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    BMS301, L26&27, Integrated Lecture 1, Sensory Cortex & Its Lesions

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    BMS301, L26&27, Integrated Lecture 1, Sensory Cortex & Its Lesions

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    BMS301, L26&27, Integrated lecture 1, Sensory Cortex & its lesions (1)

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    BMS301, L26&27, Integrated Lecture 1, Sensory Cortex & Its Lesions

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    SENSORY CORTEX

    Dr. Eman Habib Dr. Noha Nooh Lasheen


    Professor of anatomy Associate Professor of Physiology
    By the end of this lecture, you should:
    q Locate the main functional areas of the cerebral hemispheres.
    q Recognize the cerebral cortical areas to which sensory signals
    are projected, and the functions of each
    qPredict effect of lesion in any of these areas
    qMention functions of the thalamus

    Dr Eman Habib
    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen
    Sensory Signals
    are
    projected to
    different
    sensory centers
    of the BRAIN

    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen


    Brodmann’s areas

    Dr Eman Habib 4
    The Parietal Lobe
    Somatic Sensory Cortex

    Dr Eman Habib 5
    Somatic Sensory Cortex
    Somatosensory
    association
    area.

    Somatic sensory area I = (SI)


    [Brodmann’s areas A3 , A1, A2]

    Somatic sensory area II (SII)


    [Brodmann’s areas A40]

    Dr Eman Habib 6
    Somatic sensory
    area I = S1 area
    Brodmann’s areas
    (A3 , A1, A2)

    Site:
    This area occupies :
    -postcentral gyrus on lateral surface
    -posterior paracentral lobule on medial surface

    Dr Eman Habib 7
    Somatic sensory
    area I = S1 area
    Characters of body Representation in SI

    1- Crossed representation
    (from opposite side of the body
    = Contralateral).
    2- Inverted representation
    The body is represented in an inverted
    manner = Up side down
    § Trunk, chest, arm and hand in the
    upper half of the postcentral gyrus
    § foot and leg are represented medially
    § The face is represented in the lower
    half of the postcentral gyrus, but
    the face is not inverted
    Dr Eman Habib 8
    Somatic sensory
    area I = S1 area
    Characters of body Representation in SI

    3- Size:
    The area of representation of each pact
    is proportional to the number of
    receptors in this part not to its size

    4- Modality orientation
    each column is specialized to receive
    one type of sensation.
    the posterior part è pressure and
    tactile sensation
    the anterior part è proprioceptive
    sensations.
    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen 9
    Somatic sensory
    area I = S1 area
    Function :
    It receives sensory radiation
    from the thalamus (PLVN &
    PMVN)

    The Center of Perception of :


    1- Fine touch: tactile localization and discrimination
    2- Localization of pain and temperature
    3- Stereognosis
    4- Proprioception (static and dynamic)
    5- Vibration sense, pressure, texture of material, weights
    6- Discrimination of various grades of temperature

    Dr Eman Habib Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen


    Somatic sensory
    area I = S1 area

    Lesion
    Contralateral
    Hemianesthesia
    (impaired sensation on
    opposite side of body)

    Effect of lesion of SI:


    1- Inability to perceive epicretic sensations.
    2- Fine localization is lost but crude localization is present.
    3- Pain sensation is poorly affected (slow pain and extreme
    temperature are protopathic sensation).
    Dr Eman Habib Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen
    Cortical Plasticity
    §change in neuronal connections reflecting the use of
    the represented area
    §if a digit is amputated in a monkey è spreading in
    the cortical representation of the neighbouring digits
    spread to the representation area of the amputated
    digit
    §if the cortical area representing a digit is removed è
    the somatosensory map of the digit moves to the
    surrounding cortex

    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen


    Somatic sensory area II (SII)

    Site: behind and below SI


    • occupies area 40 above the lateral sulcus.
    • receives afferent fibers from: Thalamic nucleus, SI,
    other sensory areas e.g. visual and auditory areas.
    SI and SII process sensory information in series rather
    than in parallel
    Characters:
    the body parts representation: the head area in the
    anterior part while the leg area in the posterior part.
    The degree of localization of the different parts is very poor in
    SII as compared to SI.

    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen


    Functions of S II:

    1- potentiates the functions


    of SI.
    2- begins to make meaning
    for the sensory signals
    (=shape or texture of an
    object placed on the hand)

    Lesions:
    Deficit learning based on tactile
    discrimination.

    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen


    Somatosensory association area
    Areas 5 and 7 5
    7
    Site:
    it is located in the superior parietal
    lobe ( behind the sensory area I and
    above SII)
    Connections:
    It receives afferent fibers from
    ü the primary somatic sensory areas
    7 5
    ü the thalamic nuclei.
    ü input from the visual system.

