Veterinarni Medicina, 68, 2023 (12): 449–463 Review

https://doi.org/10.17221/96/2023-VETMED

An update about beneficial effects of medicinal

plants in aquaculture: A review
Faranak Dadras*, Josef Velisek, Eliska Zuskova

Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center

of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture
and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Ceske Budejovice,
Czech Republic
*Corresponding author: fdadrasasiabar@frov.jcu.cz

Citation: Dadras F, Velisek J, Zuskova E (2023): An update about beneficial effects of medicinal plants in aquaculture:
A review. Vet Med-Czech 68, 449–463.

Abstract: Aquaculture is an essential and growing component of agricultural and global ecosystems worldwide.
Aquaculture provides more than 25% of the total aquatic food consumption by humans. The development of the aqua-
culture industry should be followed in successive industrial years, and therefore it is necessary to pay attention
to the management and type of farming system that is compatible with the environment. The use of antibiotics
for disease control has been criticised for their negative effects, including the emergence of antibiotic-resistant
bacteria, the suppression of the immune system and the environment, and the accumulation of residue in aquatic
tissues. The use of these products reduces the need for treatments, enhances the effect of vaccines, and, in turn,
improves production indicators. Medicinal plants have increasingly been used in recent years as a disease control
strategy in aquaculture, boosting the immune system of aquatic animals and helping to develop strong resistance
to a wide range of pathogens. Therefore, this review aims to provide an overview of the recent evidence on the ben-
eficial use of medicinal plants to promote growth and strengthen the immune system in farmed aquatic animals.

Keywords: disease; fish; growth; immunity; medicinal herb

INTRODUCTION to 82.1 million tonnes, confirming aquaculture re-

mains one of the significant contributors to ani-
Aquaculture has been forecasted to increase mal protein sources (Stankus 2021). Despite the
by 62% between 2010 and 2030 to supply the grow- considerable role of aquaculture, the sector faces
ing fish and seafood demand derived from a steadi- many challenges that prevent its expansion. The
ly growing population, providing over two-thirds high culture density has led to environmental pol-
of the total fish and shellfish consumed worldwide lution and the emergence of diseases (Lafferty et al.
(Bank 2013; Sofia 2018). On the other hand, in 2020, 2015) due to stressed and immuno-compromised
the total amount of globally farmed fish amounted animals (Bondad-Reantaso et al. 2005; Pulkkinen

Supported by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, Project No. QK21010113 and by the Ministry of Educa-
tion, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Project Sustainable production of healthy fish in various aquaculture systems,
PROFISH (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000869).

© The authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).

