Polynomials Merged

Polynomial
Basics Revisited
Algebraic Expressions
An algebraic expression is an expression made up of variables and constants along with

mathematical operators.
An algebraic expression is a sum of terms, which are considered to be building blocks

for expressions.
A term is a product of variables and constants. A term can be an algebraic expression in

itself.
Examples of a term - 3 which is just a constant.
- 2x, which is the product of constant '2' and the variable 'x'
- 4xy, which is the product of the constant '4' and the variables 'x' and 'y'.
- 5x y, which is the product of 5, x, x and y.
2
The constant in each term is referred to as the coefficient .
Example of an algebraic expression - 3x 2

y + 4xy + 5x + 6 - which is the sum of four terms -
2
3x y, 4xy, 5x and 6
An algebraic expression can have any number of terms. The coefficient in each term can be
any real number. There can be any number of variables in an algebraic expression. The
exponent on the variables, however, must be rational numbers.
Polynomial
An algebraic expression can have exponents that are rational numbers. However, a
polynomial is an algebraic expression in which the exponent on any variable is a whole
number.
5x
3
+ 3x + 1 is an example of a polynomial. It is an algebraic expression as well
2x + 3√x is an algebraic expression, but not a polynomial. - since the exponent on x is 1
which is not a whole number.
Degree of a Polynomial
For a polynomial in one variable - the highest exponent on the variable in a polynomial is
the degree of the polynomial.
Example: The degree of the polynomial x 2
+ 2x + 3 is 2, as the highest power of x in the
given expression is x . 2
TYPES OF POLYNOMIALS
Polynomials can be classified based on

a) Number of terms
b) Degree of the polynomial.
Types of polynomials based on the number of terms
a) Monomial - A polynomial with just one term. Example - 2x, 6x , 9xy 2
b) Binomial - A polynomial with two terms. Example - 4x 2

+ x , 5x + 4
a) Trinomial - A polynomial with three terms. Example - x 2

+ 3x + 4
Types of polynomials based on degree:
Linear Polynomial
A polynomial whose degree is one is called a linear polynomial.

For example, 2x + 1 is a linear polynomial.
Quadratic Polynomial
A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial.

For example, 3x 2
+ 8x + 5 is a quadratic polynomial.
Cubic Polynomial
A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial.

For example, 2x 3
+ 5x
2
+ 9x + 15 is a cubic polynomial.
Graphical Representations
Representing Equations on a Graph
Any equation can be represented as a graph on the Cartesian plane, where each point on
the graph represents the x and y coordinates of the point that satisfies the equation. An
equation can be seen as a constraint placed on the x and y coordinates of a point, and any
point that satisfies that constraint will lie on the curve
For example, the equation y = x, on a graph, will be a straight line that joins all the points
which have their x coordinate equal to their y coordinate. Example - (1,1), (2,2) and so on.
Visualization of a Polynomial
Geometrical Representation of a Linear Polynomial
The graph of a linear polynomial is a straight line. It cuts the X-axis at exactly one point.
Linear graph
Geometrical Representation of a Quadratic Polynomial
The graph of a quadratic polynomial is a parabola.

It looks like a U which either opens upwards or opens downwards depending on the
value of a in ax + bx + c.
2
If a is positive then parabola opens upwards and if a is negative then it opens

downwards.
It can cut the x-axis at 0, 1 or two points.
Graph of a polynomial which cuts the x-axis in two distinct points (a>0)
Graph of a Quadratic polynomial which touches the x-axis at one point (a>0)
Graph of a Quadratic polynomial that doesn't touch the x-axis (a<0)
Graph of the polynomial x n
For a polynomial of the form y = x where n is a whole number:

n
as n increases, the graph becomes steeper or draws closer to the Y-axis.

