introduction to bioremediation, ex situ and in situ bioremediation.
Biometallurgy and related topics:
V Biomineralization – bioleaching - Biofilms and biocorrosion.
Profession / TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR / GATE / TNPSC /others to be solved
Compone
nt (is a
part of
internal
component
only, Not
102
to be
included
in the
External
Examinati
on
question
paper)
from this
course
Recommen 1. Alan Scragg. 1999. Environmental Biotechnology. Pearson Education Limited.
ded Texts 2. Dubey R.C. 2004. A text book of Biotechnology aspects of microbiology, British
Sun Publication.
3. Joseph C. Deniel. 1996. Environmental aspects of microbiology, British Sun
Publication.
4. Keeshav Thehan. 1997. Biotechnology, New age international )P) Limited, New
Delhi.
5. Chandra, A.M and Ghosh, S.K. 2010. Remote sensing and Geographical
Information System, Narosa Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
Reference 1. Sharma, P.D. 2005. Environmental Microbiology, Narosa Publishing House Pvt.
Books: Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Raina Maier M. Iran Pepper L., Charles P. Gerba, 2000, Environmental
Microbiology, Academic press, U.K.
3. Alexander N. Glazer and Hiroshi Nikaido. 1994. Microbial Biotechnology.
4. Special issue on Bioremediation and biodegradation. Indian Journal of
Experimental Biology, September 2003. Vol. 41(9). National Institute of Science
Communication and Information Resources, CSIR New Delhi.
5. Keddy, P.A. 2017. Plant Ecology: Origins, processes, consequences. 2nd ed.
Cambridge University Press. ISBN. 978-1107114234.
Web 1. https://www.elsevier.com/books/environmental-biotechnology/vallero/978-0-12-
Resources 407776-8
2. http://www.freebookcentre.net/biology-books-download/Environmental-
Biotechnology.html
3. https://www.amazon.in/INTRODUCTION-ENVIRONMENTAL-
BIOTECHNOLOGY-K-Chatterji-ebook/dp/B00K7YGIWI
4. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Textbook_of_Environmental_Biotechnol
ogy.html?id=Q2ROFx0WtBQC&redir_esc=y
5. http://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b28045907.pdf
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103
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104
2. NURSERY AND LANDSCAPING
Title of the NURSERY AND LANDSCAPING

Course
Paper Number Non-Major Elective-I
Category Elective Year I Credits 2 Course
Semester I Code

per week 2 - - 2
Pre-requisite Students should know about the fundamental concepts of nursery and
landscaping.
Learning Objectives
C1 To recognize the importance of growing plants and practice the
knowledge gained by developing kitchen garden and ornamental garden.
C2 To be able to design gardens and become entrepreneur in Horticulture.
C3 To study the methods of propagation.
C4 To know about nursery structure.
C5 To learn about gardening.
course, the students
will be able to:
CO
1. Recognize the basic K1
principles and
Components of
gardening.
2. Explain about bio- K2
aesthetic planning and
conceptualize flower
arrangement.
3. Apply techniques K3 &
for design various K6
types of gardens
according to the
culture and art of
bonsai.
4. Compare and K4
contrast different
105
garden styles and
landscaping patterns.
5. Establish and K5 & K6
maintain special
types of gardens for
outdoor and indoor
landscaping.
UNIT CONTENTS
Introduction, prospects and scope of nursery and landscaping.
I
Methods of Propagation – cutting, layering, grafting, budding, Floriculture – Rose,
II Chrysanthemum, Jasmine – cultivation.
Gardening – formal garden, informal garden, vegetable garden, landscaped layout
III designing – formation and maintenance of lawn.
IV Nursery structures – Green house – Shade house, Mist chamber – Topiary, Bonsai
culture.
V Manures, composting – vermicomposting.
(is a part of
internal
component
only, Not to
be included
in the
External
Examination
question
paper)
from this
course
Recommended Texts 1. Amarnath V. 2006. Nursery and Landscaping, M/s IBD Publishers, New
Delhi.
2. Butts, E and Stensson, K. 2012. Sheridan Nurseries: One hundred years
of
People, Plans, and Plants. Dundurn Group Ltd.
3. Russell, T. 2012. Nature Guide: Trees: The world in your hands(Nature
Guides). Mukherjee D. Gardening in India, Oxford IBH publishing co,
New Delhi.
4. Kumar, N. 1997. Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi
Publications, Nagercoil.
5. Butts, E. and Stensson, K. 2012.Sheridan Nurseries: One hundred years
of People,Plans, and Plants. Dundurn Group Ltd.
106
Reference Books 1. Edmond Musser and Andres, Fundamentals of Horticulture, McGraw
Hill Book Co. New Delhi.
2. Agrawal, P.K. 1993. Hand Book of Seed Technology, Dept. of Agriculture
and Cooperation, National Seed Corporation Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Janick Jules. 1979. Horticultural Science. (3rd Ed.), W.H. Freeman and
Co.,San Francisco, USA.
4. Singh, J. 2018. Fundamentals of Horticulture. Kalyani Publishers.
5. Sharma V. K. 1999. Encyclopaedia of Practical Horticulture, Vol I –IV,
Deep And Deep Publ. Pvt. Ltd.
Web Resources 1. https://www.kopykitab.com/higher-education-ebooks/higher-education-
ebooks/Agricultural-Industry-agriculture-eBooks/Nursery-And-
Landscaping-by-V-Amarnath
2. https://www.amazon.in/Nursery-Landscaping-Veena-
Amarnath/dp/8177542788
3. https://www.amazon.in/Gardening/b?ie=UTF8&node=1637077031
4. https://in.pinterest.com/pin/496733033900458021/?lp=true
5. https://www.gardenvisit.com/ebooks
CO1 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 3
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CO 4 3 2 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
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107
NON-MAJOR ELECTIVE-II
1. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
Title of the MUSHROOM CULTIVATION

Course
Paper
Number Non-Major Elective-II
Semester II

per week 2 - - 2
Pre-requisite Basic knowledge on structure and function of various groups of
mushrooms.
Course Objectives
C1 To learn and develop skills in mushroom cultivation.
C2 To understand and appreciate the role of mushrooms in Nutrition,
Medicine and health.
C3 To cultivate mushroom cultivation in small scale industry.
C4 To learn about diseases and post harvest technology.
C5 To study new methods and strategies to contribute to
mushroom production.
Course outcomes: Programme
On completion of this Outcomes
able to: CO
1. Recall various types K1
and categories of
mushroom.
2. Explain about various K2
types of food technologies
associated with mushroom
industry.
3. Apply techniques studied K3

for Cultivation of various
types of mushroom.
4.Analyze and decipher K4
the environmental factor and
Economic value associated
with mushroom cultivation
108
5. Develop new methods K5 & K6
and strategies to contribute
to mushroom production.
UNIT CONTENTS
Introduction: Morphology, Types of Mushroom, identification of edible and
I poisonous mushroom, Nutritive values, life cycle of common edible mushrooms.
Mushroom cultivation, prospects and scope of Mushroom cultivation in small
II scale Industry.
Life cycle of Pleurotus spp and Agaricus spp.
III
Spawn production, growth media, spawn running and harvesting of mushrooms
IV and marketing.
Diseases and post harvest technology, Insect pests, nematodes, mites, viruses,
V fungal competitors and other important diseases.
(is a part of
internal
component
only,Not to be
included in
the External
Examination
question
paper)
this
course
Recommended 1. Handbook of Mushroom Cultivation. 1999. TNAU publication.
Texts 2. Marimuthu, T., Krishnamoorthy, A.S., Sivaprakasam, K. and Jayarajan. R. 1991.
Oyster Mushrooms, Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore.
3. Swaminathan, M. 1990. Food and Nutrition. Bappco, The Bangalore Printing
and Publishing Co. Ltd., No. 88, Mysore Road, Bangalore - 560018.
4. Sing. 2005. Modern Mushroom Cultivation, International Book Distributors,
Dehradun.
5. Verma, 2013. Mushroom: edible and medicinal: cultivation
conservation, strainimprovement with their marketing. Daya Publishing House.
109
Reference 1. Handbook of Mushroom Cultivation. 1999. TNAU publication.
Books 2. Marimuthu, T., Krishnamoorthy, A.S., Sivaprakasam, K. and Jayarajan. R.
1991. Oyster Mushrooms, Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
3. Swaminathan, M. 1990. Food and Nutrition. Bappco, The Bangalore Printing
and Publishing Co. Ltd., No. 88, Mysore Road, Bangalore - 560018.
4. Nita Bahl. 2002. Handbook on Mushroom 4th edition Vijayprimlani for oxford
& IBH publishing co., Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi. Dr.C. Sebastian Rajesekaran Reader
in Botany Bishop Heber College, Trichy – 17.
5. Suman. 2005. Mushroom Cultivation Processing and Uses, M/s. IBD Publishers
and Distributors, New Delhi.
Web 1. https://www.amazon.in/Mushroom-Cultivation-India-B-C/dp/817035479X
Resources 2. http://nrcmushroom.org/book-cultivation-merged.pdf
3. http://agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/files/ICAR_8.pdf
4. http://www.agrimoon.com/mushroom-culture-horticulture-icar-pdf-book/
5. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Mushroom_Cultivation_in_India.html
?id=6AJx99OGTKEC&redir_esc=y
COs PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8

CO1 S S M L M M
CO 2 S M S M S
CO 3 M S M S
CO 4 S S S S M S
CO 5 S S M S S
110
2. HERBAL MEDICINE
Title of the Course HERBAL MEDICINE
Paper Number Non-Major Elective-II
Category Elective Year I Credits 2 Course

Semester II Code

per week 2 - - 2
Pre-requisite To understand the importance of herbal medicine.
Learning Objectives
C1 To understand the nuances of medicinal plants and their
phytoconstituents of commercial value
C2 To design and develop medicinal garden.
C3 To apply the knowledge to cultivate medical plants.
C4 To know the pharmacological importance of medicinal plants.
C5 To enlist phytochemicals and secondary metabolites of market and
commercial value.
CO
1. Define and describe the K1
principle of cultivation of
herbal products.
phytochemistry of
economically important
medicinal herbs
3. Apply techniques for K3
evaluation of drug
adulteration through
biological testing.
4. Formulate the value K4
added processing /
storage / quality control
for the better use of
herbal medicine.
5. Develop the skills for K5 & K6
cultivation of plants and
their value added
processing/storage/quality
control.
111
UNIT CONTENTS
Importance and Relevance of Herbal drugs in Indian System of Medicine,
I Pharmacognosy – Aim and scope.
Medicinal gardening – Gardens in the Hills and plains; House gardens;
II plants for gardening – Poisonous plants – Types of plant poison; action
of poisons; treatment for poisons, some poisonous plants; their toxicity
and action.
Adulteration of crude drugs and its detection – methods of adulteration;
III types of adulteration. Medicinal plants of export values; rejuvenating
herbs; Medicinal uses of Non-flowering plants.
Botanical description and active principles of Root drugs; Rhizomes
IV woods and bark drugs (Two examples for each plant organs).
Botanical description and active principles of leaves; Flowers; Fruits seed
V and entire plants as drugs. Taxonomic study of some selected herbals
(Two examples for each plant organs).
Component (is a part examinations UPSC / TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR / GATE / TNPSC /
of internal component others to be solved (To be discussed during the Tutorial hour)
only, Not to be
included in the
External Examination
question paper)
course
Recommended Texts 1. Somasundaram, S. 1997. Medicinal botany (Maruthuvar
Thavaraviyal) – (Tamil Medium Book).
2. Wallis, T.E. 1967. Text Books of Pharmacognosy. J. & A. Churchill
Ltd., London,
3. Jains, S.K.. 1996. Medicinal Plants. Deep Publications, New Delhi.
4. Srivastava, A.K. 2006, Medicinal Plants, International Book
Distributors, Dehradun.
5. Agarwal,O.P. 1985, Vol. II, Chemistry of organic – natural
products. S Chand & Company, New Delhi.
6. Gamble, J.S. and Fisher, 1921, CEC I, II, III Flora of the Presidency,
Madras Volumes.
7. Mathew K.M., 1988, Flora of the Tamilnadu and Carnatic.
Reference Books 1. Nair, N.C and Henrry, A.N. 1983, Flora of Tamil Nadu, India,
Botanical Survey of India.
2. Chopra, R.N., Nagar S.L., and Chopra, I.C. 1956, Glossary of Indian
Medicinal Plants.
3. Chopra, R.N., Chopra, I.C., Handa, K.L., and Kapur L.D., 1994,
Indigenous drugs of India.
4. Chopra, R.N., Badhuvar R.L and Gosh, G. 1965. Poisonous plants in
112
India.
5. Miller, L and Miller, B. 2017. Ayurveda & Aromatherapy: The Earth
Essential Guide to Ancient Wisdom and Modern Healing. Motilal
Banarsidass, Fourth edition.
6. Patri, F and Silano, V. 2002. Plants in cosmetics: Plants and plant
preparations used as ingredients for cosmetic products - Volume 1. ISBN
978-92-871-8474-0, pp 218.
Web Resources 1. https://www.barnesandnoble.com/b/free-ebooks/nook-
books/alternative-medicine-natural-healing/herbal-medicine/_/N-
ry0Z8qaZ11iu
2. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783540791157
3. https://www.gpatonline.com/gpat/book-reference-pharmacognosy
4.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334670695_Book_review-
_Herbal_Drug_Technology
5. http://www.eurekaselect.com/node/173492/herbal-medicine-back-
to-the-future
CO1 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 1
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CO 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 1 3
113
3. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Title of the GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

Course
Paper Number Non-Major Elective-II
Semester II

per week 2 - - 2
Pre-requisite To understand the implications of carbon and ecological footprint.
Learning Objectives
C1 To gain insights on the impact of greenhouse effect on global
climate change and mitigation measures.
C2 To understand the implications of carbon and ecological footprint.
C3 To apply the knowledge to green house effects.
C4 To know the rain and its effects on plants.
C5 To know about Global Environmental change issues.
able to: CO
1. Relate to the K1
anthropogenic pressure on
the environment andcarbon
footprint.
physical basis of natural
green gas house effect on
man and materials.
3. Evaluate human K3
influenced driver of our
climate system and its
applications
4. Analyze the causes and K4
Effects of depletion of the
stratospheric ozone layer.
5. Develop new strategies to K5 & K6
mitigate issues of global
environmental change.
UNIT CONTENTS
114
Global Environmental change issues. UNFCC, IPCC, Koyoto protocol,
I CDM, Carbon footprint and ecological footprint.
Stratospheric ozone layer: Evolution of ozone layer; Causes of depletion
II and consequences; Effects of enhanced UV-B on plants, microbes,
animals, human health and materials; Global efforts for mitigation ozone
layer depletion.
Climate change: Green house effects; causes; Green house gases and
III their sources; Consequences of climate, oceans, agriculture, natural
vegetation and humans; International efforts on climate change issues.
Atmospheric deposition: Past and present scenario; Causes and
IV consequences of excessive atmospheric deposition of nutrients and trace
elements; Eutrophication.
V Acid rain and its effects on plants, animals, microbes and ecosystems.
Extended Questions related to the above topics, from various competitive
Professional examinations UPSC / TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR / GATE / TNPSC /
Component (is a part others to be solved
of internal component
only, Not to be
included in the
External
Examination
question paper)
course
Recommended Texts 1. Adger, N. Brown, K and Conway, D. 2012. Global Environmental
Change: Understanding the Human Dimensions. The National Academic
Press.
2. Turekian. K. K. 1996. Global Environmental Change-Past, Present, and
Future. Prentice-Hall.
3. Eugene Odum, 2017. Fundamentals of Ecology 5th Ed. Cengage,
Bengaluru.
4. Sharma P.D. 2019. Plant ecology and phytogeography, Rastogi
Publications, Meerut.
5. Neeraj Nachiketa. 2018 Environmental & Ecology A Dynamic
approach. 2nd Edition GKP Access Publishing.
Reference Books 1. Matthew. R.A. 2009. Jon Barnett, Bryan McDonald. Global
Environmental Change and Human Security. MIT Press., USA.
2. Hester, R.E and Harrison, R.M. 2002. Global Environmental Change.
Royal Society of Chemistry.
3. Keddy, P.A. 2017. Plant Ecology: Origins, processes, consequences.
2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. ISBN. 978-1107114234.
4. Krishnamurthy, K.V. 2004. An Advanced Text Book of Biodiversity-
Principles and Practices. Oxford and IBH Publications Co. Pvt. Ltd.
New Delhi.
5. Kormondy, E.J. 2017. Concepts of Ecology. Prentice Hall, U.S.A. 4th
edition.
115
Web Resources 1. https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/subjects/the-environment-climate-
change-ebooks/2074/
2. http://www.ebooks-for-all.com/bookmarks/detail/Climate-
Change/onecat/Electronic-books+Environment-and-
nature/0/all_items.html
3. https://www.smashwords.com/books/category/4727/newest/0/free/any
4. https://www.free-ebooks.net/environmental-studies-academic/Global-
Warming
5. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/14673/climate-change-evidence-
impacts-and-choices-pdf-booklet
CO1 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 3
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116
ELECTIVE COURSE I
1. BIO-ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
Title of the BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