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et al. 2010). Other factors, such as storms, droughts, alising medicinal plant applications. The present
and high temperatures, adversely affect the water review purposefully discussed the adoption of nat-
quality and may compromise the fish’s immune urally available plants in the form of roots, leaves,
system and the health of aquatic animals (Dubey flowers, and in a processed form, including active
et al. 2017; Abdel-Tawwab et al. 2019). compounds, extracts, crude forms, and mixed with
Aquatic animal diseases are among the key limit- different promising effects in aquaculture.
ing factors for aquaculture development (Stentiford
et al. 2017), which could lead to the partial or com-
plete loss of growth and production and result Application of medicinal plants
in considerable economic losses, estimated at over in aquaculture
9.5 billion USD per year (Shinn et al. 2015; Ramesh
and Souissi 2018). Therefore, antibiotics and other Medicinal plants contain antioxidant compounds
veterinary drugs are commonly used in aquacul- with a high affinity to trap free radicals inhibit-
ture to treat disease outbreaks as well as to prevent ing the normal functioning of cells (Moreno et al.
and mitigate the economic losses resulting from 2020). Many antimicrobial substances in these
sanitary shortcomings (Rico et al. 2013; Cabello plants make them an appropriate candidate to fight
et al. 2016; Miranda et al. 2018). The potential risks a wide range of pathogenic microbes (Jafarzadeh
of using antibiotics and the associated global health et al. 2020). Large bioactive compounds, includ-
threats due to the selection and emergence of anti- ing steroids, proteins, tannins, saponins, terpe-
biotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture have been noids, and alkaloids, are found in different plants.
extensively studied (Cabello et al. 2016; Chen et al. These compounds have shown strong resistance
2018). Recently, in response to the risk of develop- to a wide range of bacteria pathogens (Salmonella
ing resistant genes that could potentially change the typhi, Bordetella pertussis, Corynebacterium par-
human pathogen, the use of antibiotics has been vum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycobacterium and
restricted in aquaculture (Binh et al. 2018; van Wyk Escherichia coli), fungi (Aspergillus f lavus,
and Prinsloo 2020). Several alternative strategies, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium solani and
including vaccination, probiotics, herbal plants, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and viruses (retrovirus,
immunostimulants, have been proposed to prevent simian-virus) (Ma et al. 2019).
disease outbreaks and limit the use of veterinary Medicinal plants have been used in chemo-
drugs in aquaculture (Liu et al. 2014; Reverter et al. therapeutics and as feed additives (Reverter et al.
2014; Reverter et al. 2017). Vaccination is a precise 2014; Garg et al. 2020). For a long time, they
technique that requires a clear disease diagnosis have been used by rural fish farmers (Reverter
(Brudeseth et al. 2013) as well as the complicated et al. 2017); in 46% of the surveyed fish farmers
development of multiple-strain vaccines (Sakai (Caruso et al. 2013). Medicinal plants, as sustain-
1999; Pasnik et al. 2005). Furthermore, it is too ably used candidates, are easily accessible and
expensive for widespread use among small-scale readily available to be applied in intensive farming
fish farmers (Pridgeon and Klesius 2012). in aquaculture to ensure the improved productivity
As one of the best alternatives, medicinal plants and health status of aquatic organisms (Cawthorn
have been strongly recommended. Medicinal and Hoffman 2015). Medicinal plants can be ad-
plants contain specific active substances modulat- ministered in different ways, either as a whole plant
ing biological functions, such as growth promotion or in parts (leaf, root, seed, fruit) and can either
(Amin et al. 2019; Gharaei et al. 2020), anti-stress be applied fresh or as prepared herbal extracts with
effects (Abd El-Gawad et al. 2020), appetite stim- different solvents (water, methanol, chloroform,
ulation (Mo et al. 2016), immunostimulation ethyl acetate) (Van Hai 2015). The biological activ-
(Rufchaei et al. 2017), disease resistance (Liu et al. ity and chemical composition of plants and extracts
2010a; van Wyk and Prinsloo 2020), and antimi- can vary greatly depending on the part used and
crobial activities (Ardo et al. 2008; Beltran et al. type of extract, thus, knowledge of the plant’s bio-
2018). To ensure sustainable aquaculture, medici- active compounds is required.
nal plants seem to be cheaper and more sustainable For instance, some herbs, such as moringa
alternatives to chemotherapy. This supports the (Moringa oleifera), can be used as a protein source
increasing number of publications on conceptu- or partial protein replacement due to its high pro-