If n is odd, the graph lies in the first and third quadrants
If n is even, the graph lies in the first and second quadrants.
The graph of y = −x is the reflection of the graph of
n
y = x
n
on the x-axis
Graph of polynomials with different degrees.
Zeroes of a Polynomial
Zeros of a Polynomial
A zero of a polynomial p(x) is the value of x for which the value of p(x) is 0. If k is a zero of
p(x), then p(k)=0.
For example, consider a polynomial p(x) = x 2

− 3x + 2 .
When x = 1, the value of p(x) will be equal to
2
p(1) = 1 − 3 × 1 + 2
= 1 − 3 + 2
= 0
Since p(x) = 0 at x = 1, we say that 1 is a zero of the polynomial x 2

− 3x + 2
Geometrical Meaning of Zeros of a Polynomial
Geometrically, zeros of a polynomial are the points where its graph cuts the x-axis.
(i) One zero (ii) Two zeros (iii) Three zeros
Here A, B and C correspond to the zeros of the polynomial represented by the graphs.
Number of Zeros
In general a polynomial of degree n has at most n zeros.
1. A linear polynomial has one zero,

2. A quadratic polynomial has at most two zeros.
3. A cubic polynomial has at most 3 zeros.
Factorization of Polynomials
Factorisation of Quadratic Polynomials
Quadratic polynomials can be factorized by splitting the middle term.
For example, consider the polynomial 2x 2

− 5x + 3
Splitting the middle term.

The middle term in the polynomial 2x − 5x + 3 is -5. This must be expressed as a sum of
2
two terms such that the product of their coefficients is equal to the product of 2 and 3
(coefficient of x and the constant term)
2
−5 can be expressed as (−2) + (−3), as −2 × −3 = 6 = 2 × 3
Thus, 2x 2
− 5x + 3 = 2x
2
− 2x − 3x + 3
Now, identify the common factors in individual groups
2
2x − 2x − 3x + 3 = 2x(x − 1) − 3(x − 1)
Taking (x − 1) as the common factor, this can be expressed as
2x(x − 1) − 3(x − 1) = (x − 1)(2x − 3)
Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients

Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Polynomial
If α and β are the roots of a quadratic polynomial ax 2

+ bx + c , then,
b
α + β = −
a
c
αβ =
a
Sum of zeroes = −
coef f icient of x
2
coef f icient of x
Product of zeroes = constant term
2
coef f icient of x
If α ,β and γ are the roots of a cubic polynomial ax 3

+ bx
2
+ cx + d , then,
b
α + β + γ = −
a
c
αβ + βγ + γα =
a
−d
αβγ =
a
Division Algorithm
Division Algorithm for a Polynomial
To divide one polynomial by another, follow the steps given below.
Step 1: arrange the terms of the dividend and the divisor in the decreasing order of their
degrees.
Step 2: To obtain the first term of the quotient, divide the highest degree term of the
dividend by the highest degree term of the divisor Then carry out the division process.
Step 3: The remainder from the previous division becomes the dividend for the next step.
Repeat this process until the degree of the remainder is less than the degree of the divisor.
Algebraic Identities
Algebraic Identities
1. (a + b) = a + 2ab + b
2 2 2
2. (a − b) = a − 2ab + b
2 2 2
3. (x + a)(x + b) = x + (a + b)x + ab
2
4. a − b = (a + b)(a − b)
2 2
5. a − b = (a − b)(a + ab + b )
3 3 2 2
6. a + b = (a + b)(a − ab + b )
3 3 2 2
7. (a + b) = a + 3a b + 3ab + b
3 3 2 2 3
8. (a − b) 3
= a
3 2
− 3a b + 3ab
2
− b
3
CBSE Class 10 Maths Chapter 2 –Polynomials
Objective Questions
Basics Revisited
1. Write the coefficient of in each of the following?
(1) 2 + + x
(2) 2 - +
(3) +x
(4) x−1
(A) 1, 1, 1,
(B) 1, -1, ,
(C) 1, -1, , 0
(D) 1, -1,
Answer: 1, -1, 0
Solution: The constant multiplied to is the coefficient of
(1) 2 + + x → coefficient of =1
(2) 2 - + → coefficient of = -1
(3) +x → coefficient of =
(4) x−1 → coefficient of =0
2. The polynomial p(x)=x−323 is a___
(A) Constant Polynomial

(B) Cubic Polynomial
(C) Quadratic Polynomial
(D) Linear Polynomial
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Answer: (D) Linear Polynomial
Solution: Polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial.