Course
Paper Number Elective-I
Category Elective Year III Credits 2 CourseCode
Semester V

per week 3 - - 3
Pre-requisite To impart expertise about analysis and
research.
Learning Objectives
C1 To understand the principle, operation and maintenance of various
tools/equipment in the laboratory.
C2 Perform experiments using the laboratory instruments, formulate
experiments for project work and evaluate critically the acquisition of data.
C3 To equip students to collect, analyze and evaluate data generated by their
own inquiries in a scientific manner.
C4 To give an exposure to various forms of field research and data analysis
techniques.
C5 To provide an overview on modern equipments that they would help
students gain confidences to instantly commence research careers and/or
start entrepreneurial ventures.
Course Programme Outcomes
outcomes:
On completion
of this course,
the students will
be able to:
CO
1. Relate to the K1
various
biological
techniques and its
importance.
K2
2. Explain the
principles of
Light
microscopy,
compound
microscopy,
Fluorescence
117
microscopy and
electron
microscopy
3. Apply suitable K3
strategies in data
collections and
disseminating
research
findings.
4. Compare and K4
contrast the
significance of
different types of
chromatography
techniques.
5. Develop K5 & K6
methodologies
for extraction
and analysis of
biochemical
compounds.
UNIT CONTENTS
I MICROSCOPY:
I Principles of microscopy; Light microscopy; compound microscopy, bright field
microscope, dark field microscope, phase-contrast microscope, Fluorescence
microscopy; Transmission and Scanning electron microscopy. Microscopic
measurements-micrometry, Microscopy drawing: Camera Lucida.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS:
II Principle; Paper chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Column
chromatography, Gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry (GCMS), High
Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
ELECTROPHORESIS AND PH METER:

III Basic principle, construction and operation of pH meter. Polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis (PAGE), Agarose Gel Electrophoresis.
118
IV SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND CENTRIFUGATION TECHNIQUE:
IV Principle and law of absorption, construction, operation and uses of colorimeter and
UV–Visible spectrophotometer, Principles, methods of centrifugation, types of
centrifuge and applications.
BIOSTATISTICS:
V Data collection methods, population, samples, parameters; Representation of Data:
Tabular, Graphical– Histogram – frequency curve – Bar diagram–measures of central
tendency – Mean, Median and Mode; Standard deviation, Standard error, Chi-square
test and goodness of fit –t–test.
(is a part of
internal
component
only, Not to
be included
in the
External
Examination
question
paper)
from this
course
Recommended Texts 1. Sharma, V.K. 1991. Techniques in microscopy and cell biology, Tata
McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
2. Sawhney, S.K and Randhir Singh. 2000. Introductory practical biochemistry

, Narosa Publishing House.
3. Asokan, P. 2001. Basics of analytical biochemistry. Chinna Publications.
4. Bajpai, P.K. 2006. Biological instrumentation and methodology. S. Chand

& Company, New Delhi.
5. Veerakumari, L. 2009. Bioinstrumentation. MJP Publications.
6. Palanivelu, P. 2013. Analytical Biochemistry and Separation techniques,

20th century publications, Palkalai nagar, Madurai.
119
Reference Books
1.Rana, S.V.S. 2009. Biotechniques: Theory and Practice. Rastogi Publications.
2. Zar, J.H. 2012. Biostatistical Analysis. 4th edition. Pearson Publication.
U.S.A.
3. Sundar Rao, P.S.S and Richard, J. 2011. Introduction to Biostatistics and
research methods, PHI learning Private Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Johansen, D.A. 1940. Plant Micro technique, TATA McGraw Hill Book Co.
, Ins., New Delhi.
5.Peter Gray. 1964. Handbook of Basic Micro technique. McGraw hill
publication, New York.
6. Cooper, T.G. 1991. The Tools of Bio - chemistry, John Wiley & sons, London.
7. Dey, P.M and Harborne, J.B. 2000. Plant Biochemistry Harcourt Asia Pvt. Ltd.
8. Plummer, D.T. 2003. An introduction to practical Biochemistry. 3rd Edn. Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi.
9. Zar, J.H. 1984. Biostatistics Analysis, Prentice Hall International, England Cliffs,
New Jersy.
Web Resources 1. https://www.kobo.com/in/en/ebook/bioinstrumentation-1
2. https://www.worldcat.org/title/bioinstrumentation/oclc/74848857
3. https://www.amazon.in/Bioinstrumentation-M-H-Fulekar-Bhawana-Pandey-
ebook/dp/B01JP3M9TW
4. https://www.amazon.in/Handbook-Biomedical-Instrumentation-R-S-Khandpur-
CO1 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 3 2
CO 2 3 3 2 2 1 3 2 3 3 3
CO 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 2 2
CO 4 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 3 3 2
CO 5 3 2 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 2
120
ELECTIVE I
1. AQUATIC BOTANY
Title of the AQUATIC BOTANY

Course
Semester V

per week 3 - - 3
Pre-requisite To understand ecological functions and economic uses of aquatic
plants.
Learning Objectives
C1 To give an overview of the distribution of lower plants forms and its
ecological significance.
C2 To enable students to understand the ecological functions and economic uses
of aquatic plants.
C3 To equip students to collect, analyze and identify the planktons.
C4 To give an exposure to various forms seaweeds.
C5 To know about the values and uses of aquatic plants..
outcomes:
On completion
of this course,
the students will
be able to:
CO
1. Recognize K1
aquatic plants
and their
ecological
importance.
2. Explain about K2
commonly
occurring
marine and
limnetic algae
of the Indian
coasts.
3. Apply K3
techniques for
conservation of
aquatic plants
121
for value
addition.
4. Analyze and K4
decipher the
significance and
properties of
mangroves,
other aquatic
angiosperms
and microalgae.
5. Develop new K5 & K6
strategies to
conserve
mangroves and
device
innovative
methods for
cultivation of
aquatic plants.
UNIT CONTENTS
MARINE AND LIMNETIC MACRO ALGAE:
I Common seaweeds of Indian subcontinent: Ulva, Caulerpa, Sargassum,
Gracilaria, etc. Common terrestrial algae, including cyanobacteria and lichen
photobionts of Indian subcontinent and its life cycle, ecology and taxonomy:
Anabaena, Chlorella, Scenedesmus.
MANGROVES:
II Mangrove forests of India, including Sundarbans, Pichavaram, Kerala mangroves,
Rathnagiri mangroves. Common species of mangroves and mangrove associated
plants, including Avicennia, Rhizophora, Acanthus and Aegiceras. Ecological
significance of mangroves.
PHYTOPLANKTONS, CYANOBACTERIA, DINOFLAGELLATES AND
III DIATOMS:
Common marine microalgae of India, including phytoplanktons and
picoplanktons, Common diatoms and dinoflagellates of Indian Ocean, Common
limnetic and terrestrial cyanobacteria of India.
AQUATIC ANGIOSPERMS:
IV Common aquatic angiosperms of India, including Lotus, Water Lilly, Water
hyacinth. Ecology, life cycle, taxonomy and economic importance of aquatic
angiosperms.
VALUES AND USES OF AQUATIC PLANTS:
V Economic importance of aquatic plants, Ecosystem services of aquatic plants,
including biogeochemical cycles, oxygen production and carbon sequestration and
so on, edible seaweed and algal resources of India, aesthetic, cultural, spiritual
importance of aquatic plants.
122
(is a part of
internal
component
only, Not to
be included
in the
External
Examination
question
paper)
from this
course
Recommended Texts 1. Lee, R.E. 2008. Phycology. 4th edition. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
2. Wile, J.M, Sherwood, L.M and Woolverton, C.J. 2013.. Prescott’s
Microbiology. 9th Edition. Mc Graw Hill International.
3. Kumar, H.D. 1999. Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West
Press, Delhi.
4. Hoek, C. Van, D. 1999. An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge
University Press.
5. Daubenmire, R.F.1973. Plant and Environment. John Willey.
6. Sharma, J.P.2004. Environmental Studies, Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd.
New Delhi.
7. Bast, F. 2014. Seaweeds: Ancestors of land plants with rich diversity.
Resonance, 19(2) 1032-1043 ISSN: 0971-8044.
Reference Books 1. Kathiresan, K and S.Z. Qasim 2005. Biodiversity of Mangrove
Ecosystems. Hindustan Lever Limited.
2. Allan, J.D. and Castillo, M.M. 2009. Stream Ecology (Second Ed.).
Springer, Netherlands.
3. Barnes, R.S.K. 1974. Fundamentals of Aquatic Ecosystems, (R.S.K.
Barnes & K.H. Mann,eds.), Blackwell Sci. Publ., London, 229 pp.
4. Bennet, G.W. 1971 Management of Lakes and Ponds. von Nostrand
Reinhold Co.,NY.375 pp.
5. Goldman, C.R. & A.J. Horne 1983. Limnology.McGraw Hill
Internat.Book.Co.Tokyo,464 pp.
6. Boney, A.D., 1975. Phytoplankton. Edward, Arnold, London.
Web Resources 1. http://kyry6.gq/73447c/aquatic-botany-published-by-elsevier-
science.pdf
2. http://fuls7.gq/82442e/aquatic-botany-published-by-elsevier-
science.pdf
4. http://dwit21.cf/7744a1/aquatic-botany-published-by-elsevier-
science.pdf
123
5. https://www.amazon.in/Aquatic-Plants-iFlora-Plant-Guide-
ebook/dp/B07NS9V7LN
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124
ELECTIVE I
2. ENTREPRENEURIAL BOTANY
Title of the
Course ENTREPRENEURIAL
BOTANY

Semester VI

per week 3 - - 3
Pre-requisite To develop innovative ideas to exploit the economically useful plant
products for commercial purposes.
Learning Objectives
C1 To enable students to develop innovative ideas to exploit the economically
useful plant products for commercial purposes.
C2 To inculcate entrepreneurial values to start a new business. To enlighten
people about bioventure.
C3 To comprehend the molecular
processes.
C4 To expose the students a fundamental of the various value added
products.
C5 To introduce the entrepreneurial
opportunities.
the students will be able to: CO
1. Recognize K1
the
significance of
government
agencies for
entrepreneurs
hip
development.
2. Explain K2
about
entrepreneuria
l values, risk
assessment
and solutions
125
3. Make use K3
of
entrepreneuri
al
opportunities.
4. Analyze K4
and decipher
the
significance
of bioventure
and value
added
products.
5. Devise K5& K6
innovative
methods for
making value
added
products.
UNIT CONTENTS
NTRODUCTION:
I Need - definition and concept - Types and characterization - entrepreneurial
values- motivation and barriers-entrepreneurship as innovation, risk
assessment and solutions.
BIOVENTURE:
II Industry - overview of Spirulina, Pleurotus, Natural dyes, Banana fibers,
Wine, Hydroponics, Drumstick and coconut - Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO)
and Pure Plant Oil (PPO) -methods and marketing - fresh and dry flowers for
aesthetics.
VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS:
III Canning of fruits - process and equipment, fruit and vegetable based products
(squash) - ready to serve (RTS) (syrup, pulp, paste, ketchup, soup, vegetable
sauces, jam and jellies), Palmyrah Palm products, Perfumes from
Rose/Jasmine - Bamboo and cane based products-virgin coconut oil, jasmine
oil production, nutraceuticals, standards and quality management.
ORGANIZATIONS AND AGENCIES:
IV TIIC, DIC, NABARD, MICROSTAT, DBT - case study - sarvodaya –
SIDCO – Micro Small and Medium Enterprises – support structure for
promoting entrepreneurshoip – various government schemes.
ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES:
V Understanding a market and assessment, selection of an enterprise, business
planning, mobilization of resources, Break Even Analysis, project proposal
(guidelines, collection of information and preparation of project report), steps
in filing patents, trademarks and copyright, Intellectual Property Rights,
export and import license.
126
(is a part of
internal
component
only, Not to
be included
in the
External
Examination
question
paper)
from this
course
Recommended Texts 1. Taneja,S.and Gupta,S.L.2015. Entrepreneurship development, New venture
creation, Galgeha publication company, New Delhi.ISSN: 2321-8916.
2. Desai,V.,2015. Entrepreneurship development, First edition.Himalaya

publication house, Mumbai. ISBN:9789350973837.
3. Khanna,S.S. 2016. Entrepreneurial development.S.Chand company limited,

New Delhi.ISBN:9788121918015.
4. Bendre, M. Ashok and Ashok Kumar, A. 2020. Text Book of Practical

Botany 1 (10th ed). Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
5. Singh, R and U.C. Singh 2020. Modern mushroom cultivation, 3d Edition

Agrobios (India), Jodhpur.
127
Reference Books 1. Manohar,D.1989. Entrepreneurship of small scale
industries,vol.III.Deepanddeep publication, New Delhi. ISSN: 09735925.
2. Lal,G.,Siddhapa,G.S.andTandon,G.L.,1988.Preservation of fruits and

vegetables. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). ISSN:0101-
2061.
3. Ranganna,S.,2001.Handbook of analysis and quality control of fruits and

Vegetable products, Second edition, Tata Mc Graw hill, New Delhi.ISBN:
780074518519.
4. Gupta. P.K.,1998. Elements of Biotechnology. Rastogi publications,

Meerut.
5. Edmond Musser and Andres, Fundamentals of Horticulture, McGraw Hill

Book Co.New Delhi.
128
Web Resources 1. https://store.pothi.com/book/ebook-priya-lokare-botanical-
entrepreneurship/
2. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/b14920-15/value-
added-products-microalgae-faizal-bux
3. https://www.amazon.in/Microalgae-Biotechnology-Health-Value-
Products-ebook/dp/B0845QXPY3
4. https://www.elsevier.com/books/value-addition-in-food-products-and-
processing-through-enzyme-technology/kuddus/978-0-323-89929-1
5. https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/selling-today-
partnering/9780134477404/xhtml/fileP7001011940000000000000000001D
EB.xhtm
129
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130
ELECTIVE-II
1. HORTICULTURE
Title of the HORTICULTURE