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tein content, i.e., 27.51% in the crude protein of the and showed improved resistance against spring
leaves (Oduro et al. 2008). Selection of a suitable viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) (Shen et al. 2018).
dosage of a medicinal herb is crucial to obtain the An oral administration of berberine hydrochloride
desired effects since inappropriate doses can dis- (30–50 mg/kg) in Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio)
play toxic effects (Sambasivam et al. 2003; Kavitha for 15 days showed antivirus activity against her-
et al. 2012). The high activation of the immune pesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) (Su et al. 2021).
response without harmful and toxic effects on ani- Tilapia were injected with a hot-water extract
mals can be induced by a proper dose of the target of Chinese mahogany (Toona sinensis) (with a 2
material (Bulfon et al. 2013). Some parts of the or 4 mg/ml solution) at doses of 4 or 8 mg/g and
produced chemical compounds during regular had significantly increased respiratory burst,
metabolic activities of the plants, such as phyto- phagocytic activity, and lysozyme activity towards
chemicals, comprise a diverse group of natural Aeromonas hydrophila by 1 and 2 days post-injec-
products. They may be nutritionally essential, but tion (Wu et al. 2010). An improved survival rate and
many of them, such as phytate, lectin, and trypsin lysozyme activity were reported in rainbow trout
inhibitors, have no nutritional value and, having (Oncorhynchus mykiss) orally administered with
antinutritional properties, can decrease the feed a Greek juniper extract at 8 mg/kg dose for 14 days
conversion efficiency and growth rate (Makkar (Bilen et al. 2021). The intraperitoneal injection,
et al. 2007; Hashemi and Davoodi 2011). A study oral administration, and diffusion of a 0.1 ml ex-
on the toxic effect of Indian almonds (Terminalia tract of green chiretta (Andrographis paniculata)
catappa), leaf extracts at different concentrations in Indian major carp (Labeo rohita) improved the
(700, 800, 900, 1 000, and 1 100 mg/l) on the Nile non-specific immune system against Aeromonas
tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles under stat- hydrophila via enhancing the total erythrocyte
ic toxicity exposure (96 h exposure) showed the count and normal haemoglobin levels (Palanikani
96hLC50 value was 900 mg/l (Yunus et al. 2019). et al. 2020).
A diet supplemented with a 1% ethanol katuk
extract (Sauropus androgynus) showed enhanced
growth and improved food utilisation in the orange- Biological activity of medicinal
spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), whereas plants in fish
2.5% and 5% of the katuk extract presented lower
growth levels (Santoso et al. 2013). Another critical The main target organs of fish influenced by me-
factor in a medicinal plant application is the treat- dicinal plants are the thymus, spleen, kidney, and
ment length. Farmed barramundi (Lates calcarifer) guts, which promote immune system development.
fed an enriched diet of garlic (Allium sativum) for Medicinal plants can directly improve the antibody
30 days showed a 70% decreased Neobenedenia sp. production and the specific immune response.
infection compared to the control and the group Many medicinal plants can promote the production
fed garlic for 10 days (Militz et al. 2013). of cytokines that mediate the specific/non-specific
Medicinal plants can be administered to fish immunity, including interleukin, interferon, and the
by injection (intramuscular and intraperitone- tumour necrosis factor (Tadese et al. 2021).
al), oral administration, or immersion (Wu et al. Medicinal plants enhance immune parameters
2010; Ji et al. 2012; Santoso et al. 2013). The intra- (Dugenci et al. 2003; Yuan et al. 2007). The biologi-
peritoneal injection is considered the most rapid cal activity of medicinal plants is attributed to their
and efficient method of administration; however, secondary metabolites (SMs), such as essential oils,
it is expensive, laborious, and stressful for the fish saponins, phenolics, tannins, alkaloids, polypep-
(Anderson 1992; Yoshida et al. 1995); on the other tides, and polysaccharides (Hoseinifar et al. 2020b).
hand, baths are extensively used for the treatment The SMs play a key role in stress mediation, antioxi-
of ectoparasites (Whittington 2012; Forwood et al. dant activity, and immunopotentiation by modulat-
2013), but this method is also expensive and labo- ing the recognition, binding, catalytic activity, and
rious and involves the release of exogenous mol- turnover of proteins and DNA (Chong et al. 2020).
ecules in the marine environment (Umeda et al. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have demon-
2006). Zebrafish (Danio rerio) received an injection strated the beneficial effects of medicinal plants
of a coumarin derivative (10 μl/fish) for 14 days against a wide range of marine pathogens (bacteria,

