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    CH 3 Cooperative Communication

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    Basel wesam

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    CH 3 Cooperative Communication

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    Basel wesam
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    CH 3 cooperative communication

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    20 views23 pages

    CH 3 Cooperative Communication

    Uploaded by

    Basel wesam

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 23

    ECE423 :Advanced

    Communication
    systems

    Supervised by

    Dr :/ Somaya Abdel
    Azeem ElFeshawy
    Chapter 3: Cooperative Communications
    Wireless channel model

    • Channel fading effect degrades


    performance.
    • Diversity of different replicas
    of signals.
    Diversity techniques: (Time,
    frequency, spatial).

    ❖ Demand for higher data


    rates and better quality.
    • Cooperative communications refer to a type of communication
    system or technique that allows users to transmit each other's
    messages to the intended destination.

    Most cooperative A coordination phase is where users


    Phase I exchange their own source data and control
    communication messages with each other and the destination.
    schemes involve
    two transmission
    A cooperation phase In this phase, the
    phases : Phase II users cooperatively retransmit their messages
    to the destination.
    Cooperative communications

    Users help each others


    Types of Cooperative Communication
    ❖ For the implementation of cooperative communication, the three methods are most used:
    amplify and forward, decode and forward, and coded cooperation methods.

    1. Amplify and forward methods


    • Each terminal in this method receives a noisy version
    of the signal transmitted by another terminal.
    • According to the method name, the terminal, after
    receiving the signal from another terminal, amplifies it
    and then retransmits it (to the destination node of the
    transmission, e.g. the base station).
    • The destination node combines the signal received
    directly from the sender and retransmitted by the relay
    and makes the final decision on the transmitted data bits.
    1. Amplify and forward methods (AF Relaying)
    • In this method, the signal is amplified with noise, but the situation that the
    destination receives two independently faded versions of the signal improves
    the detection of the information signal, improving the transmission quality.

    • In this method it is assumed that the destination node knows the inter-user
    channel coefficients to do optimal decoding. The mechanism of exchanging or
    estimating this information must be included in the final implementation.
    2. Decode and Forward methods (DF
    Relaying)
    In this method, the relay performs the detection
    and decoding of the received bits from the source
    and then retransmit those bits to the destination node.
    • Relay node decodes the received signal, re-
    encode it and then retransmit it to the
    destination.
    • The decoded signal at the relay may be
    incorrect because
    of approximation errors in the received signal.

    ➢ DF relaying has the advantage over AF


    relaying by reducing the effects of additive
    noise at the relay.
    3. Coded Cooperation methods

    Coded cooperation is a method that integrates cooperation into channel coding.


    Coded cooperation works by sending different portions of each user’s code word via two independent
    fading paths. The basic idea is that each user tries to transmit incremental redundancy to its partner.
    Whenever that is not possible, the users automatically revert to a non-cooperative mode.

    • The key to the efficiency of coded cooperation is that all this is managed automatically through
    code design, with no feedback from the users.
    COOPERATIVE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    In cooperative networks may be single relay
    or multiple relays.

    A basic cooperation system consists of two users


    transmitting to a common destination, One user acts as
    the source while the other user serves as the relay and
    the two users may interchange their roles as source
    and relay at different instants in time.

    In Phase I, the source user broadcasts its data


    to both the relay and the destination and in Single relay Cooperation
    Phase II, the relay forwards the source’s data
    either by itself or by cooperating with the
    source to enhance reception at the destination.
    Illustration of multi-relay cooperative communication system
    Illustration of cooperative system with multiple sources and relays
    Application of Cooperative Communications
    The key idea in user-cooperation is that of resource-sharing among multiple nodes in a
    network. The reason behind the exploration of user-cooperation is that the willingness to
    share power and computation with neighboring nodes can lead to savings of overall network
    resources. The three novel applications are:-

    Cognitive Radio

    Wireless ad-hoc network

    Wireless sensor network


    1. Cognitive Radio
    Cognitive radio is an emerging technology that
    helps in the efficient utilization of the radio
    spectrum.

    The main part of cognitive radio system is


    spectrum sensing and it is done using sensing
    nodes that identify spectrum holes which are
    underutilized by the primary users.