Course
Paper Number Elective-II

Semester VI

per week 2 1 - 3
Pre-requisite Students should know fundamental knowledge on
horticulture applications.
Learning Objectives
C1 To gain an understanding of the fundamentals of horticulture
and techniques needed to grow and maintain plants.
C2 To develop skills in students to work as gardeners,
therapists, designers, growers and technical advisors in the food
and non-food sectors of horticulture.
C3 To know about hydroponic culture.
C4 To develop the various horticultural crop protection.
C5 To impart the knowledge on market preparation.
1. Enumerate the concepts K1
in horticulture and nursery
management.
2. Demonstrate a working K2
knowledge on biology of
soil, compost making,
designing and planning of
garden, pest, diseases and
nutrient management
practices.
3. Appraise the importance of K
floriculture and evaluate the 3
contribution of spices and
condiments on economy.
4.Analyze different methods of K4
weed control in horticultural
crops.
131
5. Develop their competency K5
on pre and postharvest & K6
technology in horticultural
crops.
UNIT CONTENTS
Importance and scope of horticulture. Classification of horticultural crops –fruits
I and vegetables. Essentials of nursery Management - Soil management: Garden
soil, Physical and chemical properties of soil, Organic matter, Compost, Cultural
practices; Water management: Water quality, Irrigation, Mulching. Nursery
structures: Protected cultivation (greenhouses), environment controls.
Hydroponic culture-types of container. Use of manures and fertilizers in
II Horticultural crop production. Principles of organic farming. Environmental
factors influencing vegetable and fruit production.
Horticultural crop protection; physical control - pruning. Chemical control- pesticides,
III fungicides. Plant propagation - cutting, layering, budding, grafting. Types of gardens:
formal, informal, kitchen and Terrace. Indoor gardening-bottle garden. Floriculture,
ornamental gardening.
A brief account of annual, biennials and perennials with reference to ornamental
IV gardens. Green house, terrarium, water garden, rockery plants, bonsai techniques.
Landscaping, principles and basic components.
Technology of horticultural crops - market preparation: harvesting and handling,
V packaging and transport, storage; chemical treatment. Economics of cultivation
Crops: Cardamom, pepper, clove. Food processing - freezing, bottling and
canning, drying and chemical preservation.
(is a part of
internal
component
only, Not to
be included
in the
External
Examination
question
paper)
from this
course
132
Recommended Texts 1. Hartmann, H.T and D.E. Kester. 1989. Plant propagation – principles and
practices. Half of India. New Delhi.
2. Bose, T.K and Mitra and Sadhu. 1991. Propagation of tropical and
subtropical horticultural crops. Naya Prakash.
3. Singh, S.P. 1989. Mist propagation Metropolitan book Co., New Delhi.
4. Chadha, K.L. 1986. Ornamental horticulture in India ICAR, Krishi
Bhavan, New Delhi.
5. Bose, T.K and Mukharjee, D. 1977. Gardening in India. Oxford & IBH
Pub., Co., Calcutta.
6. Gopalswamy Iyyangar. 1970. Complete gardening in India, Kalyan
Printers, Bangalore.
7. Rangaswami, G and Mahadevan, A. 1999. Diseases of Crop Plants in
India (4th edition). Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Reference Books 1. Arditti, A. 1977. Orchid biology, Gornell Univ., Press. Ithaca.
2. Bailey, S. 1971. Perpectual flowering carnation, Fabner and Fabner,
London.
3. Laurie, A., Kiplingr, D.D and Nelson, K.S. 1968. Commercial flower
forcing. Mc Graw-Hill Book, London.
4. Cumming, R.W. 1964. The chrysanthemum Book. D.Van., Nostrand Inc.
5. Biswas, T.D. 1984. Rose growing – Principles and Practices – Assoc., Pub.,
Co., New Delhi.
6. Hartman, H.T and Kester, D.E. 1989. Plant propagation. Printice Hall
Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Abraham, A and Vatsala, P. 1981. Introduction to Orchids. Trop. Bot.
Garden, Trivandrum.
8. Bose, T.K and Yadav, L.P. 1989. Commercial flowers. Naya Prakash,
Calcutta.
9. Mc Daniel, G.L. 1982. Ornamental horticulture. Reston Publ., London.
10. Helleyer, A. 1976. The Collingridge Encyclopedia of gardening
Chartwell Book, Inc., New Jercy.
Web Resources 1. https://www.kopykitab.com/Precision-Horticulture-by-Archarya-SK
2. https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/subjects/science-horticulture-ebooks/423/
3. http://www.agrimoon.com/horticulture-icar-ecourse-pdf-books/
4. https://www.worldcat.org/title/handbook-of-horticulture/oclc/688653648
5. https://cbseportal.com/ebook/vocational-books-horticulture
6. http://www.digitalbookindex.org/_search/search010agriculhortigardena.asp
133
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134
ELECTIVE-II
2. NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Title of the NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Course
Paper Elective-II
Number
Semester VI
Instructional Lecture Tutorial Lab Practice Total
Hours 2 1 - 3
per week
Pre-requisite To understand the concept of different natural resources and their utilization.
Learning Objectives
C1 To develop an appreciation for the natural resources and their
ecological and economic impact.
C2 To gain an understanding of various strategies of natural resource
management.
C3 To understand the concept of different natural resources and their
utilization.
C4 To create the models of natural resource conservation and
maintenance.
C5 To study the significance of natural resources pertaining to
economy and environment.
CO
1. Relate to significance of K1
natural resources pertaining to
economy and environment
2. Understand the concept of K2
different natural
resources and their
utilization.
3. Evaluate the management K3
strategies of different natural
resources.
4. Critically analyze the K4
sustainable utilization land,
water, forest and energy
resources.
5. Design new models of K5
natural resource conservation & K6
and maintenance.
135
UNIT CONTENTS
Introduction to Natural Resource Bases: Concept of resource,
I classification of natural resources. Factors influencing resource
availability, distribution and uses. Interrelationships among different
types of natural resources. Concern on Productivity issues. Ecological,
social and economic dimension of resource management.
Forest resources: forest vegetation, status and distribution, major forest
II types and their characteristics. Use and over-exploitation, deforestation,
case studies. Timber extraction, mining, dams and their effects on forest
and tribal people, forest management. Developing and developed world
strategies for forestry. Land resources: Land as a resource. Dry land, land
use classification, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion
and desertification.
Landscape impact analysis, wetland ecology & management. Water
III resources: Use and over-utilization of surface and ground water, floods,
drought, conflicts over water, dams-benefits and problems. Water
ecology and management. Energy resources: Growing energy needs,
renewable and non-renewable energy sources, use of alternate energy
sources. Case studies Food resources: World food problems, changes
caused by agriculture and over-grazing, effects of modern agriculture,
fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case-studies. Fish
and other marine resources: Production, status, dependence on fish
resource, unsustainable harvesting, issues and challenges for resource
supply, new prospects.
Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of
IV extracting and using mineral resources, case studies. Resource
Management Paradigms: Resource management the evolution and history
of resource management paradigms. Resource conflicts: Resource
extraction, access and control system. Approaches in Resource
Management: Ecological approach; economic approach; ethnological
approach; implications of the approaches; integrated resource
management strategies. Poverty and implications in Resource
Management in developing countries – Poverty in developing countries,
causes and link with resources scarcity and poverty.
Management of Common International Resources: Ocean, climate,
V International fisheries and management commissions; Antarctica: the
evolution of an international resource management regime. Case Studies:
1. Resource management in mountain ecosystem 2. Dry-land ecosystem
3. The management of marine and coastal resources 4. Case study of
shifting Cultivation 5. Mangrove ecosystem and their management.
136
Professional examinations UPSC / TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR / GATE / TNPSC /
Component (is a part others to be solved
of internal (To be discussed during the Tutorial hour)
component only,Not
to be included in the
External
Examination
question paper)
Recommend 1. Vasudevan, N. 2006. Essentials of Environmental Science. Narosa Publishing
ed Texts House, New Delhi.
2. Singh, J. S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S. 2006. Ecology, Environment and Resource
Conservation. Anamaya Publications, New Delhi.
3. Rogers, P.P., Jalal, K.F. and Boyd, J.A. 2008. An Introduction to Sustainable
Development. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.
4. United States Government Accountability Office.2008. Natural Resource
Management. Nova Science Publishers Inc, 10th Edition
5. Stacy Keach. 2016. Natural Resources Management. Syrawood Publishing House
6. Rathor, V.S. and Rathor B. S. 2013. Management of Natural Resource for
Sustainable Development. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi.
Reference 1. Coastal Ecology & Management, Mann, K.H. 2000. Ecology of Coastal Waters
Books with Implications for Management (2nd Edition).Chap. 2-5, pp.18-78 & Chap. 16,
pp.280-303.
2. Global Change and Natural Resource Management, Vitousek, P.M. 1994. Beyond
global warming: Ecology and global change. Ecology 75, 1861-1876.
3. Agarwal, K.C., 2001. Environmental Biology, Nidhi Publication Ltd. Bikaner.
4. Cunningham, W.P. Cooper, T.H. Gorhani, E & Hepworth, M.T. 2001,
Environmental Encyclopedia, Jaico Publishing House.
5. Heywood, V.H. & Watson, R.T. 1995. Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge
Univ. Press.
6. Miller T.G. Jr. Environmental Science, Wadsworth Publishing Co. (TB).
7. Townsend C., Harper J, and Michael Begon. Essentials of Ecology, Blackwell
Science.
8. Francois Ramade 1984. Ecology of Natural Resources. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
9. Odum, E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders Co. USA, 574p.
137
Web 1. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Natural_Resource_Management.html
resources ?id=Tz9iDMhttps://books.google.co.in/books/about/Natural_Resource_Man
agement.html?id=Tz9iDM6crLIC&redir_esc=y
2. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Natural_Resource_Conservation_and
_Enviro.html?id=T2SRuhxpUW8C&redir_esc=y
3. https://www.amazon.in/MANAGING-NATURAL-RESOURCES-FOCUS-
WATER-ebook/dp/B00OPTWHOE
4. https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebooks/natural-resources
5. https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/natural-resources-management/195183
6. 6crLIC&redir_esc=y
7. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Natural_Resource_Conservation_and
_Enviro.html?id=T2SRuhxpUW8C&redir_esc=y
8. https://www.amazon.in/MANAGING-NATURAL-RESOURCES-FOCUS-
WATER-ebook/dp/B00OPTWHOE
9. https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebooks/natural-resources
10. https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/natural-resources-management/195183
CO1 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1
CO 2 3 1 2 1 3 3 2 3 3 3
CO 3 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 2 1 2
CO 4 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 3 2
CO 5 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 3 1 3
138
ELECTIVE-II
3. FORESTRY
Title of the FORESTRY

Course
Paper Elective-II
Number
Category Elective Year II Credits 2 CourseCode
Semester VI

per week 2 1 - 3
Pre-requisite Prior knowledge on trees, forests and their importance.
Learning Objectives
C1 To study the distribution pattern, composition and diversity of
forest ecosystem
C2 To understand the method of forest management principles and
conservation.
C3 To enable them to meaningfully contribute in the forest
conservation.
C4 To raise student awareness of the need to create a sustainable way
of living and the current global issues with forestry caused by
human interference.
C5 To provide a platform to appreciate biodiversity and the
importance.
CO
1. Relate to the basic K1
concepts related to forest
distribution, degradation,
protection, management and
resource utilization.
2. Understand complex K2
interactions of humans and
forest ecosystems in a global
context.
3. Demonstrate skills for K3
ecological measurements and
interpretation of forest
ecology management.
139
4. Examine and decipher K4
the factors influencing
forest vegetation, forest
degradation and methods of
wood preservation
5. Develop new strategies K5 & K6
and apply the knowledge
gained for problem-
solving analysis in the
conservation and management
of forest ecosystems.
UNIT CONTENTS
SILVICULTURE:
Forests - definition. Extent of forests in India and other countries. Forest types
of India and Tamil Nadu - revised classification - pure and mixed stands - even
and uneven aged stands. Role of forests. Factors of locality - climatic - edaphic
- topographic - biotic - interaction of forest with the environment. Silviculture
I - objectives - scope - general principles. Regeneration - natural and artificial.
Nursery techniques - containerized seedling production - techniques and
methods. Vegetative and clonal propagation techniques and methods - macro
and micro propagation techniques.
FOREST MENSURATION AND MANAGEMENT:
Forest Mensuration - Definition and objectives. Measurement of diameter,

II girth, height, crown and volume of trees - methods and principles - tree stem
form - form factor. Volume estimation of stand - age - basal area determinations
Stem and Stump Analysis. Forest inventory - sampling techniques and methods
- measurement of crops - sample plots. Yield calculation - CAI and MAI -
volume, yield and stand tables preparation.
FOREST UTILIZATION AND WOOD TECHNOLOGY:
Logging - extraction of timber - felling rules and methods - conversion methods

- conversion season. Implements used - cross cutting system - sawing - different
types - extraction methods. Grading of timbers. Transportation of timbers -
major and minor transportation methods Storage and sales of logs - sales depot
- management of depots. Recent trends in logging - Ergonomics and RIL. Forest
products - Timber - timber, fuel, pulp, paper, rayon and match. Wood
Composites - plywood, particle board, fiber boards, MDF, hardboard,
III insulation boards - production technology. Non timber forest products (NTFP)
- collection - processing and storage of NTFP - fibres and flosses - bamboos
and canes - katha and bidi leaves - essential oils and oil seeds - gums and resins
- tans and dyes - drugs - insecticides - lac and shellac - tassar silk - role of tribal
co-operative societies.
140
FOREST BIOLOGY AND BOTANY:
Forest ecology - definition - biotic and abiotic components - forest ecosystem -

forest community - concepts - succession - primary productivity - nutrient
cycling. Composition of forest types in India - classification of India’s forests -
IV species composition - association and diversity. Restoration ecology - global
warming - green house effects - ozone layer depletion - acid rain - role of trees
in environmental conservation. Biodiversity - Definition, origin, types - factors
endangering biodiversity - biodiversity hotspots - endemism - Red Data Book.
Biodiversity assessments - principles and methods.
FOREST BOTANY:
Importance of botany - taxonomic classification of plant species - identification
of species - composition and association. Dendrology - principles and
establishment of herbaria and arboreta. Tree Improvement - Forest Genetics
and Tree Breeding - Definition and concepts - Steps in tree improvement -
V
Variation and selection - Progeny Evaluation Test (PET) - Candidate Tree, Plus
Tree, Elite trees - use of provenances and seed sources - heritability and genetic
gains - hybrids in tree improvement - heterosis exploitation. Seed production
Area and seed orchards - types and establishment. In situ and ex situ gene
conservation. Exotics - role of exotic forest trees in India - application of

biotechnological methods in forestry.
AGRO FORESTRY AND SOCIAL FORESTRY:
Agro forestry - definition, concept and objectives. Classification of agro

