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    Notes Polynomials

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    arunimafunnygirl12

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    Notes Polynomials

    Uploaded by

    arunimafunnygirl12
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    Notes-Polynomials

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    Notes Polynomials

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    arunimafunnygirl12

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    POLYNOMIALS

    POLYNOMIAL: It is an algebraic expression which includes constants, variables and


    exponents. It is the expression in which the variables have only positive integers
    (whole numbers) as the exponents.

    Example

    1. 4x3 + 3x2 + x +3 is a polynomial in variable x.

    2. 4x2 + 3x-1 - 4 is not a polynomial as it has negative power.

    3. 3x3/2 + 2x – 3 is not a polynomial as it has a fractional power.

    • Polynomials are denoted by p(x), q(x) etc.

    • In the above polynomial 2x2, 3y and 2 are the terms of the polynomial.

    • 2 and 3 are the coefficient of the x2 and y respectively.

    • x and y are the variables.

    • 2 is the constant term which has no variable.

    STANDARD FORM OF A POLYNOMIAL:


    DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL: Degree of a polynomial is the greatest exponent of
    the variable in the polynomial.

    Eg: p(x) = 8x3 – 2x2 + 8x – 21 and g(x) = 9x2 – 3x + 12 are polynomials of degree
    3 and 2 respectively.

    • Constant polynomial is a polynomial of degree zero.

    The constant polynomial p(x) = 0 is called zero polynomial.

    • Degree of zero polynomial is not defined.

    • A polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear polynomial

    e.g. ax + b, where a ≠ 0.

    • A polynomial of degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial e.g. ax2 + bx + c


    where a ≠ 0.

    • A polynomial of degree 3 is called a cubic polynomial e.g. ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a


    ≠ 0.

    • A polynomial of degree 4 is called a biquadratic polynomial e.g. ax4 + bx3 + cx2


    + dx + e, a ≠ 0.

    VALUE OF POLYNOMIAL: The value of a polynomial p(x) at x = c is obtained by


    substituting x = c in the given polynomial and is denoted by p(c).

    ZEROS OF A POLYNOMIAL: Zero of a polynomial p(x) is a number ‘a’ such that


    p(a) = 0.

    REMAINDER THEOREM: Let p(x) is a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to


    1 and a is any real number, if p(x0 is divided by the linear polynomial x – a then the
    remainder is p(a).

    FACTOR THEOREM: If p(x) is a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and


    a is any real number then.

    (i) x – a is a factor of p(x) if p(a) = 0.

    (ii) p(a) = 0 if (x – a) is a factor of p(x).


    DIVISION ALGORITHM:

    Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder

    ⇒p(x) = g(x) q(x) + r(x),

    It says that p(x) divided by g(x), gives q(x) as quotient and r(x) as remainder,

    where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x).

    ALGEBRIC IDENTITIES

    • (x + y)2 = x2 + y2 + 2xy

    • (x – y)2 = x2 + y2 – 2xy

    • x2 – y2 = (x + y)(x – y)

    • (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx

    • (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab

    • (x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y) = x3 + y3 + 3x2y + 3xy2

    • (x – y)3 = x3 – y3 – 3xy(x – y) = x3 – y3 – 3x2y + 3xy2

    • x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = [(x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx)]

    and If x + y + z = 0, then x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz.

    • x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2)

    • x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x2 + xy + y2)

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