Therefore, x−323 is a linear polynomial
Graphical Representations
3. Three curves i.e.

a) y=
b) y=
c) y=
are depicted in the graph shown below. Which of the polynomials does the
graph 3 represent?
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(A) y=
(B) y=
(C) y=
(D) Cannot be determined
Answer: (B) y=
Solution: Consider the polynomial where n is a positive even integer.
As the value of n increases, then the curve goes closer to the

positive y-axis.
Thus, the graph 3 represents the polynomial
4. Three curves i.e.
a) y=−
b) y=−
c) y=−
are depicted in the following graph and are numbered from 1 to 3.
Identify the correct relation.
(A) (a)-(1) , (b)-(2), (c)-(3)
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(B) (a)-(3) , (b)-(2), (c)-(1)
(C) (a)-(1) , (b)-(3), (c)-(2)
(D) (a)-(2) , (b)-(3), (c)-(1)
Answer: (A) (a)-(1), (b)-(2), (c)-(3)
Solutions: When a polynomial is of the form y=− the graph of the polynomial is the
mirror image of the graph of the polynomial y= .
Also, when the value of n increases, the graph draws closer to the y axis.
Thus, graph 1 represents y=− , graph 2 represents y=− and graph 3 represents y=−
Visualization of a polynomial
5. If x=2,y=−1, then the value of +4xy+4 is
(A) 2
(B) -1
(C) 1
(D) 0
Answer: (D) 0
Solution: Substituting the values,

+4xy+4
= 4(2) (-1) + 4
= 4−8+4=0
6. According to the graph below, the product of the zeroes of the polynomial will be
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(A) Cannot be determined
(B) Zero
(C) Negative
(D) Positive
Answer: (C) Negative
Solution: One of the zeros of the polynomial lies on the positive x-axis. Thus, the
abscissa or the x -coordinate, which is the corresponding zero, is positive.
The other zero lies on the negative x-axis. Thus the abscissa or x -coordinate which is the
corresponding zero, is negative.
Thus, the product of zeroes is going to be positive negative=negative.
Zeroes of a polynomial
7. Number of polynomials having 3 and 7 as zeroes are?
(A) More than 3

(B) 3
(C) 2
(D) 1
Answer: (A) More than 3
Solution: .......here a and b can take any natural number values.
Hence infinite possibilities
8. If α,β and γ are the zeros of the polynomial

f(x) = +cx +d, then + + is:
(A)
(B)
(C)
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(D)
Answer: (B)
Solutions: If α, β and γ are the zeros of the polynomial

f(x) = +cx +d, then
+ + = = =-
9. If α,β are the zeros of the polynomial, +36 and
, then what is the value of p?
(A) 6
(B) 3
(C) 9
(D) 8
Answer: (C) 9
Solution: Here a = 1, b = -p, c = 36.
α+β= =p
=36
-2
⇒ 9= −2×36 [∵ ( = 9]
⇒81=
⇒p=9or−9
Factorization of polynomials
10. What is the factorization of 2 −7x−15?
(A) (x+5) (2x-3)

(B) (x+3) (2x-5)
(C) (x-5) (2x+3)
(D) (x-3) (2x-5)
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Answer: (C) (x-5) (2x+3)
Solution: Find two numbers such that their product is -30 and sum is -7.
P(x) = 2 −7x−15
= 2 −10x+3x−15
= 2x(x-5) + 3(x-5)
= (x-5) (2x+3)
11. What is the factorization of −5x+6?
(A) (x+5) (x-3)

(B) (x-6) (x+1)
(C) (x-1) (x+5)
(D) (x-2) (x-3)
Answer: (D) (x-2) (x-3)
Solution: −5x+6
= −2x−3x+6
= x(x-2) - 3(x-2)
= (x-2) (x-3)
12. Which among the options is one of the factors of + - .
(A) 3x +1
(B) 2x + 1
(C) X -
(D) X-
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Answer: (B) 2x +1
Solution: -
Now, we will factorize the above polynomial.
(6 x – 1)
= (6 3x-2x-1)
= (3 -1( )
=
Therefore, the factors of

= -
are , (3x-1) and (2x +1)
Relationship between zeroes and coefficient
13. Find the sum and product of roots for the given polynomial :
2 +x−5=0
(A) - ,
(B) –
(C) ,
(D) 2,5
Answer: - ,
Solution: We know that, for a quadratic equation

a +bx+c=0 sum of roots = α+β & product of roots = αβ
⇒α+β=− & αβ=
Comparing 2 +x−5=0 with a +bx+c=0, we have
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a=2,b=1,c=−5
⇒α+β=−
⇒αβ=−
14. If p, q & r are the zeroes of a cubic polynomial a +b +cx+d, then what will be
p+q+r?
(A)
(B)
(C) -
(D) -
Answer: (D) -
Solution: We know that for a cubic polynomial a +b +cx+d

Sum of zeroes = -
Therefore, p+q+r= -
Division algorithm
15. In division algorithm when should one stop the division process?
1. When the remainder is zero.