forestry systems - primary systems and subsystems - inheritance effects. Tree-
crop interactions - above and below ground - competition for space, water, light
and nutrients. Microclimatic modifications - nutrient cycling and soil fertility
improvement - Allelopathy and allelochemicals. - Ecological aspects of agro
forestry - benefits and limitations of agro forestry. Agro forestry practices for
different agro-climatic zones of Tamil Nadu. Agro forestry practices for
wasteland reclamation. Social forestry - objectives and scope and necessity - its
components and implementation in local and national levels - social attitudes
and community participation. JFM - principles, objectives and methodology -
choice of species for agro forestry and social forestry. Urban Forestry -
definition and scope - benefits - choice of tree species - planting techniques and
management.
141
a part of
internal
component
only, Not to be
included in the
External
Examination
question paper)
course
Recommended Texts 1. Manikandan, K and S. Prabhu. 2013. Indian forestry, a breakthrough
approach to forest service. Jain Bros.
2. Roger Sands. 2013. Forestry in a global context, CAB international.
3. Balakathiresan. S.1986. Essentials of Forest Management. Natraj
Publishers, Dehradun.
4. Agarwala, V.P. 1990. Forests in India, Environmental and Protection
Frontiers. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.
5. Chundawat, B.S. and Gautham, S.K. 1996. Text book of Agro forestry.
Oxford and IBH publisher, New Delhi.
6. Singhi, G.B. 1987. Forest Ecology of India, Publisher: Rawat.
7. Ramprakash. 1986. Forest management. IBD Publishers, Debra Dun.
8. Tiwari, K.M. 1983. Social forestry in India. Nataraj Publishers, Dehra
Dun.
9. Mehta, T. 1981. A handbook of forest utilization. Periodical Expert
Book Agency, New Delhi.
10. Nair, N.C and Henry, A.N. 1983. Flora of Tamilnadu, India. Series: 1,
Analysis, Vol.1. BSI, Coimbatore, India.
142
Reference Books 1. Donald L. Grebner.Jacek P. Siry and Pete Bettinger. 2012.
Introduction to forestry and Natural resources Academic press
2. West, P.W. 2015. Tree and forest measurement, Springer
international publishing Switzerland.
3. Kollmann, F.F.P and Cote, W.A. 1988. Wood science and
Technology. Vol. I & II Springer Verlag, New York.
4. Agarwala, V.P. 1990. Forests in India, Environmental and
Protection Frontiers. OxfordIBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
5. Belcher, B.M. 1998. A production-to-consumption systems
approach: Lessons from thebamboo and rattan sectors in Asia. In:
Wollenberg, E and A. Ingles (Eds.). Incomes from the forest:
methods for the development and conservation of forest products
for localcommunities. Center for International Forestry Research
(CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia.
6. Chomitz, K.M., with P. Buys, G. De Luca, T.S. Thomas, and S.
WertzKanounnikoff. 2007. Incentives and constraints shape forest
outcomes. In: At loggerheads? Agricultural expansion, poverty
reduction and environment in tropical forests. The World Bank,
Washington, DC.
7. Rao, K.R. and Juneja, K.B.S. 1992. Field identification of 50
important timbers of India. ICFRE Publi. Dehradun 123 p.
Web resources 1. http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServe
r/WDSP/IB/2006/10/19/000112742_2006
1019150049/Rendered/PDF/367890Loggerheads0Report.pdf.
2. https://www.britannica.com/science/forestry
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry.
4. https://www.biologydiscussion.com/forest/essay-
forest-importance.major-products-and-its-
conservation/25119
5. https://academic.oop.com
6. https://www.cbd.int˃development˃doc.
7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agriculture-and-biological-
science-forest-product.
143
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CO 4 3 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1
CO 5 3 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 2
144
ELECTIVE-III
1. BIONANOTECHNOLOGY
Title of the Course

BIONANOTECHNOLOGY
Paper Number
Elective-III
Category Elective Year III Credits 2 Course
Semester VI Code

per week 2 1 - 3
Pre-requisite To provide an insight into the principles of nanotechnolgoy in
biological and medical research.
Learning Objectives
C1 To provide students with comprehensive knowledge of
basics in nanotechnology.
C2 To enable the students understand and appreciate the various
applications of nanoparticles.
C3 To give perspective to researchers and students who are
interested in
nanoscale physical and biological systems and their applications
in medicine.
C4 To introduce the concepts in nanomaterials and their use with
biocomponents to synthesize and interact with larger systems.
C5 To impart knowledge on the most recent molecular diagnostic
and
therapeutic tools used to treat various diseases.
1. Relate to the essential K1
features of biology and
nanotechnology that are
converging to create the new
area of bionanotechnology
2. Explain the synthesis of K2
nanomaterials and their
applications.
3. Apply the knowledge gained K3
to develop nanomaterials
145
4. Compare the K4
advantages and
disadvantages of
nanoparticles in
health, medicine and
environment.
5. Construct various types of K5
nanomaterial for & K6
application and
evaluate the impact on
environment.
UNIT CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY:
I History, Concepts, Prospects and Challenges. Scope of nanotechnology in Indian
and global perspectives. Definition - Nanoscience, Nanotechnology.
Classification based on the dimensionality- basic understanding of 1D, 2D and 3D
nanostructures. Overview of nanoparticles, nanoclusters - nanotubes, nanowires
and nanodots. Biotemplates – DNA to build nanocubes and hinges – smart glue,
DNA as wire template.
SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES:
II Synthesis of nanoparticles - Top down and bottom up approach. Methods of
synthesis: Physical, Chemical reduction – reducing agents, capping agents,
stabilizing of nanoparticles and Biological – Novel synthetic methods using plant
extracts, bacteria and fungi.
FOREST UTILIZATION AND WOOD TECHNOLOGY:
III PROPERTIES & CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOPARTICLES:
Nano size effects - optical, electrical, mechanical, magnetic and catalytic activity.
Characterization of nanoparticles using UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, TEM,
Atomic force microscopy, Scanning tunnel microscopy, NMR, X-ray
Crystallography and Photoluminescence.
NANOCARRIERS:
IV Introduction. Nanocarriers for drug delivery (DDS) – Polimeric nanotubes and
solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as carriers, controlled release, site specific
targeting. Magnetic nanoparticles as drug carriers and its applications.
APPLICATIONS OF NANOPARTICLES:
V Textiles, Food industry - nutraceutical, Medicine - antimicrobial activity, wound
healing and dressing; Environment – green manufacturing. Agriculture -
nanofertilizers and nanopesticides. Smart biosensors – Components and its
application.
146
(is a part of
internal
component
only, Not to
be included
in the
External
Examination
question
paper)
from this
course
Recommended 1. Charles, P. Poole, Jr. & Frank J. Owens. 2003. Introduction to
Texts Nanotechnology, A
John Wiley & Sons, INC., Publication.
2. George, K. Knopf & Amarjeet S. Bassi. 2006. Smart Biosensors. CRC
Press.
3. Pradeep, T. 2007. Nano: The Essentials, Understanding Nanoscience and
4. Sulabha, K. Kulkarni. 2007. Nanotechnology: Principles and Practices.
Capital
5. Christof, M. Niemayer, Chad A. Mirkin. 2004. Nanobiotechnology:
Concepts,
applications and perspectives, Wiley VCH publishers.
6. Jain, K.K. 2001. Nanobiotechnology: Molecular Diagnosis, Taylor
Francis Group.
7. Sharma P.K. 2008. Understanding Nanotechnology. Vista International
Publishing
House, Delhi.
8. Viswanathan B. 2009. Nano Materials. Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi.
Reference Books 1. Claudio Nicolini. 2009. Nanotechnology Nanosciences, Pon Stanford
Pub.Pvt.Ltd,
2. Robert, A and Ferias, Jr. 1999. Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic
capabilities, Landes Bioscience.
3. Barbara Panessa-Warren. 2006 Understanding cell-nanoparticle
interactions making nanoparticles more biocompatible. Brookhaven
National Laboratory.
4. European Commission, SCENIHR. 2006. Potential risks associated with
engineered and adventitious products of nanotechnologies, European
Union.
147
5. Gysell Mortimer, 2011. The interaction of synthetic nanoparticles with
biological systems PhD Thesis, School of Biomedical Sciences, Univ.of
Queensland.
6. Murty, B.S., Shankar, P., Raj, B., Rath, B.B., Murday, J. 2013. Textbook
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Spirnger Publication.
7. Prashant Kesharwani. 2019. Nanotechnology-Based Targeted Drug
Delivery Systems for Lung Cancer. Academic Press. An imprint of
Elsevier.
Web resources 1. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/3527602453
2. https://www.elsevier.com/books/nanobiotechnology/ghosh/978-0-12-
822878-4
3. https://www.routledge.com/Nanobiotechnology-Concepts-and-
Applications-in-Health-Agriculture-and/Tomar-Jyoti-
Kaushik/p/book/9781774635179
4. https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/periodicals/ebook_a.php
5. https://phys.org/news/2014-10-endless-possibilities-bio-
nanotechnology.html
6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC419715/
7. https://phys.org/news/2014-10-endless-possibilities-bio-
nanotechnology.html
8. http://www.particle-works.com/applications/controlled-drug-
release/Applications
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148
ELECTIVE-III
2. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN BOTANY
Title of the COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN BOTANY

Course
Paper Elective-III
Number
Semester VI

per week 2 1 - 3
Pre-requisite To equip students with computational skills for drug design.
Learning Objectives
C1 To familiarize the student with the fundamentals concepts of bioin
C2 To equip students with computational skills for drug design.

C3 To learn about the bioinformatics database, data format and
data retrieval from online sources.
C4 To develop interdisciplinary skills in using computers in botany
to learn about the biological database.
C5 Student is aware with the most recent technologies for
sequencing and
bioinformatics analysis and is able to apply them to the structural
and functional genomics of plants.
the students
will be able to: CO
1. Recognize advanced K1
resources for accessing
scholarly literature from the
internet.
2. Explain the concept of K2
databases and use of
different public domainfor
DNA and proteins sequence
retrieval.
3. Apply various software K3
resources with advanced
functions to carry out
analysis of data procured
through research.
149
4. Decipher the effective K4
utilization of bibliography
management software while
typing and downloading
citations.
5. Determine how the K5 &
knowledge gained can be used K6
for designing experiments and
data interpretation.
UNIT CONT
ENTS
Introduction to computers and Bioinformatics. Introduction to
Computers – classification, computer generation, low, medium
and high level languages, software and hardware, operating
I systems personal, mini, main frame and super computers,
characteristics and application, computer memory and its types,
data representation and storage. Microsoft excel, data entry,
graphs, aggregate functions, formulas and functions,
number systems, conversion devices,
secondary storage media
Biological Research on the web: Using search engines, finding scientific articles.
II Fundamentals of networking, internet, intranet, search engines- yahoo, Google,
etc. telnet, ftp.
Computer fundamentals - programming languages in bioinformatics, role of
III supercomputers in biology. Historical background. Scope of bioinformatics -
Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics, Molecular Phylogeny,
computer aided Drug Design (structure based and ligand based approaches),
Systems Biology and Functional Biology. Applications and Limitations of
bioinformatics.
Introduction to databases. Biological databases- NCBI, EMBL and DDBJ. Data
Generation and Data Retrieval Generation of data (Gene sequencing, Protein
sequencing, Mass spectrometry, Microarray), Sequence submission tools
(BankIt, Sequin, Webin); Sequence file format (flat file, FASTA, GCG, EMBL,
Clustal, Phylip, Swiss-Prot); Sequence annotation; Data retrieval systems (SRS,
IV Entrez) DNA sequencing methods. protein sequencing Phylogenetic analysis
Similarity, identity and homology, Alignment – local and global alignment,
pairwise and multiple sequence alignments, alignment algorithms. Methods of
Alignment (Dot matrix, Dynamic Programming, BLAST and FASTA);
Phylogenetic analysis: Construction of phylogenetic tree, dendrograms, methods
of construction of phylogenetic trees.
Applications:
V Application of Taxonomic Software for preparation of Dichotomous Key.
Phylogenetic analysis.
Make line drawing of Plants for description. Usage of plant identification apps on
android phones. Computer application in biostatistics - MS Excel and
SPSS.Computer Aided Designing (CAD) for outdoor and indoor Land scaping.
Exposure to CAD (Computer Aided Designing).
150
(is a part of
internal
component
only,Not to be
included in
the External
Examination
question
paper)
course
Recommended 1. P.K. Gupta. Biotechnology and Henomics. 2016-2017. Rastogi
Texts Publications, 7th Reprint (1st Edition.
2. Ghosh, Z., Mallick, B. 2008. Bioinformatics – Principles and Applications,
1st edition. New Delhi, Delhi: Oxford University Press.
3. Baxevanis, A.D. and Ouellette, B.F., John.2005. Bioinformatics: A Practical
Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins, 3rd edition. New Jersey, U.S.:
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4. Roy, D. 2009. Bioinformatics, 1st edition. New Delhi, Delhi: Narosa
Publishing House.
5. Andreas, D., Baxevanis, B.F., Francis, Ouellette. 2004. Bioinformatics: A
practical guide to the analysis of genes and proteins, 3rd edition. New Jersey,
U.S.: John Wiley and Sons.
6. Pevsner J. 2009. Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, 2nd edition. New
Jersey, U.S.: Wiley Blackwell.
7. Xiong J. 2006. Essential Bioinformatics, 1st edition. Cambridge, U.K.:
Cambridge University Press.
Reference 1. Gibas, C and Jambeck, P. 1999. Developing Bioinformatics Skills. O’Reilly
Books Shroff Publishers and Distributors Pvt, Ltd., New York, US.
2. David W. Mount. 2004. Bioinformatics Sequence and Genome Analysis.
2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, US.
3. Harshitha, D. 2006. Techniques of Teaching Computer Science,
International Book Distributor, Dehradun.
4. Chwan-Hwa (John) Wu, J. David Irwin. 2016. Computer networks and
cyber security. CRC Press.
5. Rui Jiang, Xuegong Zhang and Michael Q. Zhang. 2013. Basics of
Bioinformatics. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
6. Ron Wehrens and Reza Salek. 2019. Metabolomics: Practical Guide to
Design and Analysis. Chapman and Hall/CRC; 1st edition.
7. Simon, R. Miller and S.A. Garry. 1998. Internet for the Molecular
Biologists. Volume III 2nd Edn. Horizontal Scientific Press, Norwich, UK.
151
Web Resources: 1. http://www.agrimoon.com/introduction-to-computer-applications-pdf-book/
2. https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/subjects/computers/
3. https://it.careers360.com/download/ebooks
4. http://www.aun.edu.eg/molecular_biology/Procedure%20Bioinformatics22.23-
4-2015/Xiong%20-
%20Essential%20Bioinformatics%20send%20by%20Amira.pdf
5. http://www.freebookcentre.net/Biology/BioInformatics-Books.html
6. https://courses.cs.ut.ee/MTAT.03.242/2017_fall/
uploads/Main/Basics_of_Bioinformatics.pdf
152
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153
ELECTIVE-III
3. FORENSIC BOTANY
Title of the FORENSIC BOTANY