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viruses, fungi, and ectoparasites) (Direkbusarakom (Labeo rohita) fingerlings (Sukumaran et al. 2016);
et al. 1996; Chitmanat et al. 2005; Ji et al. 2012; climbing Senecio (Senecio scandens buch-ham) ex-
Su et al. 2021). tracts (0.05–0.1%) in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus
lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀) (Sun
et al. 2020); fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis)
MEDICINAL PLANTS AS GROWTH (1%) in African sharp-tooth catfish (Clarias gari-
PROMOTERS epinus) (Ta et al. 2019); dandelion extract (1 g/kg)
in golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) (Tan and
As summarised in see Electronic Supplementary Sun 2020); wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) extract
Material (ESM) Table S1, medicinal plants can stim- (0.5–2%) in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceola-
ulate the appetite and promote weight gain as they tus♂ × E. fuscoguttatus♀) (Tan et al. 2019); olive
enhance the digestive enzyme activity (Van Hai extract (1 g/kg) in common carp (Zemheri-Navruz
2015). For instance, some herbs, such as the sissoo et al. 2020); and curcumin (120 mg/kg) in common
spinach (Alternathera sessilis), false daisy (Eclipta carp (Zhang et al. 2020a). In line with the reports
alba), and veldt grape (Cissus quadrangularis) mentioned above, Zhang et al. (2021) demonstrat-
used as appetisers, improved the activities of pro- ed an increased weight gain and specific growth
tease, amylase, and lipase of freshwater prawns rate of juvenile common carp fed 60 and 120 mg
(Radhakrishnan et al. 2014). Adding a wormwood curcumin per kg for ten weeks and suggested that
(Artemisia annua) extract had a growth-promoting the observed improvement could be attributed
effect on rainbow trout (Koshinski 2018) and carp to the enhanced immune response, which increased
(Sarhadi et al. 2020). Similar results have been re- the growth performance.
ported by He et al. (2022) in largemouth black bass Since regulatory functions, such as the metabo-
(Micropterus salmoides). lism, antioxidant, immune capacity, anti-stress,
The growth rate of freshwater prawns (Macro- anti-virus, antibacterial, and anti-parasite activi-
brachium rosenbergii) has been improved us- ties can directly affect the growth rate, a balanced
ing a diet supplemented with an emodin extract regulation among these physiological metabolisms
(Liu et al. 2010b). Greasy groupers (Epinephelus seems to be necessary for aquatic species. Hence,
tauvina) fed a diet supplemented with a mixture these aspects of using medicinal plants in aquacul-
of methanolic herb extracts of Bermuda grass ture must be taken into account.
(Cynodon dactylon), Indian long pepper (Piper
longum), stonebreaker (Phyllanthus niruri), Tridax
daisy (Tridax procumbens), and ginger (Zingiber MEDICINAL PLANTS AS ANTI-STRESSORS
officinalis) showed enhanced weight gain (41%) AND IMMUNOSTIMULANTS
(Punitha et al. 2008).
The administration of numerous plant extracts In intensive aquaculture, external cues, such
to cultured fish induces appetite and increases as poor water quality, a high environmental tem-
weight gain (Raja Rajeswari et al. 2012; Hoseinifar perature, overcrowding, and pathogen infection,
et al. 2020c; Mohammadi et al. 2020). Several make aquatic animals vulnerable to adverse stress
studies confirmed the promising effect of medici- (Asaduzzaman et al. 2009; Chang et al. 2015). The
nal plants on the growth performance of fish spe- immunomodulatory power of plants is mostly
cies, including the administration of ferula (Ferula determined by the assessment of the fish immu-
asafoetida) powder in common carp (Cyprinus nity via classic biochemical approaches (lyso-
carpio) (Safari et al. 2019); prickly chaff flower zyme, phagocytic, or respiratory burst activity)
(Achyranthes aspera) (0.5%) in rohu (Labeo rohi- or by the study of the immune gene expression
ta) fry (Sharma et al. 2019); onion (Allium cepa) (Lysine (Lys), Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-
powder (10 g/kg) in white carp (Cirrhinus mri- alpha), Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
gala) fingerlings (Sikotariya 2019); chaff flower genes) (Harikrishnan et al. 2011; Kumar et al. 2013;
(Achyranthes aspera) (0.5%) in rohu (Labeo rohita) Chakrabarti et al. 2014). Several studies recom-
(Singh et al. 2019); dandelion (Taraxacum offici- mend some natural compounds, including medical
nale) extract (0.8%) in common carp (Sirakov et al. plants, to defend against stress induced by external
2019); ginger (Zingiber officinale) (0.8%) in rohu cues (ESM Table S2).