2. When the degree of the remainder is less than the degree of the divisor.
3. When the degree of the quotient is less than the degree of the divisor.
(A) Statement 1, 2 are correct

(B) Statement 2, 3 are correct
(C) Statement 3, 1 are correct
(D) Only 3 is correct
Answer: (A) Statement 1, 2 are correct
Solution: We stop the division process when either the remainder is zero or its
degree is less than the degree of the divisor.
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16. If the remainder when +2 +kx+3 is divided by x-3 is 21, find the zeroes
of +2 +kx−18
(A) -2, 3, 3
(B) -3, 2, 3
(C) -3, -2,3
(D) -3,-3, 2
Answer: (C) -3, -2, 3
Solution: P (3) = 48 + 3k =21

⇒ K =-9
Hence, +2 −9x+3= (x−3) x Quotient + 21
⇒ +2 −9x−18=9x−3) x Quotient
Quotient =
Factorizing the quotient, + 5x +6= + 3x + 2x +6 = x(x+3) +2(x+3) =(x+2) (x+3)
Hence, the factors of +2 −9x−18 are x−3, x+2 and x+3

⇒ the zeroes are -3,-2, 3.
Algebraic identities
17. If x+ =10, (x≠0) then evaluate :

+
(A) 100
(B) 10
(C) 98
(D) 102
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Answer: (c) 98
Solution: =
Squaring both sides,
) = 100
18. f α and β are the zeros of polynomial

+
(A) -
(B)
(C)
(D)
Answer: (B)
Solution: Given polynomial is:
⇒α+β= = = -3
⇒αβ= = =-2
∴ +
=
=
= [Substituting the values of α+β, αβ]
=
=
19. What term should be added to +2ab to make it a perfect square?
(A) 2ab
(B)
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(C)
(D)
Answer: (C)
Solution: To make ( +2ab) a perfect square, is to be added.

So that ( +2ab+ ) will become a perfect square using the
identity ( +2ab+ ).
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POST CLASS NOTES
Polynomials
Topics
1. Polynomial and Terms Related to it
2. Special Types of Polynomials
3. Geometrical Meaning of Zeroes of a Polynomial
4. Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients

of a Polynomial
5. Division Algorithm for Polynomials
𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥2 − 1
Polynomials
Polynomials
“ Poly“means many “nomials“means terms
So, polynomials means many terms

Definition of a Polynomial
An algebraic expression in which the variable(s) is/are raised to non-negative
integral exponents is called a polynomial.
Standard Form of a Polynomial in 𝑥𝑥 of Degree 𝑛𝑛

An algebraic expression of the form
𝐩𝐩 𝒙𝒙 = 𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏 + 𝒂𝒂𝐧𝐧−𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙𝐧𝐧−𝟏𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒂𝒂𝟎𝟎 ,
where 𝒂𝒂𝟎𝟎 , 𝒂𝒂𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 , … , 𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 are real numbers and 𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 ≠ 𝟎𝟎 ,
is the standard form of a polynomial in 𝑥𝑥 of degree 𝑛𝑛.
Terms Related to Polynomials
The Degree of a Polynomial 𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥 is the highest exponent to
which 𝑥𝑥 is raised.
The Value of a Polynomial 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) at x = k is obtained by

replacing x = k in the polynomial expression.
A real number ′𝑎𝑎𝑎 is a Zero of a Polynomial 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) if

𝑝𝑝(𝑎𝑎) = 0.
Value of 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) at 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏 is
Degree = 2. 𝑝𝑝 1 = 4 1 2 − 1 = 3.
𝒑𝒑 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏
Zeroes of 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) are ± 𝟐𝟐 , since
1 1
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝 − = 0.
2 2
Special Types of Polynomials
Based on Based on
Number of Terms Degree
1 term → Monomial Degree = 1 → Linear