Course
Paper Elective-III
Number
Semester VI Code

per week 2 1 - 3
Pre-requisite The course will provide basic knowledge about the application of Botany
to Forensic investigations and legal disputes.
Learning Objectives
C1 The provide basic knowledge about the application of
Botany to Forensic investigations and legal disputes.
C2 To provide students with knowledge of palynology,
dendrology, plant anatomy, pharmacognosy, molecular
biology and toxic compounds from plants that could serve as
leads in crime spots.
C3 To learn classification of plants from forensic point of view.
C4 To understand forensic importance of different parts of plants.
C5 To develop and identify main morphological and anatomical
features of plants, which could be useful for forensic
investigations.
Course outcomes:
On completion of this course, Programme Outcomes
CO
1. Recognize morphological K1
and anatomical features of
plants, which could be useful
for forensic investigations.
2. Summarize the forensic K2
importance of different parts
of plants.
3. Apply techniques for the K3
collection and preserve of
botanical evidences of crime.
4. Analyze and decipher the K4
significance of classic and
DNA based forensic
botany cases.
154
5. Interpret and deduce new K5 & K6
methods for the detection of
plant poisons used in crime.
UNIT CONTENTS
General plant classification schemes, Sub specialization of forensic botany-
plant morphology, plant anatomy, plant systematic, palynology, plant
ecology, limnology, Plant architecture- roots, stems, flowers, leaves. Practical
I plant classification schemes: vegetables and herbs, fruits bearing trees and
plants, landscaping plants: trees, shrubs and vines, grasses, plant cell structure
and functions.
Various types of woods, timbers, seeds and leaves and their forensic
importance, Identification and matching of various types of wood, timber
varieties, seeds and leaves. Types of fibers – forensic aspects of fiber
II examinations, Identification and comparison of man–made and natural fibres.
Various types of planktons and diatoms and their forensic importance. Study
and identification of pollen grains, Identification of starch grains, powder and
stains of spices etc. Paper and Paper Pulp identification.
Various types of poisonous plants: Abrus precatorius, Aconitum napellus,
Anacardium occidentale, Argemone mexicana, Cannabis sativa, Claviceps
purpuria, Croton tiglium, Atropa belladonna, Gloriosa superba, Jatropha
III curcas, Lathyrus sativus, Nerium indicum, Nicotiana tabacum, Strychnos nux
vomica, Thevetia nerifolia. Types of plants yielding drugs of abuse – opium,
cannabis, coco, tobacco, datura, Psilocybin mushrooms.
Collection and preservation of botanical evidences: Botanical samples,
IV outdoor crime scene consideration.
Analysis of samples, DNA analysis, plant DNA typing, Classic forensic
V botany cases: Case histories by using Plant anatomy and systematic,
Palynology, Plant ecology, Limnology, Plant Molecular Biology and DNA,
Drug enforcement and DNA.
part of internal
component only,
Not to be
included in the
External
Examination
question paper)
course
155
Recommended 1. Coyle, H.M. 2005. Forensic Botany: Principles and Applications to
Texts Criminal Casework. CRC Press.
2. James, S.H., Nordby J.J., Bell, S. 2015. Forensic Science: An Introduction
to Scientific and Investigative Techniques. CRC Press; 4 edition.
3. David W. Hall, Dr. Jason H. Byrd. 2012. Forensic Botany. Wiley-
Blackwell; United Kingdom.
4. Jane H Bock, David Norris.2015. Forensic Plant Science. Elesvier.
5. Patricia E. J. Wiltshire.2012. Forensic Ecology, Botany, and Palynology:
Some Aspects of Their Role in Criminal Investigation.
Criminal and Environmental Soil Forensics pp 129–149
Reference Books 1. Hall, D.W and Byrd, J. 2012. Forensic Botany: a practical guide. Wiley-
Blackwell, 1edition.
2. Bock, J.H and Norris, D.O. 2016. Forensic Plant Science, Academic Press.
3. Nicholas Marquez Grant, John Wiley. 2012. Forensic Ecology Handbook.
Wiley Backwell.
4. David W. Hall, Jason Byrd. 2012. Forensic Botany: A Practical Guide.
Wiley-Blackwell.
5. Heather Miller Coyle.2007.Forensic Botany: Principles and Applications
to Criminal Casework is packed with details –– David M. Jarzen, Florida
Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, in AASP Newsletter,
Vol. 40, No. 2.
Web Resources 1. https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/forensic-botany
2. https://www.worldcat.org/title/forensic-botany-a-practical-
guide/oclc/796086574
3. https://www.buecher.de/shop/pflanzenoekologie/forensic-botany-ebook-
pdf/hall-david-w--byrd-jason/products_products/detail/prod_id/37354547/
4. https://www.crcpress.com/Forensic-Botany-Principles-and-Applications-
to-Criminal-Casework/Miller-Coyle/p/book/9780849315299
5. http://docshare02.docshare.tips/files/25818/258183613.pdf
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156
SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSE 1
BOTANICAL GARDEN AND LANDSCAPING
Title of the BOTANICAL GARDEN AND LANDSCAPING

Course
Paper Skill Enhancement-1
Number
Category SEC Year I Credits 2 Course
Semester II Code

per week 2 - - 2
Pre-requisite Students should know about the fundamental concepts of gardening and
landscaping.
Learning Objectives
C1 To know about the fundamental concepts of gardening and landscaping.
C2 To provide an overview of various gardening styles and its scope in recreation
and bio-aesthetic planning.
C3 To illustrate the significance of garden adornments and propagation structures.
C4 To inculcate entrepreneurial skills in students for creative landscaping design
using CAD software.
C5 To create the design outdoor and indoor gardens and inculcate entrepreneurial
skills for landscaping.
Course
outcomes: Programme Outcomes
On completion
of this course,
the students
will be able to:
CO
1. Recognize K1
fundamental
concepts of
gardening and
landscaping.
2. Explain K2
about
significance of
garden
adornments
and
propagation
structures.
157
3. Apply K3
techniques of & K6
landscaping
for aesthetic
purposes and
gardening for
recreation.
4. Distinguish K4
between
formal,
informal and
free style
gardens and
their
applications.
5. Develop and K5
design outdoor & K6
and indoor
gardens and
inculcate
entrepreneurial
skills for
landscaping.
UNIT CONTENTS
Principles of gardening, garden components, adornments, lawn making, methods
I of designing rockery, water garden, etc. Special types of gardens, their walk-paths,
bridges, constructed features. Greenhouse. Special types of gardens, trees, their
design, values in landscaping, propagation, planting shrubs and herbaceous
perennials. Importance, design values, propagation, plating, climbers and creepers,
palms, ferns, grasses and cacti succulents.
Flower arrangement: importance, production EXPERIMENTS and cultural
II operations, constraints, postharvest practices. Bioaesthetic planning, definition,
need, round country planning, urban planning and planting avenues, schools,
villages, beautifying railway stations, dam sites, hydroelectric stations, colonies,
river banks, planting material for play grounds.
Vertical gardens, roof gardens. Culture of bonsai, art of making bonsai. Parks and
III public gardens. Landscape designs, Styles of garden, formal, informal and free
style gardens, types of gardens, Urban landscaping, Landscaping for specific
situations, institutions, industries, residents, hospitals, roadsides, traffic islands,
damsites, IT parks, corporate.
Establishment and maintenance, special types of gardens, Bio-aesthetic planning,
IV ecotourism, theme parks, indoor gardening, therapeutic gardening, non-plant
components, water scaping, xeriscaping, hardscaping.
Computer Aided Designing (CAD) for outdoor and indoorscaping Exposure to
V CAD (Computer Aided Designing).
158
(is a part of
internal
component
only, Not to
be included
in the
External
Examination
question
paper)
from this
course
Recommended 1. Acquaah, J. 2009. Horticulture – principles and practices, 4th edition,
Texts PHI learning Pvt. Ltd.
2. Rao Manibhushan K. 1991. Textbook of horticulture. MaC Millan India
Ltd.
3. Gangulee H. C. and Kar A. K. 2004. College Botany Vol II, New Central
Book Agency
4. Sharma V. K. 1999. Encyclopaedia of Practical Horticulture, Vol I –IV,
Deep And Deep Publ. Pvt. Ltd.
5. Singh, J. 2018. Fundamentals of Horticulture. Kalyani Publishers.
Reference Books 1. Berry, F. and Kress, J. 1991. Heliconia: An Identification Guide .

Smithsonian Books.
2. Butts, E. and Stensson, K. 2012.Sheridan Nurseries: One hundred years
of People,Plans, and Plants. Dundurn Group Ltd.
Guides).
4. Acquaah, J. 2009. Horticulture – principles and practices, 4th edition,
PHI learning Pvt. Ltd.
5. Edment Senn Andrews. 1994. Fundamentals of Horticulture.Tata.
McGraw Hill Publishing Co., Ltd., Delhi.
Web resources 1. https://www.amazon.in/Gardening-Landscape-Design-and-Botanical-
Garden/s?rh=n%3A1318122031%2Cp_27%3Aand+Botanical+Garden
2. https://www.overdrive.com/subjects/gardening
3. https://www.scribd.com/book/530538456/Opportunities-in-
Landscape-Architecture-Botanical-Gardens-and-Arboreta-Careers
4. https://www.scribd.com/book/305542619/Botanic-Gardens
5. https://www.overdrive.com/subjects/gardening
159
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160
SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSES SEC 2
HERBAL TECHNOLOGY
Title of the HERBAL TECHNOLOGY

Course
Number
Category SEC Year II Credits 2 CourseCode
Semester III

per week 2 - - 2
Pre-requisite To understand the importance of herbal technology.
Learning Objectives
C1 To provide students with knowledge of herbal drug industry, the quality of raw material, and
guidelines for quality maintenance.
C2 To gain an insight into the commercially important secondary products and significance of
bioprospecting.
C3 To understand various plants based drugs used in ayurvedha, unani, homeopathy, siddha etc.
C4 To apply the knowledge to cultivate medical plants.
C5 To know the pharmacological importance of medicinal plants.
Course
On
completion
of this
course, the
students will
be able to:
CO
1. Define and K1
describe the
principle of
cultivation of
herbal
products.
2. List the K2
major herbs,
their
botanical
name and
chemical
constituents.
161
3. Apply K3
techniques
for
monitoring
drug
adulteration
through the
biological
testing.
4. Analyze K4
and decipher
the
significance
of various
methods of
harvesting,
drying and
storage of
medicinal
herbs.
5. Develop K5 &
the skills for K6
cultivation of
plants and
their value
added
processing /
storage
UNIT CONT
ENTS
Herbal Technology: Definition and scope; Herbal medicines: history and scope;
I Traditional systems of medicine, and overview of AYUSH (Traditional Indian
Systems of Medicine);
Cultivation - harvesting - processing - storage of herbs and herbal products.
Value added plant products: Herbs and herbal products recognized in India; Major herbs
II used as herbal medicines, nutraceuticals, cosmeticals and biopesticides, their Botanical
names, plant parts used, major chemical constituents.
Pharmacognosy - Systematic position, botany of the plant part used and active
III principles of the following herbs: Tulsi, Ginger, Curcuma, Fenugreek, Indian
Gooseberry, Catharanthus roseus, Withania somnifera, Centella asiatica,
Achyranthes aspera, Kalmegh, Giloe (Tinospora), Saravar. Herbal foods, future of
pharmacognosy.
Analytical pharmacognosy: Morphological and microscopic examination of herbs,
IV Evaluation of drug adulteration - types, methods of drug evaluation - Biological testing
of herbal drugs - Phytochemical screening tests for secondary metabolites (alkaloids,
flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds).
162
Plant gene banks, Cultivation of Plants and their value added processing / storage /
V quality control for use in herbal formulations, Introductory knowledge of Tissue culture
and Micro propagation of some medicinal plants (Withania somnifera, neem and tulsi),
(is a part of
internal
component
only, Not to
be included
in the
External
Examination
question
paper)
from this
course
Recommended 1. AYUSH (www.indianmedicine.nic.in). About the systems—An overview of
Texts Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy. New Delhi:
Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy
(AYUSH), Ministry and Family Welfare, Government of India.
2. Evans, W.C. 2009: Trease and Evans PHARMACOGNOSY. 16th Edition,
SAUNDERS / Elsevier.
3. Sivarajan, V.V. and India, B. 1994. Ayurvedic Drugs and Their Plant Sources.. Oxford
& IBH Publishing Company, 1994 - Herbs - 570 pages.
4. Miller, L. and Miller, B. 2017. Ayurveda & Aromatherapy: The Earth Essential
Guide to Ancient Wisdom and Modern Healing. Motilal Banarsidass,; Fourth edition .
5. Kokate, C.K. 2003. Practical Pharmacognosy. Vallabh Prakashan, Pune.
Reference Books 1. Agarwal, P., Shashi, Alok., Fatima, A. and Verma, A. 2013. Current scenario of
Herbal Technology worldwide: An overview. Int J Pharm Sci Res; 4(11): 4105-17.
2. Arbe r, Agnes. 1999. Herbal Plants and Drugs. Mangal Deep Publications, Jaipur.
3. Varzakas, T., Zakynthinos, G, and Francis Verpoort, F. 2016. Plant Food Residues as a
Source of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods. Foods 5 : 88.
4. Aburjai, T. and Natsheh, F.M. 2003. Plants Used in Cosmetics. Phytotherapy Research
17 :987- 1000.
5. Patri, F. and Silano, V. 2002. Plants in cosmetics: Plants and plant preparations
used as ingredients for cosmetic products - Volume 1. ISBN 978-92-871-8474-0, pp
218.
163
Web resources 1. https://www.kopykitab.com/Herbal-Science
2. https://kadampa.org/books/free-ebook-download-
howtotyl?gclid=CjwKCAiA6vXwBRBKEiwAYE7
iS5t8yenurClUCTdV9olKo9TbyAh4fsoFqPYWGs5qBTbytD22z7lo0BoCYnUQAv
D_BwE
3. https://www.barnesandnoble.com/b/free-ebooks/nook-books/alternative-medicine-
natural- healing/herbal-medicine/_/ N-ry0Z8qaZ11iu
4. http://cms.herbalgram.org/heg/volume8/07July/HerbalEBooks.html?t=131000493
2&ts= 1579066352&signature=1dd0d5aef818b19bcdcd6c063a78e404
5. https://www.dattanibookagency.com/books-herbs-science.html
164
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165
*ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILL
ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN BOTANY
Title of the ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN BOTANY

Course

Number
Category SEC Year II Credits 2 Course
Semester III Code

per week 1 - - 1
Pre-requisite To understand the concept of Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Botany.
C1 To enable students to understand about establishment of various ventures after
graduates in Botany using medicinal plants, Biotechniques and marketing of
bioproducts.
C2 To create a mindset among students to start their own companies for income
generation.
C3 The students may understand about various fields of botany.
C4 To develop the concept of Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Botany.
C5 Describe the new strategies to describe marketing and business management
strategy.
Course
On completion
of this course,
the students
will be able to:
CO
1. Relate to K1
how various
fields of botany
could be
understood
with an
entrepreneurial
approach.
2. Explain the K2
concept of
Entrepreneuria
166
l Opportunities
in Botany.
3. Make of the K3
knowledge
gained to start
new venture
using Plant
tissue culture
and plant
products for
commercial
exploitations
4. Decipher K4
effective ways
of making
bioproducts
like organic
acids, solvents,
beverages,
enzymes,
antibiotics,
mushrooms,
biogas and etc.
5. Develop new K5 & K6
strategies to
describe
marketing and
business
management
strategy
including the
role of IPR and
bioethics
regulations for
licensing.
UNIT CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP
I Introduction to Entrepreneurship, Scope and identification of new ventures using
plant resources, Mechanism of product selection and commercialization, General
concept about the Govt. formalities, rules & regulation, Entrepreneurship skill
development.
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

II
167
Production of commercially viable plants through Plant tissue culture technique,
Production of secondary metabolites, solvents, organic acids, beverages, enzymes,
antibiotics.
NEW VENTURE CREATION
III Production of Biofertilizers, Vermicompost, Establishment of medicinal, herbal and
zodiac gardens, Terrace & Kitchen garden, Spirulina and Azolla cultivation,
Mushroom cultivation, Bonsai, Bouquet making, Terrarium.
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIALIZATION

IV Product commercialization and business strategy, Dyes, Cosmetics and Perfumes,
Gums, Resins & Latex, Areca Leaf Plates, cups & bags, Jute Products.
BIO-BUSINESS PLANS, IPR AND BIOETHICS