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Several herbal plants that originated from terres- peroxidase activities, indicating that the metabolic
trial and marine environments and are considered and immune status of gilthead seabream (Sparus
efficient immunostimulants against viral diseases aurata L.) was improved (Guardiola et al. 2018).
was confirmed in a study (Chakraborty et al. 2014). A supplement of an olive leaf extract (0.1%) in the
In contrast to antibiotics, medical plants as natural diet of rainbow trout increased the immune-related
resources have outstanding features, such as being gene expression, serum biochemistry parameters,
highly effective and showing low toxicity and side and survival rate (Baba et al. 2018). It is supposed
effects when used correctly (Bone and Mills 2012). that herbal extracts can positively affect the innate
The antistress effects of medicinal plants have been immunity (Devi et al. 2019; de Assis and Urbinati
mentioned in several studies (Ahmadniaye Motlagh 2020; Soares et al. 2020), adaptive immunity (Abd
et al. 2019). For instance, an anthraquinone ex- El-Gawad et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2020b), muco-
tract from Chinese rhubarb (Rheum officinale sal immunity (Van Doan et al. 2019; Ahmadniaye
Bail) improved the tolerance against hyperthermia Motlagh et al. 2020a; Ahmadniaye Motlagh et al.
in freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium nipponense) 2020b; Heydari et al. 2020; Srichaiyo et al. 2020a;
(Song et al. 2020). Moreover, a sweet worm- Srichaiyo et al. 2020b), and their anti-stress func-
wood (Artemisia annua) leaf extract improved the tions have been proven in several studies (sum-
antioxidant capacity of carp (Taheri Mirghaed et al. marised in ESM Table S2).
2020) and enhanced the immunity of Nile tilapia
(Soares et al. 2020). A methanolic extract of fenu-
greek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) significantly MEDICINAL PLANTS AS AN ANTI-VIRAL
increased the immunity and antioxidative response AND AN ANTIBACTERIAL TREATMENT
via improvement of the superoxide dismutase, ly-
sozyme, and phagocytic activities in Nile tilapia The potential of medicinal plants against a wide
(Diab et al. 2023). range of marine pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fun-
The anti-ammonia stress capacity of freshwater gus, and ectoparasites) was confirmed in in vitro
prawns was improved by the addition of a mor- and in vivo studies (Direkbusarakom et al. 1996;
inga (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract to the fish’s Chitmanat et al. 2005; Ji et al. 2012). The antiviral
diet (Kaleo et al. 2019). Furthermore, emodin activity of plant species against aquatic primary
protected Wuchang bream (Megalobrama ambly- pathogenic viruses was reported in different diseas-
cephala) from crowding stress (Liu et al. 2014), es, including white spot syndrome virus (WSSV),
and bupleurum (Radix Bupleuri) extracts boosted grouper iridovirus (GIV), grass carp reovirus
tilapia against H2O2-induced oxidative stress (Jia (GCRV), spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) and
et al. 2019). In common carp, the adverse effects cyprinid herpesvirus 2 or 3 (CyHV) (summarised
of crowding stress were mitigated using the ap- in ESM Table S3). Giant tiger prawn (Penaeus
plication of an anthraquinone extract from rhu- monodon) treated with Bermuda grass (Cynodon
barb (Rheum officinale Bail) (1–2%) (Xie et al. dactylon) displayed no signs of disease and mor-
2008). Also, the anti-stress effect of turmeric tality when exposed to white spot syndrome vi-
in common carp exposed to copper was reported rus (WSSV), while 100% mortality was observed
by Rajabiesterabadi et al. (2020). in the control groups (Balasubramanian et al.
Several studies have focused on using plant ex- 2008a; Balasubramanian et al. 2008b). A metha-
tracts as fish immunostimulants (Prathomya et al. nolic extract of fenugreek increased the tolerance
2019; Rafieepour et al. 2019); according to scien- of Nile tilapia against A. hydrophila (Diab et al.
tific studies on fish species, the intraperitoneal 2023); this could be attributed to the deactivation
injection or oral administration of plant extracts of the peptidoglycans of A. hydrophila due to the
enhanced the phagocytic and lysosomal func- increased lysozyme activity that caused enhanced
tion, respiratory burst and complement activity, resistance (Masschalck and Michiels 2003; Brott
as well as the serum protein level (Liu et al. 2010a; and Clarke 2019). The extract of the plants, such
Vallejos-Vidal et al. 2016; Balamurugan et al. 2018; as Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), the olive
Ramezanzadeh et al. 2019). A dietary supplemented (olea europaea), cape jasmine (Gardenia jasmin-
by fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seeds oides), and Mexican poppy (Argemone mexicana)
(5%) had the highest haemolytic complement and showed significant anti-virus activity against WSSV

