Polynomials Class 9

Polynomials
Polynomials in One Variable

Polynomials
An expression of two or more than two algebraic terms that contain variable(s)
that are raised to non-negative integral powers are called polynomials.
Types of Polynomials
Based on the number of terms a polynomial can be classified into monomial, binomial,
trinomial, etc.
An algebraic expression having only one term is called a monomial. P (x) = x is a

monomial.
Polynomials having two terms are called binomials. P (x) = x 2
+ 2x has two terms, x 2
and 2x.So, it is a binomial.

Polynomials having three terms are called trinomials. P (x) = x 4
+ 3x
2
− 4 has three
terms, x , 3x and −4.So, it is a trinomial.
4 2
An algebraic expression of the form P (x) = c, where c is a constant is called constant
polynomial.
The constant polynomial 0 is called the zero polynomial.
Degree of a Polynomial
The degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of its individual terms with non-zero
coefficients. The degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of the variables that appear
in it.
For a polynomial in one variable, the highest power of the variable in the polynomial is the
degree of the polynomial.
f (x) = x
2
− 9x
3
+ 2x
8
− 6 is a polynomial with degree 8 as the highest power to which x is
raised is 8.
Note:
The degree of a non-zero constant polynomial is zero.

The degree of the zero polynomial is not defined.
Classification of Polynomials according to their Degree
Polynomials can be classified on the basis of their degree as follows:
A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial. P (x) = x − 2 is a linear

polynomial.
A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial. P (x) = x 2
− 3x + 4 is a
quadratic polynomial.
A polynomial of degree three a cubic polynomial. P (x) = x 3
+ 3x − 2 is a cubic
polynomial.
Representing equations on a graph
All polynomials can be represented on the graph to understand the nature of the
polynomial, its zeroes etc.
For example, Geometrically zeros of a polynomial are the points where its graph cuts the x-
axis.
Graph of a quadratic polynomial.
Zeroes of a Polynomial
Zeroes of a Polynomial
A zero of a polynomial P (x) is a number c such that P (c) = 0.

The zero's of the polynomial P (x) = x 2
− 4 are 2 and (-2) since P (2) = (2) 2
− 4 = 0 and
P (−2) = (−2) − 4 = 0.
2
Note:
A non-zero constant polynomial has no zero.

Every real number is a zero of the zero polynomial.
Number of zeroes
In general, a polynomial of degree n has at most n zeros.
A linear polynomial has one zero.

A quadratic polynomial has at most two zeros.
A cubic polynomial has at most three zeros.
Remainder Theorem
Long Division method to divide two polynomials
To divide one polynomial by another, follow the steps given below.
arrange the terms of the dividend and the divisor in the decreasing order of their
degrees.
To obtain the first term of the quotient, divide the highest degree term of the dividend
by the highest degree term of the divisor. Then carry out the division process.
The remainder of the previous division becomes the dividend for the next step. Repeat
this process until the degree of the remainder is less than the degree of the divisor.
An example of the use of long division method to divide two polynomials is given below.
Dividing one polynomial by another polynomial.
Remainder Theorem
When a polynomial f (x) of degree greater than or equal to one is divided by a linear
polynomial x − a the remainder is equal to the value of f (a).
If f (a) = 0 then x − a is a factor of the polynomial f (x).
Factor Theorem
If P (x) is a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and a is any real number then
x − a is a factor of P (x) if P (a) = 0.
Factorization of Polynomials
Factorisation of Quadratic Polynomials- Splitting the middle term
Factorisation of the polynomial ax 2
+ bx + c by splitting the middle term is as follows:
Step 1: We split the middle term by finding two numbers such that their sum is equal to the
coefficient of x and their product is equal to the product of the constant term and the
coefficient of x . 2
For example for the quadratic polynomial (x 2

+ 5x + 6) the middle term can be split as,
x + 2x + 3x + 6
2
Here,2 + 3 = 5 and 2 × 3 = 6.
Step 2: Now, we factorise by pairing the terms and taking the common factors.
2
x + 2x + 3x + 6
= x(x + 2) + 3(x + 2)
= (x + 2)(x + 3)
Thus, x + 2 and x + 3 are factors of x 2

+ 5x + 6 .
Factorisation of Quadratic Polynomials - Factor theorem
To factorise a quadratic polynomial f (x) = ax + bx + c, find two numbers p and q such that
2
f (p) = f (q) = 0. Let us factorise the quadratic polynomial f (x) = x − 3x + 2.

2
(i) f (2) = 2 − 3(2) + 2 = 4 − 6 + 2 = 0

2
Hence, x − 2 is a factor of x − 3x + 2. 2
(ii) f (3) = 3 − 3 × 3 + 2 = 9 − 9 + 2 = 2 ≠ 0
2
Hence, x − 3 is not a factor of x − 3x + 2. 2
(iii) f (1) = 1 − 3 × 1 + 2 = 0
2
Hence, x − 1 is a factor of x − 3x + 2. 2
So, x − 1 and x − 2 are the factors of the quadratic polynomial x 2

− 3x + 2 .
2
x − 3x + 2 = (x − 2)(x − 1)
Algebraic Identities
Algebraic Identities
2 2 2
(a + b) = a + 2ab + b
2 2 2
(a − b) = a − 2ab + b
2 2
a − b = (a − b)(a + b)
2
(x + a)(x + b) = x + (a + b)x + ab
2 2 2 2
(a + b + c) =a +b +c + 2(ab + bc + ca)(a +
3 3 3
b) =a +b + 3ab(a + b )
3 3 3
(a − b) = a − b − 3ab(a − b)
3 3 3 2 2 2
a + b + c − 3abc = (a + b + c)(a + b + c − ab − bc − ca)

Polynomials Class 9

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Polynomials

Polynomials in One Variable

An algebraic expression having only one term is called a monomial. P (x) = x is a

and 2x.So, it is a binomial.

The degree of a non-zero constant polynomial is zero.

Classiﬁcation of Polynomials according to their Degree

Polynomials can be classiﬁed on the basis of their degree as follows:

A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial. P (x) = x − 2 is a linear

Representing equations on a graph

Graph of a quadratic polynomial.

A zero of a polynomial P (x) is a number c such that P (c) = 0.

A non-zero constant polynomial has no zero.

A linear polynomial has one zero.

To divide one polynomial by another, follow the steps given below.

Dividing one polynomial by another polynomial.

For example for the quadratic polynomial (x 2

Thus, x + 2 and x + 3 are factors of x 2

Factorisation of Quadratic Polynomials - Factor theorem

f (p) = f (q) = 0. Let us factorise the quadratic polynomial f (x) = x − 3x + 2.

(i) f (2) = 2 − 3(2) + 2 = 4 − 6 + 2 = 0

Hence, x − 3 is not a factor of x − 3x + 2. 2

So, x − 1 and x − 2 are the factors of the quadratic polynomial x 2

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