    15
    Dr Eman Habib
    Somatosensory association area
    Areas 5 and 7
    (areas 5 and 7)

    Dr Eman Habib 16
    Somatosensory association area
    Areas 5 and 7
    Functions:
    1. Interpretation of information
    entering the somatic sensory areas for
    understanding and giving a meaning to
    them.
    2. Stores these sensory information
    as long term memories of past
    experience
    3.Center for stereognosis
    4. Shares in planning of movements

    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen 17


    Effect of lesion of Areas 5 & 7

    1- Astreognosis.
    2- Amorphosynthesis (=autotopognosia)
    forgetting the opposite side
    3- The movements occur without planning
    (neglect syndrome).

    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen


    They are parts of

    Dr Eman Habib 19
    20
    Dr Eman Habib
    Site :
    Wernicke‟s area lies in parietal and temporal lobes.

    Function
    It is responsible for comprehension (understanding) of Ø
    auditory and visual information.
    Responsible for Understanding speech (heard or seen) Ø
    It selects suitable words & sends them to the motor speech Ø
    area of Broca to produce speech

    Lesion
    Sensory (Receptive) Aphasia.
    The patient cannot understand spoken or written words thus speaks
    wrong words but fluently 21
    Dr Eman Habib
    The Thalamus
    • a subcortical mass of grey
    matter at the lateral wall of 3rd
    ventricle.
    • 2 thalami (one of each cerebral
    hemisphere).
    • operates in close association
    with the cerebral cortex=
    Secretary of CC= thalamo-
    cortical system.

    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen


    Classification of thalamic nuclei
    (anatomical )

    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen


    Thalamic nuclei

    Non specific projection Specific projection


    nuclei nuclei

    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen


    1-Non specific thalamic nuclei
    (diffusely projecting nuclei)

    Intralaminar nuclei Midline nuclei

    • receive impulses mainly from reticular formation (RAS)


    • project impulses diffusely to all cortical areas
    (responsible for arousal & integration of emotional reactions)

    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen


    B) Specific nuclei: Receive well defined afferent pathways
    &project to specific receiving areas of
    the cerebral cortex

    Ventro-lateral: concerned with voluntary movement


    Ventro-posterior nucleus: spinal and medial lemnisci
    Ventral (PVLNT, PVMNT)
    nuclei
    Dorso-lateral: for integrative function and language.
    Dorsal Dorso-medial: for thinking and autonomic function
    nuclei:

    Anterior • recent memory and emotion


    nuclei:

    Lateral geniculate Medial geniculate


    body è VISION body =Hearing

    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen


    Functions of the thalamus:
    conveys all sensations to the cerebral cortex (except smell)
    = its nuclei are relay stations in the pathways of:
    1-The intralaminar and middle nuclei are the center for crude sensations
    (Protopathic sensations) from the opposite side
    2-Relay station for signals from contralateral cerebellum and ipsilateral BG to
    cortical motor areas
    3- Together with hypothalamus & limbic system, concerned with recent
    memory & control of emotional reactions
    4- Visual signals and Auditory signals

    Control of:
    1) High intellectual cortical functions (via connection with cortical
    association areas).
    2) Behaviour & personality (via connection with prefrontal cortical areas).

    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen


    Seneory
    impulses
    Medial &spinal Ventral posterior (lateral) Primary sensory areas
    leminisci Postcentral gyrus
    Sensory
    Parital lobe
    Trigiminal impulses
    Ventral posterior (medial) (Seneory)
    leminiscus

    Motor Motor areas(4,6)


    Basal ganglia impulses Basal ganglia Frontal lobe
    &Cerebellum (Motor)

    Motor
    impulses Motor area 6
    Ventral lateral Ventral anterior Frontal lobe
    (Motor)

    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen


    Thalamic Syndrome
    Cause: thrombosis of a branch of the posterior
    cerebral artery = thalamogeniculate artery =
    supplies the PVLNT and Ventrolateral nuclei è
    their degeneration.
    Manifestations (opposite side):
    At first:
    - Loss of all sensations on the opposite side of the
    body =hemianaesthesia.
    - Sensory ataxia (=incoordination of the
    voluntary movements) due to loss of
    proprioceptive sensations.

    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen


    Thalamic Syndrome
    Later on: after few weeks:
    -Some crude sensations recover èReturn of pain
    CCC by being severe, prolonged and extremely
    unpleasant which occurs spontaneously due to week
    stimuli (thalamic pain)/ thalamic hyperpathia
    due to facilitation of intralaminar and medial nuclei of
    the thalamus as a result of interruption of analgesic
    brain areas.
    - Emotional disturbances.
    - Permanent loss of epicritic sensations
    - Damage of ventrolateral nè
    qCerebellar ataxia.
    qInvoluntary movements similar to chorea, athetosis

    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen


    References:
    Guyton & Hall: Textbook Of Medical Physiology.
    Dr Noha Nooh Lasheen

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