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through oral administration or injection (Ghosh pathogenic bacteria has been confirmed in many
et al. 2014; Palanikumar et al. 2018; Huang et al. fish species, such as applications of peppermint
2019a; Huang et al. 2019b). Furthermore, a berber- (Mentha piperita) extracts against a V. harveyi
ine hydrochloride (Clinacanthus nutans) extract infection in Barramundi (Talpur 2014), a Chinese
showed a considerable preventive effect against rhubarb (Rheum officinale) extract (0.1, 1.0 g/kg)
CyHV-2 or CyHV-3 in Gibel carp (Carassius au- against V. parahaemolyticus in the orange-spotted
ratus gibelio) (Su et al. 2021) or koi carp (Cyprinus grouper (Epinephelus coioides) (Kuo et al. 2020),
carpio koi) (Haetrakul et al. 2018). Several in vi- a gale of the wind (Phyllanthus amarus) extract
tro studies have reported the antibacterial activity (20 g/kg) against V. alginolyticus in pacific white
in numerous plants against both Gram-positive shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) (Ngo et al. 2020),
and Gram-negative marine bacteria (Castro et al. tears of the virgin (Eleutherine bulbosa) (12.5 g/kg)
2008; Roomiani et al. 2013). As summarised in ESM against V. parahaemolyticus in pacific white shrimp
Table S3, some medicinal plants presented specific (Litopenaeus Vannamei) (Munaeni et al. 2020),
antibacterial effects on pathogenic bacteria such and the Chinese herbal medicine, San-Huang-San
as the Mongolian milkvetch (Astragalus membrana- against V. parahaemolyticus in pacific white shrimp
ceus) (Wu 2020), fern (Adiantum capillus-veneris) (Litopenaeus vannamei) (Zhai and Li 2019).
(Hoseinifar et al. 2020a), horse mint (Mentha longi- Additionally, the protective roles of some v me-
folia) (Heydari et al. 2020), rosemary (Rosmarinus dicinal herbs against Streptococcus spp. as an op-
officinale) (Naiel et al. 2020), and prepared fox- portunistic pathogen in aquaculture systems have
glove root (Radix rehmanniae preparate) (Wu et al. been mentioned in some scientific studies on Nile
2019). A tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) pulp ex- tilapia, such as the promising effects of a thum-
tract (15 g/kg) promoted the growth and nutrient bai (Leucas aspera) extract (8 g/kg) against
digestibility of Nile tilapia, and provided protection a Streptococcus agalactiae infection (Kurian et al.
against an A. hydrophila infection (Adeniyi et al. 2020) and an Assam tea (Camellia sinensis) ex-
2021). The addition of a 1.5 g/kg chinaberry tree tract against S. agalactiae (Van Doan et al. 2019).
(Melia Azedarach) extract, a 4–6 g/kg velvet bean Likewise, the antibacterial activity of some herbs
(Mucuna pruriens) extract, and a 0.5–2 g/kg jojoba against Yersinia ruckeri has been confirmed by in-
extract to the diet improved the resistance against corporating a peppermint (Mentha Piperita) extract
A. hydrophila in Catla (Labeo catla) (Rajeshwari (Adel et al. 2016), Greek juniper (Juniperus excel-
et al. 2016), Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis sa) (Bilen et al. 2021) and coriander (Coriandrum
mossambicus) (Saiyad Musthafa et al. 2018), and sativum) (Naderi Farsani et al. 2019) in the diet
Nile tilapia (Sarhan et al. 2019), respectively. A sup- of rainbow trout. The functional activity of the
plementation of 40% moringa (Moringa oleifera) plasma lysozyme, blood phagocytes, respiratory
leaf extracts to the diet of carp infected by A. hy- burst, and survival rates have improved in Nile ti-
drophila enhanced the growth, antioxidant and lapia fed a combination of honeysuckle (Lonicera)
immune response of the carp (Zhang et al. 2020a). and milkvetch (Astragalus) extracts when infected
Similar promising effects of a medicinal herb with A. hydrophila (Ardo et al. 2008).
supplementation against A. hydrophila were ob- In addition, various active ingredients extract-
served in different fish species, such as the addition ed from medicinal plants and essential oils were
of geniposide in the diet of crucian carp (He et al. confirmed to have antibacterial activities against
2020), a grape seed extract in the diet of common overwhelming bacterial species (Kacaniova et al.
carp (Mehrinakhi et al. 2021), Mongolian wild on- 2017). It was found that medicinal plants could
ion (Allium Mongolicum Regel) (40 mg/kg) in the show different levels of immune stimulation by in-
diet of juvenile snakehead (Channa argus) (Li et al. jection, immersion, or oral administration (Awad
2018), Smoketree (Cotinus coggygria) in the diet and Awaad 2017).
of rainbow trout (Bilen and Elbeshti 2019), and
marjoram (Origanum majorana) (Yousefi et al.
2021) and maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba) leaf MEDICINAL PLANTS AS AN ANTIPARASITIC
(Bao et al. 2019) extracts in the diet of common
carp. The antibacterial activity of several medici- Medicinal plants can be considered as an ef-
nal herbs against Vibrio spp. as an opportunistic fective alternative for treating ectoparasites. The