V Marketing and Business management strategy, Bank loan, Intellectual property
rights, Patent laws - Bioethics and current legal issues, Marketing and public
perceptions in product development – Technology licensing and branding concerns.
Professio / TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR / GATE / TNPSC /others to be solved
nal (To be discussed during the Tutorial hour)
Compone
nt (is a
part of
internal
compone
nt only,
Not to be
included
in the
External
Examinat
ion
question
paper)
from this
course
Recommended Texts 1. Gurinder Shahi. 2004. Bio-Business in Asia: How countries Can
Capitalize on the Life Science Revolution, Pearson Prentice Hall, New
Delhi, India.
2. Karthikeyan, S. and Arthur Ruf. 2009. Biobusiness, MJP
Publications. Chennai, India.
3. Richard Oliver. 2000. The coming Biotech age: The Business of
Biomaterials, McGraw Hill Publications, New York, USA.
168
4. Adams, C.R. Banford, K.M. and Early, M.P. 1993. Principles of
Horticulture.
5. Sathe,T.V. 2004. Vermiculture and Organic farming, Daya Publishers.
Reference books 1. Robin Lowe and Sue Marriott 2009. Enterprise: Entrepreneurship and
Innovation: Concepts, Contexts and Commercialization, Routledge
Publisher, London, UK.
2. Peter F.Drucker, 2009. Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Harper
Collins Publisher, New York, US.
Guides). Mukherjee D. Gardening in India, Oxford IBH publishing co, New
Delhi.
4. Kumar, N. 1997. Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publications,
Nagercoil.
5. Webster, J and Weber, R. 2007. Introduction to Fungi, 3rd Ed.
Cambridge UniversityPress,
Cambridge
Web sources 1.https://www.brainkart.com/article/Entrepreneurial-Botany_38321/
2.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnBla1FfcLo
3.https://www.slideshare.net/krishnashah5891004/ram-power-point-
presentation 4.http://www.brainkart.com/article/Economically-Useful-
Plants-andEntrepreneurial-Botany_38301
4. https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/subjects/gardening/
5. https://www.amazon.in/Preservation-Techniques-Publishing-Technology-
Nutrition-ebook/dp/B00RXCXB3Q
CO1 3 3 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2
CO 2 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
CO 3 2 2 3 1 2 2 1 3 2 1
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169
ELECTIVE – INDUSTRY MODULE
CULTIVATION OF ALGAE
Title of the INDUSTRY MODULE -

Course CULTIVATION OF ALGAE
Paper INDUSTRY MODULE

Number
Semester VI Code

per week 2 - - 2
Pre-requisite Students should know fundamental knowledge on algae
and itsbiotechnological applications.
Learning Objectives
C1 To impart sufficient information about the culture and cultivation of
algae under laboratory and outdoor conditions..
C2 To study the media composition for algae cultivation and high value
products and its applications.
C3 To know about the important seaweeds and its cultivation practices.
C4 To study the SLF production and applications in agriculture crops.
C5 To understand about the Environment Impact Assessment of algal
cultivation.
On completion of
this course, the
students will be able
to:
CO
1. Obtain an in- K1
depth knowledge
on culture and mass
cultivation of algae
and its different
methods.
2. Exploration and K2
recommendation of
the commercial
potential of algal
products.
3. Understand the K3
applied facet of
170
algology and
acquire a complete
knowledge about
the cultivation
methods in algae.
4. Describe the K4
preparation of
seaweed liquid
fertilizers and their
applications in
agriculture and
horticulture.
5. Acquiring the K5 & K6
information about
algal applications in
different industries
and agriculture
fields in the current
scenario.
UNIT CONTENTS
Morphology, life history and mass culture of microalgae:
I Spirulina, Chlorella,Dunaliella and Botryococcus.
High value products: Single Cell Protein (SCP), phycocyanin, β-
II carotene, astaxanthin –biofuel, media composition - scale up - lab to
land - raceway ponds and photobioreactor.
Marine macroalgae: Morphology, life history and mass cultivation
III of Gracilaria, Kappaphycus, Sargassum and Ulva.
Polysaccharides: agar, carrageen, alginate - economic importance -
IV seaweed as food, feedand Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF).
Role of seaweeds in aquaculture: Environment Impact Assessment of algal
V cultivation.
Professional examinations UPSC / TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR / GATE / TNPSC /others
Component (is a to be solved (To be discussed during the Tutorial hour)
part of internal
component only,
Not to be included
in the External
Examination
question paper)
from this course Competency, Professional Communication and Transferrable Skill
Recommended 1. Kumar H.D. and Singh, H.N. 1976. A Text Book of Algae Affiliated East
Texts West Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, Madras.
2. Kumar, H.D. 1990. Introductory Phycology, Affiliated East West
171
Press (P) Ltd., New Delhi,Madras, Hyderabad, Bangalore.
3. Pandey, B.P. 1993. A Text book of Botany-Algae S. Chand & Co., (P)
Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Sharma, O.P. 1990. Text Book of Algae Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Co., Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Vashista, B.R. 1988. Botany for degree students-Algae. S. Chand & Co.,
(P) Ltd., New Delhi
Reference Books
1. Bilgrami, K.S., and L.C. Saha. 1996. A Text Book of Algae, CBS
Publishers & Distributors (P)Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Chapman, V.J. and Chapman, D.J., 1973. The Algae. 2nd Ed. ELBS &
MacMillan, 498 pp.,
3. Fritsch F.E. 1935. The Structure and Reproduction of Algae 1945.
Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, U.K. Vol. I-791 pp., Vol. II-
939 pp.,
4. Round, F.E. 1973. Biology of the Algae. 2nd Ed. Edward Arnold,
London. 278 pp.,
5. Sharma, O.P. 1990. Text Book of Algae. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Co., Ltd., New Delhi, 396
Web Resources 1. https://www.aiche.org/academy/videos/conference-
presentations/study-culture-strategies-microalgae-continuous-
photobioreactor-system-biofuel-production
2. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10811-013-9983-9
3. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/old/2360.pdf
4. file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/AppData/Local/Temp/alba2018.pdf
5. file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/AppData/Local/Temp/Seaweed_aquaculture_Cu
ltivation_technologies_ch all.pdf
CO1 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 1
CO 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 3
CO 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 2 3 2 1
CO 4 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 1 2
CO 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 1 1
172
FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY
Title of the FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY

Course
Paper Number Skill Enhancement 4
Category SEC Year II Credits 2 Cour
Semester IV se
Code
per week 2 - - 2
Pre-requisite To students to know about the various fermentation technology.
Learning Objectives
C1 To appreciate the significance of microbes synthesizing fermented products.
C2 To gain insights on safety and quality control in large scale production of
fermentative products.
C3 To design and operation of industrial practices in mass production of
fermented products.
C4 To know about the various fermentation technology.
C5 To learn about the bioproduct recovery.
outcomes:
On completion of
this course, the
students will be
able to:
CO
1. Enumerate K1
the
significance of
industrially
useful microbes.
2. Explain the K2
design and
operation of
industrial
practices in
mass production
of fermented
products.
173
3. Explain the K3
process of
maintenance and
preservation of
microorganisms.
4. Analyze the K4
various aspects
of the
fermentation
technology and
apply for
fermentative
production.
5. Validate the K5 & K6
experimental
techniques for
microbial
production of
enzymes:
amylase and
protease, bio
product recover.
UNIT CONTENTS
Preparation of microbial culture, Preparation and sterilization of fermentation media.
I Isolation and improvement of industrially important microorganisms.
Maintenance and preservation of microorganisms, Metabolic regulations and
II overproduction of metabolites. Kinetics of microbial growth and product formation.
Scope and opportunities of fermentation technology. Principles of fermentation:
III Submerged, solid state, batch, fed-batch and continuous culture.
Fermentative production of vinegar, alcohol (ethanol, wine, beer), acids (citric acid
IV and gluconic acid), amino acids (lysine and glutamic acid) and antibiotics (penicillin
and streptomycin).
Microbial production of enzymes: Amylase and Protease. Bioproduct recovery.
V
174
Professio / TRB / NET / UGC – CSIR / GATE / TNPSC /others to be solved
nal (To be discussed during the Tutorial hour)
Compone
nt (is a
part of
internal
compone
nt only,
Not to be
included
in the
External
Examinat
ion
question
paper)
from this
course
Recommended Texts 1. Waites M.J. 2008. Industrial Microbiology: An Introduction, 7th
Edition, Blackwell Science, London, UK.
2. Prescott S.C., Dunn C.G., Reed G. 1982. Prescott & Dunn's Industrial
Microbiology, 4th Edition, AVI Pub. Co., USA.
3. Reed G. 2004. Prescott & Dunn's industrial microbiology, 4th Edition,
AVI Pub. Co.,
USA.
4. JR Casida L.E. 2015. Industrial Microbiology, 3rd Edition, New Age
International (P)
Limited Publishers, New Delhi, India.
5. Waites M.J., Morgan N.L., Rockey J.S. and Higton G. 2001.
Industrial Microbiology: An Introduction. 1st Edition, Blackwell
Science, London, UK.
6. Pelczar M.J., Chan E.C.S. and Krieg N.R. 2003. Microbiology. 5th
Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
175
Reference Books 1. Peter F Stanbury, Allan Whitaker, Stephen J Hall. 2016. Principles of
Fermentation Technology. Butterworth-Heinemann Press. UK.
2. Peppler, H. J. D. Perlman. 2014. Microbial Technology: Fermentation
Technology. Academic Press.
3. T. El-Mansi, C. Bryce, Arnold L. Demain, A.R. Allman. Fermentation
Microbiology and Biotechnology. Second Edition. 2006. CRC Press,
USA.
4. Hongzhang Chen. Modern Solid State Fermentation: Theory and
Practice. 2013. Springer Press, Germany.
5. John E. Smith. Biotechnology. 2009. Cambridge University Press.UK.
6. Celeste M. Todaro, Henry C. Vogel. 2014. Fermentation and
Biochemical Engineering Handbook. William Andrew Press. Norwich,
NY.
7. Lancini, G. R. Lorenzetti. 2014. Biotechnology of Antibiotics and
other Bioactive Microbial Metabolites. Springer publications, Germany.
Web resources 1. https://ebooks.foodtechlearning.xyz/2020/12/principal-of-
fermentation-technology-by.html
2. https://www.amazon.in/Principles-Fermentation-Technology-Peter-
Stanbury-ebook/dp/B01LMDYFNQ
3. https://www.amazon.in/Principles-Fermentation-Technology-Peter-
Stanbury-ebook/dp/B01E3IC73W
4. https://www.pdfdrive.com/principles-of-fermentation-technology-
e189052809.html
5. https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/book/2698294/principles-of-
fermentation-technology/peter-f-stanbury/
176
CO1 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2
CO 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 3
CO 3 2 2 3 1 1 1 2 3 1 2
CO 4 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
CO 5 3 3 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 3
177
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS
Title of the ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS

Course
Category Elective Year II Credits 1 Course

Semester IV Code

per week 1 - - 1
Pre-requisite To students to know about the environmental impact assessment.
Learning Objectives
C1 To understand about the theory and practice of environmental impact
assessment.
C2 To develop skills in identifying and solving problems of environmental
concerns.
C3 Define and classify Environmental Impacts and the terminology.
C4 Understands the environmental Impact assessment procedure.
C5 List and describe environmental audits.
outcomes:
On completion
of this course,
the students will
be able to:
CO
1. Enumerate the K1
fundamental
concepts and
significance of
environmental
impact
assessment.
2. Explain the K2
important steps
of EIA process.
3. Interpret the K3
environmental
appraisal and
procedures in
India.
178
4. Decipher how K4
to prepare the
various
documents
required by state
and federal
regulations.
5. Develop their K5 & K6
own perspectives
on impact
assessment and
be able to solve
problems related
to environment.
UNIT CONTENTS
Origin and Development Purpose and aim, core values and principles, History of
I EIA development, Environmental Management Plan, Environmental Impact
Statement, Scope of EIA in Project planning and Implementation.
EIA Process Components of EIA, EIA Methodology- Screening, Scoping,
II Baseline data, Impact Identification, Prediction, Evaluation and Mitigation,
Appendices and Forms of Application,
Techniques of Assessment-Cost-benefit Analysis, Matrices, Checklist, Overlays,
III Impact on Environmental component: air, noise, water, land, biological, social and
environmental factors. EIA Document.
Main participants in EIA Process Role of Project proponent, environmental
IV consultant, PCBs, PCCs, public and IAA. Public participation.
Environmental Appraisal and Procedures in India and EIA Methodology,
V indicators and mitigation, Environmental Audit of different environmental
resources, Risk Analysis, Strategic environmental assessment, ecological impact
assessment: legislation.
(is a part of
internal
component
only, Not to
be included
in the
External
Examination
question
paper)
from this
179
course
1 Morris, P. and Therivel, R. 1995. Methods of Environmental Impact

Assessment, UCL Press, London.
2. Petts, J. 1999. Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment, volume 1
and 2, Blackwell Science, Oxford.
3. Therivel, R. and Partidario, M.R. 1996. The Practice of Strategic
Environmental Assessment, Earthscan, London.
4. Vanclay, F. and Bronstein, D.A. 1995. Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment, Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
5. Rau, J.G. and Wooten, D.C., Environmental Impact Assessment,
McGraw Hill Pub. Co., New York, 1996
Reference Books 1. Kulkarni, V. and Ramachandra, T.V. 2006. Environmental Management,
Capital Pub. Co. New Delhi.
2. Petts, J. 2005. Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment- Volume
1 and 2. Blackwell Publishers, UK.
3. Glasson, J. Therivel, R. and Chadwick. 2006. A. Introduction to
Environmental Impact Assessment. Routledge, London.
4. Canter, W.L. 1995. Environmental Impact Assessment, McGraw-Hill
Science/ Engineering/ Math, New York.
5. Jain, R.K., Urban, L.V., Stracy, G.S., Environmental Impact Analysis,
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1991.
Web resources 1. https://www.amazon.in/Environmental-Impact-Assessment-
Gajbhiye-Khandeshwar-ebook/dp/B06XTNQ5PW
2. https://www.ikbooks.com/books/book/earth-environmental-
sciences/environmental-impact-assessment/9789382332930/
3. https://www.elsevier.com/books/environmental-impact-
assessment/mareddy/978-0-12-811139-0
4. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-80942-3
5. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/0471722022
CO1 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2
CO 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 3
CO 3 2 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 2 3
CO 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3
CO 5 3 2 2 3 1 3 3 3 3 3

180
SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSES SEC 6 –TRAINING
FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS.
BOTANY FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS (2 hours)
Title of the BOTANY FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS

