3.10 Magnetism
3.10 Magnetism
3.10 Magnetism
10 Magnetism)
(a)
Theory of magnetism
Properties of a magnet Action of a magnet suspended in the Earth's magnetic field;
Magnetization and demagnetization;
Magnetic shielding;
Various types of magnetic material;
Electromagnets construction and principles of operation;
Hand clasp rules to determine: magnetic field around current carrying conductor.
(b)
Magneto motive force
field strength,
magnetic flux density,
permeability, hysteresis loop,
retentivity,
coercive force reluctance,
saturation point,
eddy currents ;
Precautions for care and storage of magnets..
MAGNETISM:-
Everyone has seen and handled a magnet in the form of a straight or horseshoe shaped bar of steel or
steel-alloy.
The magnet was originally a piece of steel before it was magnetized.
A material called magnetite is a naturally occurring magnet (also called lodestone) which was used at
sea for primitive navigation.
A magnet is easily recognized by its ability to attract pieces or iron and steel; and if suspended freely
on a piece of string, will swing to align with the earth’s own magnetic field.
MAGNETIC THEORIES
MOLECULAR THEORY
If we continue cutting our magnet into smaller and smaller pieces we would eventually arrive at the
smallest piece, which would be a molecule and this molecule would be a magnet. Thus the molecular
theory of magnetism states that:
All materials contain molecules with magnetic properties.
In unmagnified substances, these molecules are arranged in a random manner and no external
magnetic effect is produced.
When the material is being magnetized, we are aligning the molecules. The number aligned increases,
as we further magnetize the specimen and when all are aligned no further increase in magnetization is
possible and the specimen is said to be magnetically saturated.
In theory all substances could be magnetized, but in practice it is impossible to align the molecules of
most substances.
DOMAIN THEORY
In domain theory it is assumed that magnetic materials are composed of tiny individual magnets called
domains, a single domain is very small - about 1012 atoms.
Considering each atom - orbital electrons not only orbit the nucleus but spin axially on their own axis.
In non magnetic materials the same number of electrons spin clockwise as Anti-clockwise.
In magnetic materials more electrons spin one way than the other way
The unbalanced spin creates twists called magnetic moments.
In unmagnified state the moments of the electrons are in the same direction in a single domain, but the
domains produce random pockets of magnetism.
As the magnetic material becomes magnetized the domains become partially aligned. In fully
magnetized material all domains become fully aligned.
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
MAGNETIC POLES
The two regions near the ends of a magnet at which the attracting forces appear to be concentrated are
called the magnetic poles.
The pole (when freely suspended) which points towards the earth’s geographic north pole is called the
North Seeking Pole ‘N’ (or north pole for short) and that which points to the south geographic pole, the
South Seeking Pole ‘S’ (or south pole).
It is observed that two north poles repel each other and likewise with two south poles; however a north
pole and a south pole will attract each other.
This is summarized in the fundamental law of magnetism:
Like Poles Repel, Unlike Poles Attract
To test a specimen for the presence of magnetism it is necessary to observe repulsion.
Attraction simply means that the specimen is magnetic but it may not be magnetized. Thus the test for
magnetism is repulsion..
MAGNETIC FIELD
The region around a magnet in which it exerts a force is called the ‘magnetic field’. T
he magnetic field is three-dimensional and it may be shown visually by drawing imaginary lines called
‘lines of magnetic flux’.
LINES OF FLUX
A line of flux is a line indicating the direction in which a free north pole would travel, if placed in the field
at that point.
Alternatively it is the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle would point.
The direction which would be taken is indicated on the lines of flux by arrow heads.
Therefore lines of flux emanate from north poles and re-enter at south poles, see diagram below.
Two parallel wires, which are close together, each carrying an electric current, produce magnetic fields
which interact with one another.
If the currents flow in the same direction, the wires experience a force of attraction.
If the currents flow in opposite directions, the wires experience a force of repulsion, see diagram below.
The force between two such conductors forms the basis for the definition of the unit of current - the
ampere.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
If a straight wire carrying a current is formed into a circular loop, the magnetic field is as shown.
The field may be deduced by taking elements of the loop and looking at the field around each part of
the loop
PRODUCTION OF A BAR MAGNET
If a length of wire is bent into a series of loops, it forms a solenoid.
The direction of the magnetic field around any small part of it can be obtained by using the corkscrew
rule.
If the fields for a series of such loops are combined, the result will be a field pattern similar to that of a
bar magnet.
END RULE
The direction of the magnetic field depends upon the direction of conventional current flow.
We can find out which end of the coil is acting as the north pole and which is the south pole by
observing the direction of current flow at each end.
This is called the End Rule or sometimes, the clock rule, see diagram below.
. MAGNETISING FORCE
The magnetomotive force can be expressed in terms of the length of the magnet.
It is then referred to as the magnetising force or magnetic field strength and given the symbol H.
The magnetising force is a measure of the intensity of the magnetic effects at any given point in the
magnetic field.
Magnetising Force (H) =Magneto motive Force/Length of magnet
The unit of flux density is actually Webers per m2, so: 1 Tesla =1 Weber/m2
PERMEABILITY
When an mmf produces a magnetising force H, a certain flux density B is established.
Ratio B/H is termed 'the permeability of the material
Permeability is an indication of the ability of the flux to permeate the material.
If the material in which the flux is established is a vacuum, or free space, then the ratio is called ‘the
permeability of free space' and given the symbol μo. This value is considered to be a constant, 4 ×
10-7 H/M
If a flux is established in any material other than air or free space, then the flux density will increase.
The number of times by which the flux density increases is called the ‘relative permeability of the
material’ denoted by the symbol μr.
This is not a constant but varies with different material. i.e. steel = 800.
The product of μo and μr is called the ‘absolute permeability’ and is denoted by the symbol μ.
For all materials
B/H= µ= µo x µr
RELUCTANCE
The opposition experienced by a magnetising force to the creation of a flux is called ‘reluctance’ and
denoted by the symbol S.
The following derivation is for information only.
Total Flux Φ = B × A Webers (1) (from flux density B =Φ/A)
mmf = I.N and H =IN/length