Biology Cell Notes Final

Cell the: unit of life
The living thing has cell and it makes it distinct from the non-living things
Cell o Anton von Leeuwenhoek first saw and

described live cell
 The basic unit of life o Robert brown later discovered the nucleus
 All organisms are composed of o The invention of electron
cells microscope revealed all the
 Unicellular organisms - single cell structural
 Multicellular organisms – more  1838, Matthias Schleiden, a Germandetails
botanistof the celllarge number of
examined
than single cell plants and observed that all plants are composed of different kinds of cells
 Unicellular organisms are capable cell theory
which form the tissues of the plant
 1839, Theodore Schwann, a British Zoologist, studied different types of
of independent existence and animal cells and reported that cells had a thin outer layer (plasma membrane)
performing essential functions of  He also concluded based on his studies on plant tissues that presence of a cell
life wall is the unique character of a plant cells
 Anything less than complete  Schwann proposed the hypothesis that the bodies of animals and plants are
composed of cells and products of cells
structure of cell does not ensure
 Schleiden and Schwann together formulated the cell theory (did not explain
independent living, hence cell is as how new cells are formed)
the  1855, Rudolf Virchow first explained that cells divided and new cells are
formed from pre-existing cells (Omnis cellula-e cellula)
 He modified the hypothesis of Schleiden and Schwann to give the cell theory
a final shape
As understood today as:
(i) all living organisms are composed of cells and products of cells.
(ii) all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
AN OVERVIEW OF CELL:
The onion cell which is a typical plant cell, has
a distinct cell wall as its outer boundary and just
within it is the cell membrane. The cells of the human cheek have an outer membrane as the delimiting structure of the
cell. Inside each cell is the dense membrane bound structure called nucleus. Nucleus → chromosomes→DNA
cytoplasm: A semi fluid matrix, main arena of cellular activities in both the plant and animal cells. Various chemical
reactions occur in it to keep the cell in the ‘living state’. (occupies the entire volume of cell)
Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

Cells that lack membrane bound nucleus Cells that have membrane bound nucleus
Cytoplasm present Cytoplasm present
Organelles absent Organelles present
Ribosomes present Ribosomes present
Organelles: Endoplasmic
Ribosomes are reticulum (ER), the golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, microbodies and vacuoles
found in cytoplasm,
chloroplasts (in plants),
o Animal cells contain another non-membrane bound organelle
mitochondria and on rough
endoplasmic reticulum called centriole which helps in cell division.
o Cells differ greatly in size, shape and activities.
o Mycoplasmas are 0.3 µm, bacteria 3-5 µm, and the largest cell is
Animal cells contain another non- the ostrich egg. Human red blood cells are 7.0 µm, and nerve cells
membrane bound organelle called are among the longest. Shapes include disc-like, polygonal,
centriole which helps in cell columnar, cuboid, thread-like, and irregular, reflecting their
division. functions.
Cell morphology
Prokaryotic
 Prokaryotic cells cell:
include bacteria, blue-green algae,
mycoplasma, and PPLO (Pleuro-Pneumonia Like
Cell anatomy
Organisms).
 They are generally smaller and multiply faster than
eukaryotic cells.  All prokaryotes have a cell wall around the cell
membrane, except mycoplasma.
 Prokaryotic cells vary greatly in shape and size:
o Bacillus: Rod-like shape.  The cytoplasm is the fluid matrix filling the cell.
 Prokaryotes lack a well-defined nucleus; their genetic
o Coccus: Spherical shape.
material is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane.
o Vibrio: Comma-shaped.
 Genetic material is usually a single circular DNA
o Spirillum: Spiral shape. (genomic DNA).
 Despite their variety in shape and function, the  Many bacteria also have small circular DNA called
organization of prokaryotic cells is fundamentally plasmids.
similar.  Plasmids provide unique traits like antibiotic resistance.
 Plasmid DNA is used in bacterial transformation with
foreign DNA.
 Eukaryotes have a nuclear membrane; prokaryotes do
Cell Envelope and its Modifications not.
 Prokaryotes lack organelles found in eukaryotes, except
 Most prokaryotic cells, especially bacteria, have a for ribosomes.
chemically complex cell envelope.  Prokaryotes have unique inclusions and mesosomes
 The cell envelope has three layers: (infoldings of the cell membrane).
o Glycocalyx: Outermost layer.
o Cell Wall: Middle layer.
o Plasma Membrane: Innermost layer. The mesosome is a special membranous structure
 Each layer has distinct functions but together they formed by extensions of the plasma membrane
form a into the cell, appearing as vesicles, tubules, and
single protective unit. lamellae. Mesosomes aid in cell wall formation,
 Bacteria classification based on cell envelope DNA replication and distribution, respiration,
differences secretion, and increasing the plasma membrane's
and Gram staining: surface area and enzymatic content. In
o Gram-positive: Bacteria that take up the cyanobacteria, similar membranous extensions
Gram stain. called chromatophores contain pigments. Bacterial
o Gram-negative: Bacteria that do not take up cells can be motile or non-motile. Motile bacteria
the gram stain. have flagella, thin filamentous extensions from the
cell wall, composed of filament, hook, and basal
body, aiding in movement. Pili and fimbriae are
surface structures that do not assist in motility; pili
are elongated tubular structures, while fimbriae
are small bristle-like fibers helping bacteria attach
Ribosomes and Inclusion Bodies: to surfaces like rocks and host tissues.
In prokaryotes, ribosomes are associated with the plasma
membrane and are about 15 nm by 20 nm in size, consisting of
two subunits (50S and 30S) that form 70S ribosomes. Ribosomes
are the site of protein synthesis, and multiple ribosomes can
attach to a single mRNA to form a chain called polyribosomes or polysomes, translating mRNA into proteins.
Inclusion bodies store reserve materials in the cytoplasm and are not bound by membranes, examples include
phosphate granules, cyanophycean granules, and glycogen granules. Gas vacuoles are present in blue-green, purple,
and green photosynthetic bacteria.

Biology Cell Notes Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biology Cell Notes Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biology Cell Notes Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cell the: unit of life

Cell o Anton von Leeuwenhoek first saw and

Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

You might also like