Course
Category SEC Year III Credits 2 Course
Semester VI Code

per week 2 1 - 3
Pre-requisite To develop the students for preparing various competitive
examination.
Learning Objectives
C1 To develop the student for competitive examination.
C2 To select the important topics as far as possible, with reference to the
examination point of view. It gives a comprehensive account of botany.
C3 To understand not only the basics of botany and also gives the broader
perspective to prepare for the competitive examinations.
C4 The essays give a detailed account of each aspect of botany to help students
preparing for IAS, IFS and state civil services.
C5 General understanding of plants around us, the different biophysical and
biochemical processes that occur within them and their importance to human
life.
outcomes:
On completion
of this course,
the students will
be able to:
CO
1. Identify and K1, K2
define different & K5
groups of plants
with their
taxonomic
position
Compare the
different groups
of plants and
evaluate their
181
economic
importance
2.List down the
general K1,K3 & K5
characters of
Bryophytes,
Pteridophytes
and
Gymnosperms
Classify the types
of fossils and
recognize the
fossil beds of
Tamil Nadu
Analyse and trace
the origin of
different plant
groups using
Geological Time
scale
3.Appreciates the K3 &
morphology of K5
plant and analyse
different
modifications of
plant organs.
Explore the
major Herbaria of
the world and
recognize the
importance.
4.Differentiate K2, K3
Prokaryotic and & K5
Eukaryotic cell.
Evaluate the
significance of
cell division.
Justify the cause
for the sex linked
inheritance.
Tabulate the
different cell
organelles with
their functions.
182
5. Define and K1, K5
appreciates & K6
biodiversity.
Identify the cause
and solve
environmental
related issues .
Design eco
friendly
approaches to
protect earth and
generate new
conservation
strategies.
GENERAL STUDIES FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS (2
hours)
Physical Geography
Indian and World Geography
Indian and World History
International Organizations
Everyday Science
Awards and Honors
Indian Economy
Indian Polity
UNIT CONTENTS
PLANT WORLD:
I Plant science and its branches . Five kingdom classification. Outline of Kingdom
plantae General characters and Economic importance of Algae, Fungi and
Lichens.
GENERAL CHARACTERS OF PLANT GROUPS:
II General characters and Economic importance of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and
Gymnosperms .Palaeobotany- Types of fossils, Geological time scale ,Fossil beds
of Tamil Nadu.
PLANT MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY:
Root system and shoot system. Modifications (Pneumatophore, Stilt root,
III Epiphytic root, Cladode, Phylloclade ,Pitcher and Phyllode) Parts of a flower -
Fruits types(Outline) Parthenocarpy- Pollination – types, Seed dispersal – types,
Seed Germination types. Taxonomy –definition. Types of classification-
Taxonomic hierarchy, ICN, Binomial nomenclature and BSI. Herbarium and
Major Herbaria of the world.
CYTOLOGY AND GENETICS:
IV Cell –Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic – Cell organelles with functions . DNA and
RNA (Basic concepts) -Cell division and its significance -Mitosis and Meiosis
(outline) Mendelism – Monohybrid and Dihybrid cross, Sex linked inheritance
183
ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY:
Ecosystem – abiotic and biotic components. Energy flow in an ecosystem,
Aforestation, Deforestation- Chipko movement –-Forest Conservation act-
V Pollution types and effects- Eutrophication, Global warming ,Ozone depletion,
Climate change.
Biodiversity and types- Hot spots, Mega diversity countries, Conservation – ex
situ and in situ methods. Endangered plants and Red data Book. Rio -Earth
summit. Biodiversity Management Policies - IUCN, UNEP, WWF, ICSU,
WCMC.
(is a part of
internal
component
only, Not to
be included
in the
External
Examination
question
paper)
from this
course
Recommended Texts 1. Pullaiah, T & D, Varalakshmi Narayana, P, Suresh. 2021. Botany for
Competitive Examinations: (Useful for UPSC-Indian Forest Service,
Civil Services, PCS, ASRB CSIR - NET, ICAR-NET and Other
Competitive Exams.) Astral Cracker.
2. Mitra, S. 2016. Botany for competitive examinations, Academi
Publishers.
3. Mohd Akil Shahezad. 2018. M.C.Qs. in Botany, Library Book House.
4. Sharma, P.C. 2017. Text Book of Plant Anatomy. Arjun Publishing
House, New Delhi.
5. Sharma, O.P. 2017. Plant Taxonomy. (II Edition).The McGraw Hill
Companies Taxonomy: Nair Datta
6. Thieman. 2014. Introduction to Biotechnology 3rd Edition. Pearson
Education India.
Reference Books 1. De Robertis and De Robertis. 1990. Cell and Molecular Biology,
Saunders College, Philadelphia, USA.
2. Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J and Snustad, D. 1991. Principles of
Genetics, John Wiley Sons Inc., 8th Edn., New York.
3. Salisbury, F. B.C.W. Ross.1991. Plant Physiology. Wassworth Pub.
Co. Belmont.
184
4. Sharma, P.D. 2017. Ecology and Environment- Rastogi Publication,
Meerut.
5. Vardhana, R. 2009. Economic Botany. 1st ed. Sarup Book
Publishers Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.
6. Power, C.B and Daginawa, H.F. 2010. General Microbiology :
Himalaya Publishing House Pvt Ltd,
7. Rangasamy, G. 2006. Disease of crop plants in India (4th edition).
Tata Mc Graw Hill New Delhi.
8. Singh, V., Pande, P.C and Jain, D.K. 2021. A Text Book of
Botany. Rastogi Publications,Meerut.
9. Bhojwani, S.S. Bhatnagar, S.P and Dantu, P.K. 2015. The
Embryology of Angiosperms (6th revised and enlarged edition).
Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
Web resources 1. https://www.amazon.in/BOTANY-COMPETITIVE-
EXAMINATIONS-SUNIT-MITRA/dp/9383420898
2. https://www.amazon.in/Botany-Competitive-Examinations-UPSC-
Indian-Competive/dp/B08VWB64BC
3. https://www.ssclatestnews.com/botany-book-pdf-free-download-
for-competitive-exams/
4. https://sscstudy.com/botany-for-competitive-exams-pdf/
5. https://www.amazon.in/Botany-Entrance-Examination-Anupam-
Rajak-ebook/dp/B089S1GLMP
CO1 3 3 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 1
CO 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 3 2 1
CO 3 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
CO 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
CO 5 3 3 2 3 2 1 3 3 3 2
185
BOTANY FOR ADVANCED STUDIES (3 hours)
Title of the BOTANY FOR ADVANCED STUDIES

Course
Paper Number Skill Enhancement
Category SEC6 Year III Credits 2 Course
Semester VI Code

per week 2 1 - 3
Pre-requisite To develop the botany students for preparing advanced studies.
Learning Objectives
C1 To be familiar with the basic concepts and principles of plant systematics.
C2 Learn the importance of plant anatomy in plant production systems.
C3 To expose the students a fundamental of the various techniques used in
molecular studies.
C4 To learn about the physiological processes that underlie plant metabolism.
C5 To know the energy production and its utilization in plants.
outcomes:
On completion
of this course,
the students will
be able to:
CO
1.Understand of K1, K2
the basic & K5
principles of
systematics,
including
identification,
nomenclature,
classification,
and the inference
of evolutionary
patterns from
data
2. Learn the K1,K3 & K5
structures,
functions and
roles of apical vs
lateral meristems
in monocot and
186
dicot plant
growth.
3. Understand K3 & K5
the organization
of nuclear
genome
4. Understand the K2, K3
various steps & K5
involved in the
basic functioning
of plant growth
and the nutritive
value of food.
5. Gain K1, K5
awareness about & K6
the various
processes
involved in the
energy
production in
plants and
metabolic
pathways.
UNIT CONTENTS
MOLECULAR GENETICS
(i) Molecular Biology of gene expression: Brief overview of the Central

Dogma and Teminism. Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Types
and structure of RNA polymerase, Different types of RNA, Regulatory
sequences and transcription factors involved. Mechanism: Initiation,
elongation and termination. Split genes and RNA splicing in eukaryotes.
Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Salient features, exceptions,
tRNA-suppressor mutations. Mechanism of translation: Chain initiation,
elongation and termination, proteins involved, factors affecting translation
accuracy. Molecular mechanism of mutation, cancer biology, human
cytogentics
I (ii) Molecular mechanism of Gene Regulation: Regulation in
prokaryotes, Regulation in Eukaryotes, Epigenetic mechanisms:
methylation and transcriptional inactivation, cosuppression through
transcriptional silencing, genome imprinting. RNA processing-
>alternative splicing, RNA stability, RNA interference. Translational
regulation: Gene amplification, mating type interconversion.
Genomics: Structural genomics, Genetic and physical mapping ( RFLP),
microsatellite maps, cyotogenetic maps, physical maps, positional cloning,
chromosome walks and jumps, Genome sequencing, genome databases, human
genome sequencing project. Functional genomics. transcriptome, proteome and
187
metabolome, Microarrays and gene-chips. Comparative genomics. Functional and
evolutionary relationships prokaryotes, organelles and eukaryotes, orthologues
and paralogues. Metabolomics: Identification and quantification of cellular
metabolites in biological samples. Pharmacogenomics and drug designing.
ADVANCED TRENDS IN SYSTEMATICS
(i) Basic concepts of:
a. Morphology - History, general morphology, types of data, methods of gathering
data,
b. Anatomy - History, general anatomy, types of data, methods of gathering data,
c. Embryology – History, types of data, methods of gathering data;
d. Palynology: History, general palynological characters, types of data, methods
of gathering data;
e. Cytology and Cytogenetics: History, general cytological and cytogenetic
characters, types of data, methods of gathering data;
f. Ecology, History, general ecology, types of data, methods of gathering data
(At least two examples from each section should be studied to substantiate the
taxonomic significance)
(ii) Chemotaxonomy:
a. History, general chemical and chemotaxonomic characters, types of data,
methods of gathering data.
b. Identification of the major classes of the pharmaceutically important secondary
metabolites from natural sources 8 (phenolics, steroids, terpenoids glycosides and
II alkaloids).
c. Applications: Phytochemicals in cosmetics, aromatherapy, disease prevention,
biotechnology in the production of phytochemicals. Phytochemical databases
(iii) Molecular trends in Biosystematics
a. Molecules and genomes in plant systematics, techniques used in molecular
taxonomy, molecular systematics in crop evolution
b. Serology in relation to plant taxonomy- Methods, role of serology in taxonomy.
c. Cladistics and Phenetics (iv) Molecular trends in Reproductive Biology: (i)
Apomixis – Types, cytogenetic basis and induction of apomixes, applications.
) Biochemistry and genetics of incompatibility, methods to overcome

incompatibility, pollen viability tests, molecular basis of incompatibility
) Sterility – Male sterility, CMS, GMS, CGMS, temperature sensitive and
photosensitive male
sterility, transgenic male sterility, female sterility and zygotic sterility.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
(i) Modern concepts Photosynthesis – Environmental and agricultural
relevance; Respiration – Biochemical control of respiration
(ii) Photomorphogenesis Phytochrome genes and their expression, control of
photo-morphogenic responses. Dose-response relations in
photomorphogenesis, light induced chloroplast differentiation, effect of
photoreceptors.
188
(iii) Biological clock: Circadian rhythms, rhythm responses to environment,
clock mechanism
III (iv) Photoperiodism General principles , florigen concept
(v) Plant growth and development Patterns of growth and differentiation;
Gene expression and mutations regulating meristem function,
embryogenesis, seedling, root, leaf and flower development. Homeotic
genes, ABCD model in Arabidopsis flower, hormonal control of plant
tissue development, effect of auxins on root and root formation, gibberellin
promoted growth of plants, ethylene and triple response mutants,
brassinosteroids and photomorphogenesis.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
(i) Enzymes: General account: Importance and properties of enzymes in
biological sciences, the classification and nomenclature of enzymes with
examples, Mechanism of enzyme action role of enzyme in chemical action,
IV various factors affecting the enzyme activity.Molecular genetics in plant
physiology, Environmental plant physiology, Stress physiology .
ECONOMC BOTANY
Economic importance of Cereals, Tuber Crops, Fibre yielding plants, Plantation
V Crops, Sugar yielding plants, Narcotics, Vegetables, Oil yielding plants, Pulses
and Beverages

(is a part of
internal
component
only, Not to
be included
in the
External
Examination
question
paper)
from this
course
Recommended Texts 1. Sharma, O.P. 2017. Plant Taxonomy. (II Edition).The McGraw Hill
Companies.
2. Maheshwari, P. 1963. Recent Advances in Embryology of
Angiosperms. Intl. Soc. Plant Morphologists, New Delhi.
3. Sharma, P.C. 2017. Text Book of Plant Anatomy. Arjun Publishing
House, New Delhi.
189
4. Jain, V.K. 2017. Plant Physiology, S.Chand & Company Ltd. New
Delhi.
5. Lincoln, T, Eduardo, Z, Ian Max, M, and Angus, M. 2018.
Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. Sinauer Associates Inc., US.
6. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith L.J. & Hardin J. 2005. The World of the
Cell (6th edition). Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. New York.
7. Brooker, R. J. 1999. Genetics Analysis and Principles. Addison
Wesley Longman Inc., New York.
8. Bruce, A. et. al. 2002. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland
Publishing. New York.
Reference books 1. Mabberley, J.D. 2014. Mebberley’s Plant-Book: A portable
dictionary of plants, their classification and uses, 3rd ed. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 1021pp.
2. Pandey.B.P. 1999. Economic Botany. S. Chand Limited, New Delhi.
3. Bhojwani, S.S. and Soh, W.Y. 2013. Current trends in the
embryology of angiosperms. Springer Science & Business Media,
Germany.
4. Cutler, D. F., Botha, T and Stevenson, D.W. 2008. Plant Anatomy:
An Applied Approach. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, USA.
5. Steward, F.C. 2012. Plant Physiology Academic Press, US.
6. Hopkins, W.G and Huner, N.P. 2009. Introduction to Plant
Physiology (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. U.S.A.
7. Noggle G.R and G.J. Fritz. 2002. Introductory Plant Physiology.
Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
8. Anthony J . F. G .2000. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W. H.
Freeman &Co. New York.
9. Hartl, .D.L & Jones E. W. 2000. Genetic analysis of Genes and
Genomes Jones and Bartlett Pub, Boston.
10. Klug .S.W. & Cummings, M.R. 2003. Concepts of Genetics . Pearson
Education Pvt. Ltd., Singapore. Kreezer et al . 2001. Recombinant
DNA and Biotechnology. American Society for Cell Biology, New
York.
11. Lodish Harvey. 1999. Molecular Cell Biology. W.H. Freeman &Co.
New York.
12. Russell, P.J. 2005. Genetics: A Molecular Approach (2nd edition).
Pearson/Benjamin Cumming, San Francisco.
13. Snustad, D. P. & Simmons M.J. 2003.Principles of Genetics. John
Hailey & Sons Inc. U.S.A.
14. Mabberley, J.D. 2014. Mebberley’s Plant-Book: A portable
dictionary of plants, their classification and uses, 3rd ed. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 1021pp.
15. Pandey.B.P. 1999. Economic Botany. S. Chand Limited, New Delhi.
16. Bhojwani, S.S. and Soh, W.Y. 2013. Current trends in the
embryology of angiosperms. Springer Science & Business Media,
Germany.
17. Cutler, D. F., Botha, T and Stevenson, D.W. 2008. Plant Anatomy:
190
An Applied Approach. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, USA.
18. Steward, F.C. 2012. Plant Physiology Academic Press, US.
19. Hopkins, W.G and Huner, N.P. 2009. Introduction to Plant
Physiology (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. U.S.A.
20. Noggle G.R and G.J. Fritz. 2002. Introductory Plant Physiology.
Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
21. Anthony J . F. G .2000. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W. H.
Freeman &Co. New York.
22. Hartl, .D.L & Jones E. W. 2000. Genetic analysis of Genes and
Genomes Jones and Bartlett Pub, Boston.
23. Klug .S.W. & Cummings, M.R. 2003. Concepts of Genetics . Pearson
Education Pvt. Ltd., Singapore. Kreezer et al . 2001. Recombinant
DNA and Biotechnology. American Society for Cell Biology, New
York.
24. Lodish Harvey. 1999. Molecular Cell Biology. W.H. Freeman &Co.
New York.
25. Russell, P.J. 2005. Genetics: A Molecular Approach (2nd edition).
Pearson/Benjamin Cumming, San Francisco.
26. Snustad, D. P. & Simmons M.J. 2003.Principles of Genetics. John
Hailey & Sons Inc. U.S.A.
Web resources 1. http:// www.ornl.gov.
2. http:// ash. gene. ncl. ac .nk..
3. http://tor. cshl. org. http:www. gdb. org.
4. http: //www. neg r. org.
5. http: // www. genetics. wustl. edu.
6. http: // genome. imb- jena. dc.
CO1 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 2
CO 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2
CO 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 2 1
CO 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3
CO 5 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
191
FOUNDATION COURSE FOR BOTANY
BASICS OF BOTANY
Title of the BASICS OF BOTANY