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antiparasitic activities of medicinal plants, when CONCLUSION

added to water or administered orally, were con-
firmed by several studies (Yi et al. 2012; Huang Medicinal plants exhibit a promising potential for
et al. 2013; Fu et al. 2014). A significant improve- the current needs of the intensive and largescale
ment in the haematological profile in Nile tilapia production in the aquaculture industry and are
challenged by flatworms (Scutogyrus longicorni), a substitute for chemotherapy in the treatment
cichlidogyrus (Cichlidogyrus thurstone), cichlid- of disease outbreaks and control of farmed fish
ogyrus (Cichlidogyrus halli), and monogeneans, diseases. Studies have shown they are a proper can-
cichlidogyrus (Cichlidogyrus tilapia) was observed didate for disease prevention and control guidelines
when treated by essential oils extracted from pep- to develop pollution-free aquaculture and green
permint (Mentha piperita) (Hashimoto et al. 2016). aquatic products. Each medicinal plant is specific
Harikrishnan et al. (2012) reported decreased in its action against infectious diseases, and the
mortality (40%) and enhanced immunity in the dose of a specific medicinal plant is a crucial factor
olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) infected in the efficacy against specific infectious agents.
by the protozoan ciliate Miamiensis avidus when However, the toxicological safety research of me-
a fish-fed diet was supplemented with herbaceous dicinal plants needs to be further studied and more
seepweed (Suaeda maxima). research is also required to elucidate upon plant
Some studies on fish infected with white spot products and their modes of action and to test the
disease (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis) showed that plant effects on an organism’s physiology in or-
ginger (Zingiber officinale), sweet wormwood der to establish appropriate treatment strategies.
(Artemisia annua), tea tree (Melaleuca alterni- In this context, researchers may benefit from the
folia), English lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), traditional knowledge of fish farmers who regu-
peppermint (Mentha piperita), babchi (Psoralea larly use plants. Moreover, research is still relatively
corylifolia), orange climber (Toddalia asiatica) scarce on the use of some compatible herbs with
and Chinese gall (Galla chinensis) could poten- a synergistic effect. Therefore, the effects of some
tially control the infection (Zhang et al. 2013; Shan compatible herbs on the health status of fish and
et al. 2014; Song et al. 2015; Valladao et al. 2016; shellfish might be an exciting topic in aquaculture.
Wu et al. 2017; de Freitas Souza et al. 2019; Fu et al.
2019). The white spot disease (Ichthyophtirius
multifiliis) in the sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna) Conflict of interest
was also inhibited by a mother worth (Matricaria
chamomilla) extract (Gholipourkanani et al. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
2012). 100% in vivo efficacy against monogenean
Dactylogyrus intermedium was reported in infected
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Published online: December 26, 2023

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