    This method has the benefit of maximizing the signal


    to noise ratio of the received signal to detect the
    presence or absence of primary user’s signal.
    2. Wireless Ad-hoc Network
    This is self organizing and autonomous network without any pre-established infrastructure or
    centralized controller. In this network randomly distributed nodes form a temporarily functional
    network that supports seamless leaving or joining of nodes.
    3. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
    Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained worldwide attention in recent years. The
    network consist of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to cooperatively monitor
    physical or environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion
    or pollutants.
    Cognitive Radio (CR)

    Cognitive radio (CR)


    technology in wireless
    communication allows
    unlicensed (secondary) users to
    access the licensed (primary)
    frequency bands without
    interfering with the licensed
    users to realize more effective
    and reliable communication. Cognitive radio (CR) networks existing within a
    primary network.
    Cognitive Radio Functionalities
    A simplified cognitive cycle includes four main
    functions as follow:
    a) Spectrum Sensing: Spectrum sensing detects and
    shares the available spectrum without detrimental
    interference with other users. cognitive radio networks
    must find spectrum holes. And the most efficient and
    effective way to detect spectrum holes is to detect
    primary users.
    b) Spectrum Management: Spectrum management
    utilizes of an efficient spectrums among different
    available spectrum to fulfill the requirements of the
    user.
    c) Spectrum Sharing: Spectrum sharing provides a fair
    spectrum scheduling mechanism. It exhibits some
    similarities to the classical media access control MAC
    problems in current wireless systems.
    d) Spectrum Mobility: It allows the secondary user
    shifted to other available spectrum channels when
    primary user required current one spectrum of
    secondary user.
    Cognitive Radio Functionalities
    1. Spectrum Sensing

    This refers to detecting spectrum holes accurately. Furthermore, it must be ongoing and
    continuous such that whenever the PU re-accesses the spectrum, it indicates to CR nodes to
    cease transmission immediately. It can be implemented via in-band sensing, out-of-band-
    sensing, and geolocation databases.
    It also helps to adjust additional parameters such as power levels, codes, and frequencies in
    order to limit unwanted interference.

    2. Spectrum Management and Decision

    When multiple spectrum holes are distributed over a wide frequency range, spectrum
    management involves selecting the best possible one.
    The choice is made by considering transmit power, bandwidth, modulation schemes, coding
    schemes, and scheduling. The choice also depends on Quality of Service (QoS) criteria for
    the needs of CR communication, such as packet error rate, latency, and throughput.
    3. Spectrum Sharing

    This refers to the fair division of spectrum holes among different CR devices. It is based on
    scheduling and may be performed in time, frequency, code, and even space dimensions.
    It is also designed to avoid un- wanted intra-network interference. It can be centralized or
    distributed.
    Spectrum sharing can involve not only CR devices but also PU nodes. priority should
    always be given to the PU.

    4. Spectrum Mobility

    This refers to the ability of CR nodes to hop among different spectrum holes seamlessly
    depending on the conditions. These include PUs re-accessing the spectrum hole, adverse
    channel conditions within the current frequency band.

    • The transition between different spectrum holes is referred to as a spectrum


    handoff.
    Key benefits
    Improved spectrum utilization: It allows a system
    designer to extract every Hz (Hertz) out of the system
    and allows efficient spectrum pooling.

    Improved coverage: Coverage is improved with


    the help of CRN which allows to communicate
    information from one node to another node.

    Avoid Jamming problems: With the help of spectrum sensing


    and switching algorithms, CRN can avoid the jamming
    problems.

    Improved Quality of Service: It utilizes the available


    spectrum with high signal to noise ratio (SNR).
    Challenges
    • Security: Wireless spectrum is an extremely important
    resource, and unlicensed communication may interrupt the
    operation of other radio devices within the network.
    • Implementation difficulties: There are still many technical
    difficulties in the implementation of CRN among hidden or
    spread spectrum (unlicensed) primary users and licensed
    primary users.
    • Fading effects: Multipath fading affects the accuracy of
    spectrum occupancy choice, sensing duration etc.
    • Decision making: Decisions on availability of spectrum,
    approach in channel selection and optimization of radio
    performance are the main challenges in CRN.
    Application of Cognitive Radio:

    a) CRN in 5G wireless communication: The integration of CR in


    5G networks will meet the capacity demands of spectrum.
    b) CRN in cloud computing: computing using CRN is used in
    various artificial intelligence (AI) systems, including expert
    systems, natural language programming, neural networks, robotics,
    and virtual reality (VR).
    c) CR in wireless sensor network (WSN): CRWSN senses a signal
    and collaboratively communicates its measured value continuously
    over the available spectrum channels.
    d) Green CRN: Cognitive Radio (CR) is proposed as an efficient
    technology to meet the concept of Green communications
    GOOD LUCK

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