Course
Paper Foundation Course
Number
Category Foundatio Year I Credits 2 Course
n course Semester I Code

per week 2 - - 2
Pre-requisite To recall the students about the basic aspects of botany.
Learning Objectives
C1 To learn about the classification, distinguishing traits, geographic distribution,
and reproductive cycle of algae, fungi, lichens, and bryophytes.
C2 To understand the biodiversity by describing and explaining the morphology
and reproductive processes of algae, fungi, bryophytes and microorganisms.
C3 To investigate the classification, distinctive traits, distribution and reproduction
and life history of the various classes and major types of Pteridophytes and
Gymnosperms.
C4 Enable to learn various cell structures and functions of prokaryotes and
eukaryotes and understand the salient features and functions of cellular
organelles.
C5 Understanding of laws of inheritance, genetic basis of loci and alleles.
outcomes
On completion
of this course,
the students
will be able to:
CO
1. Increase the K1
awareness and
appreciation of
human friendly
algae and their
economic
importance.
2.Develop an K2
understanding
of microbes
192
and fungi and
appreciate
their adaptive
strategies
3.Develop K3
critical
understanding
on
morphology,
anatomy and
reproduction
of Bryophytes,
Pteridophytes
and
Gymnosperms.
4.Compare the K4
structure and
function of
cells and
explain the
development
of cells.
5.Understand K5
the core
concepts and
fundamentals
of plant
biotechnology
and genetic
engineering.
UNIT CONTENTS
BIODIVERSITY
I Systematics : Two Kingdom and Five Kingdom systems - Salient features of
various Plant Groups : Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and
Gymnosperms- Viruses - Bacteria.
CELL BIOLOGY
II Cell as the basic unit of life - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell (Plant
Cell) - Light Microscope and Electron Microscope Ultra Structure
of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells - Cell Wall - Cell Membrane
Plastids, Ribosomes.
PLANT MORPHOLOGY
III Structure and Modification of Root, Stem and Leaf - Structure and Types of
Inflorescences - Structure and Types of Flowers, Fruits and Seeds.
GENETICS
IV Concept of Heredity and Variation - Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance.
193
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
V Cell as a Physiological Unit : Water relations -Absorption and movement :
Diffusion, Osmosis, Plasmolysis, Imbibition -Permeability, Water Potential -
Transpiration - Movement - Mineral Nutrition
(is a part of
internal
component
only, Not to
be included
in the
External
Examination
question
paper)
from this
course
Recommended 1. Singh, V., Pande, P.C and Jain, D.K. 2021. A Text Book of Botany.
Texts Rastogi Publications,Meerut.
2. Bhatnagar, S.P and Alok Moitra. 2020. Gymnosperms, New Age International
(P) Ltd., Publishers, Bengaluru.
3. Sharma, O.P. 2017. Bryophyta, MacMillan India Ltd. Delhi.
4. Lee, R.E. 2008. Phycology, IV Edition, Cambridge University Press, New
Delhi.
5. Pandey B.P. 1986, Text Book of Botany (College Botany) Vol I and II,
S.Chand and Co. New Delhi.
6. Rao, K., Krishnamurthy, K.V and Rao, G.S. 1979. Ancillary Botany,S.
Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd., Madras.
Reference books 1. Parihar, N.S. 2012. An introduction to Embryophyta –Pteridophytes -
2. Alexopoulos, C.J. 2013. Introduction to Mycology. Willey Eastern Pvt. Ltd.
3. Vashishta, P.C. 2014. Botany for Degree Students Gymnosperms. Chand &
Company Ltd, Delhi.
4. Coulter, M. Jhon, 2014. Morphology of Gymnosperms. Surjeet Publications,
Delhi.
6. Vashishta, P.C. 2014. Botany for Degree Students Algae. 2014. Chand &
Company Ltd, Delhi.
7. Parihar, N.S. 2013. An introduction to Embryophyta –Bryophytes -, Surjeet
Publications, Delhi.
Web Resources 1. https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/the-algae-world
194
15P).html
5.https://arboretum.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013-70-4-beyond-pine-
cones-an-introduction-to-gymnosperms.pdf
CO 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
CO 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
CO 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 3
CO 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3
CO 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2
195
MODEL QUESTION PAPER
B. Sc., Botany Degree Examination
((For Students Admitted from the Academic Year 2023 – 2024 onwards under CBCS Pattern)
CORE COURSE – III. MAJOR PRACTICAL I
(Covering the core courses I &II)
(ALGAE, FUNGI, LICHENS, BACTERIA, VIRUSES)
Time : 3 hrs. Maximum: 60 Marks
Practical: 50 Marks
Record : 10 Marks
1. Cut transverse section of A and B. Stain and mount in glycerin. Identify giving reason.
Draw diagrams. Leave the slides for valuation. (7X2=14)
2. Stain the material C and interfere its Gram stain. (6X1=6)
3. Draw diagrams and write notes of interest on D, E, F, and G. (4X4=16)
4. Name the genus, group and morphology of given part of H and I. (Diagrams not
Necessary) (3X2=6)
5. Identify the disease, causative and write notes on the symptoms of the disease material in J.
Draw diagram. (4X1=4)
6. Identify and write notes on economic importance of K, and L. (2X2=4)
Key
1. A/ B - Algae/ Fungi
(Preperation-2, Identification -1, Diagram -2, Reason -2) (7X2=14)
2.C - Bacteria
(Procedure-2, Identification with reason-1, preparation-2) (6X1=6)
3.D/E/F/B - Algae/ Fungi/ Lichens-vegetative/ reproductive(Permanent slide only)/ Bacteria/viruses-
electron micrograph photograph(any four)
( Identification -1, Diagram -1 , Reason -2) (4X4=16)
4. H/I - Algae/Fungi
(Genus 1, Group 1, Morphology 1) (3X2=6)
5.J – Fungal/Bacterial/Viral disease Herbarium/photograph
(Name of the disease-1, Causative-1, symptoms-1,Diagram-1) (4X1=4)
6. K/L-Algae/Fungi/Bacteria/Lichen economic importance (any two)
(identification 1, importance 1) (2X2=6)
196
CORE COURSE – VI.

MAJOR PRACTICAL II
(Covering the core courses III and IV)
(BRYOPHYTES, PTERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPERMS, PALEOBOTANY AND EVOLUTION)

Practical: 50 Marks
Record : 10 Marks
1.Cut transverse section of A, B and C. Stain and mount in glycerin. Identify giving reason.
2.Make suitable micro-preparation of D,E. Stain and mount in glycerin. Identify giving reason.
3.Draw diagrams and write notes of interest on F, G,H and I. (3X4=12)
4.Name the genus, group and morphology of given part of J,K and L. (Diagrams not
Necessary) (3X3=9)
Key
1. A/B/C - Bryophytes/Pteridophytes/Gymnosperms
(Preperation-2, Identification -1, Diagram -2, Reason -2) (7X3=21)
2. D/E-Reproductive structures of Bryophytes/Pteridophytes/Gymnosperms(any 2) (4X2=8)
3. F/G/H/I - Bryophytes/Pteridophytes/Gymnosperms vegetative/ reproductive(Permanent slide only)
/Fossil permanent slides or micorphotograph(each 1)
( Identification -1, Diagram -1 , Reason -1) (3X4=12)
4. J/K- Bryophytes/Pteridophytes/Gymnosperms(each 1)
(Genus 1, Group 1, Morphology 1) (3X3=9)
197
CORE COURSE – X
MAJOR PRACTICAL III
(Covering the core courses VII ,VIII&IX)
(MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY OF ANGIOSPERMS; PLANT
ANATOMY AND EMBYROLOGY; CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS, AND PLANT BREEDING)
Time: 3 hrs. Maximum: 60 Marks
Practical : 45 Marks
Record: 10 Marks
Herbarium: 5 Marks
1.Refer A and B, to their respective families. Point out the characters on which the identification is
based at each level. (Diagrams not necessary) (2X4=8)
2. Describe C in Technical terms. Draw diagrams of the floral parts only. Construct the floral
Diagram. Give the floral formula (1X4=4)
3.Cut transverse section of D Stain and mount in glycerin. Identify giving reason.
4.Dissect and mount any one of the stages of the given material E.
(Diagram and notes not necessary) (1X4=4)
5.Make acetocarmine preparation of F(Squash) any one stage. Draw diagram. (1X4=4)
6. Construct the chromosome map with the data provided G (1X5=5)
7. Solve the given genetic problem H and I (2X4=8)
8. Spot at sight J,K and L (3X2=6)
Key
1. A&B-Family from polypetalae/gamopetalae/monochlamydae/ monocots( any 2)
(identification=1, steps for Bentham and Hooker key=3) (2X4=8)
2. C-(any one above mentioned group other than given in A &B)
(Technical description=2, floral diagram=1, floral formula=1) (1X4=4)
3. D=Dicot/Monocot- root, stem or leaf (any one)
(identification=1, slide=2, diagram and description with reason=3) (1X6=6)
4.E= Embryo – dicot – Tridax –
(submission=2, Diagram=2) (1X4=4)
5. F=Onion root tip
(preparation =3 marks , diagram -1 marks) (1X4=4)
6G=Chromosome map-three point test cross
(Step wise parent, single cross, double cross, gene sequence,result-5) (1X5=5)
7.H,I= Genetic problems - 2X4 = 8 (2X4=8)
8. J,K,L= Anatomy slide/Cell biology slide or photograph/plant breeding (each one)
(Diagram and notes=2) (3X2=6)
198
((For Students Admitted from the Academic Year 2023 – 2024onwards under CBCS Pattern)
CORE COURSE – X
MAJOR PRACTICAL IV
(Covering the core courses XI, XII &XIII)
(PLANT ECOLOGY & PHYTOGEOGRAPHY, PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY & MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY, PLANT PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY)
Time: 3 hrs. Maximum: 60 Marks
Record: 10 Marks.
1. Based on morphological and anatomical characters, assign, A and B to their respective

probable habitats. Draw suitable diagrams. Submit slides for valuation. (2X8=16)
2. Outline the procedure, apparatus and materials required for investigating the physiological
Problem C assigned. Set up the experiment. Tabulate the data obtained and report the
Results. Leave the set up for valuation. (1X16=16)
3. Identify the biochemical entities present in material D. (1X6=6)
4.Spot at sight-E,F,G & H (4x3=12)
Key
1. A &B- Ecology material –preparation -2 marks , identification -1 mark ,Diagram-2 reason -3 marks
(2X8=16)
2.- C-(experiment selected by student from the lot)Physiology - Materials – 2 marks, Procedure-4, Setup –
4 marks, Spot Viva- strictly pertained to the concerned physiology experiment- 2 marks-Result - 4marks
(1X16=16)
5. 3.D- biochemical test for carbohydrate, proteins and lipids (Procedure-4 marks, Result-2) (1X6=6)
4. E.F.G.H-Phytogeography maps/Biotechnology/Molecular Biology/Physiology(Demonstration) (4x3=12)
199
(For Students Admitted from the Academic Year 2023 – 2024 onwards under CBCS Pattern)
B.Sc., BOTANY ALLIED PRACTICAL

Record : 10 Marks
1.Refer A&B to their families giving reasons (Diagrams not necessary) (2X5=10)
2. Identify the plant, family and morphology of the parts used for C, D, E,F and G. (3X5=15)
3. Cut transverse section of H & I. Stain and mount in Glycerin. Identify giving reasons.
Draw diagrams. Submit the slides for valuation. (2X5=10)
4. Write critical notes on J, K, L, M, N, O. Draw diagrams. (2X6=12)
5. Physiology Experiment P (1X3=3)
Key
1. For A and B - Any 2 plants prescribed in the syllabus.

Reasons 3, Identification -2 2 x 5=10
2 For C, D, E, F and G - any 5 specimens given in the practical syllabus. 5X3=15
For H and I – Slide -2 Identification -1 Reasons – 2 2 x 5=10
4. Notes 1, Diagram 1 for J, K, L, M, N, O 2 x 6=12
5. Physiology Experiment P 1X3= 3
200

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PERIYAR UNIVERSITY

PERIYAR PALKALAI NAGAR

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

(For Candidates admitted in the Colleges affiliated to

SEC-Discipline centric skill/Entrepreneurial- core specific skill based elective courses

Projects-Team or Group Projects in the concerned subject

Internship- to be carried out in the summer vacation 60 hours

Refers- EVS-Environmental studies

For Undergraduate Programme (Three years) : 140

AIM AND SCOPE OF THE COURSE:

Skills acquired from Knowledge, Problem Solving, Analytical ability, Professional

 Remember and Understanding – Lower level

 Apply and Analyze – Medium Level

 Evaluate and Create – Strong Level

First year- semester I

Core/ Name of the Course Per/ marks marks Marks

IV SEC 5 Environmental impact analysis 2 1 25 75 100

Title of the Course PLANT DIVERSITY I ALGAE

Instructional Hours Lecture Tutorial Lab Practice Total

Inorganic nutritional requirements of algae and algal culture media. Algal

1 Dehradun. Edwardlee, R. 2018. Phycology, 5th Ed., Cambridge University Press,

Vashishta, P.C. 2014. S.Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi.

Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

S-Strong (3) M-Medium (2) L-Low(1)

Title of the PLANT DIVERSITY – I: ALGAE Practical I (Assessed in semester II)

Paper Number CORE III(Assessed in II semester)

Category Core Year I Credits Assessed in Course

Instructional Hours Lecture Tutorial Lab Practice Total

S-Strong (3) M-Medium (2) L-Low(1)

Title of the Course PLANT DIVERSITY – II: FUNGI, BACTERIA, VIRUSES,

Paper Number CORE II

Category Core III Year I Credits 6 Course

Instructional Hours Lecture Tutorial Lab Practice Total

On completion of this course, the

S-Strong (3) M-Medium (2) L-Low(1)

Paper Number CORE III

Category Core Year I Credits 5 Course

Instructional Hours Lecture Tutorial Lab Practice Total

5. Access the useful role of fungi in K5

Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

S-Strong (3) M-Medium (2) L-Low(1)

Instructional Hours Lecture Tutorial Lab Practice Total

IV Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of reproduction of the taxa belonging to

Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

S-Strong (3) M-Medium (2) L-Low(1)

Title of the PLANT DIVERSITY III BRYOPHYTES AND

S-Strong (3) M-Medium (2) L-Low(1)

Title of the PLANT DIVERSITY V GYMNOSPERMS, PALEOBOTANY

Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

S-Strong (3) M-Medium (2) L-Low(1)

Title of the PLANT DIVERSITY IV GYMNOSPERMS, PALEOBOTANY AND

Instructional Hours Lecture Tutorial Lab Practice Total

1. Analyze and observe and K1

Mapping with Programme Outcomes:

S-Strong (3) M-Medium (2) L-Low(1)

Title of the PLANT MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY

Instructional Hours Lecture Tutorial Lab Practice Total

Skills acquired Knowledge, Problem Solving, Analytical ability, Professional

Web Resources 1. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Plant_Taxonomy_2E.html?id=_px_WA