Ex: 𝑥𝑥, −5𝑦𝑦 Ex: 2𝑦𝑦 − 3
2 terms → Binomial Degree = 2 → Quadratic

Ex: 2𝑥𝑥 −5, 6𝑦𝑦 + 8 Ex: 4𝑥𝑥2 + 5𝑥𝑥 − 2
3 terms → Trinomial Degree = 3 → Cubic

Ex: 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 2 Ex: 8𝑥𝑥3 − 5
Geometrical Meaning of Zeroes
of a Polynomial
A zero of a polynomial 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) represents the x-coordinate of the point where

the graph of 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) intersects the x-axis.
1 Zero
X
2 Zeroes
X
3 Zeroes X
Relationship between Zeroes and
Coefficients of a Polynomial
Quadratic Polynomial
General form: 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐
−𝒃𝒃
Sum of zeroes = 𝜶𝜶 + 𝜷𝜷 =
𝒂𝒂
𝒄𝒄
Product of zeroes = 𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 =
𝒂𝒂
Cubic Polynomial
General form: 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎3 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏2 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑

−𝒃𝒃
Sum of zeroes = 𝜶𝜶 + 𝜷𝜷 + 𝜸𝜸 =
𝒂𝒂
Sum of product of zeroes 𝒄𝒄
taken two at a time = 𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 + 𝜷𝜷𝜷𝜷 + 𝜸𝜸𝜸𝜸 =
𝒂𝒂
−𝒅𝒅
Product of zeroes = 𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 =
𝒂𝒂
Division Algorithm for Polynomials
Quotient 𝒒𝒒(𝒙𝒙)
Divisor Dividend 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙) 𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙)
. .
. .
. .
Remainder 𝒓𝒓(𝒙𝒙)
Dividend = Quotient × Divisor + Remainder
𝒑𝒑(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒒𝒒(𝒙𝒙) × 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙) + 𝒓𝒓(𝒙𝒙)

Mind Map
Degree of a Polynomial Value of a Polynomial

at a Point
Polynomials
Special Types of Division Algorithm for
Polynomials Polynomials
Relationship between Zeroes

Geometrical Meaning of the
and Coefficients of a
Polynomial
Practice Questions - Term I
Date: 11/11/2021
Subject: Mathematics
Topic : Polynomials Class: X
1.
Identify the cubic polynomials among the following.
1. 2x 3
+ 3x
2
+ 2x + 1
2. x 3
+ 2x + 3
3. √3x + 5
4. y + √2
A. 1,2 and 3
B. 3 and 4
C. 2 and 3
D. 1 and 2
2. The graph of a polynomial P(x) is as shown. The number of zeroes is/are
A. 2
B. 1
C. 0
D. 3
Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd. Polynomials

3. Which of the following graph represents the quadratic polynomial

−x
2
+ 5x − 6 ?
A.
B.
C.
D. Cannot be represented on a graph.
4.
The zeros of the polynomial x 2
− √2x − 12 are _____
A. √2, −√2
B. 3√2, −2√2
C. 3 − √2, 2√2
D. 3√2, 2√2

5. If a and b are the zeroes of a polynomial
2
px − 5x + q, then find the values of p
and q, if a + b = ab = 10.
A. 5 and
1
B. 5 and 2
C. 1
and 5
2
D. 10 and 1
6. What is the maximum number of times the graph of the polynomial

y = px
3
+ qx
2
+ rx + s intersects the x axis?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 4
D. 3
7. According to the graph below, the product of the zeroes of the polynomial
will be
A. positive
B. negative
C. zero
D. cannot be determined
8. The graph of y = p(x) is given. The number of zeroes of y = p(x)is___.
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3

9.
Which of the following graph represents the quadratic polynomial
−x
2
+ 5x − 6 ?
A.
B.
C.
D.

10.
The graph of y = p(x) is given. How many zeroes can exist? Assume that
the p(x) is always increasing beyond x = 10.
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
11. If x = 2 and x = 1 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial

ax − 3x + b, then find the value of a - b.
2
A. 0
B. 1
C. -1
D. 2

12.
If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial 9x is find the value of
2 11
− kx + 2
9
k.
A. -1
B. 1
C. -4
D. 4
13. Find a cubic polynomial whose zeroes are 2, - 3 and 4.
A. x
3
− 3x
2
− 10x + 24
B. x
3
− x
2
− x + 2
C. x
3
+ x
2
+ x
D. 2x
3
+ x
2
+ 1
14.
Find the quadratic polynomial whose sum of its zeroes (roots) is − and the
8
product of the zeroes (roots) is .

7
A. 14x
2
+ 7x + 5
B. 5x
2
+ 8x + 7
C. 2x
2
− 8x + 7
D. 5x
2
− 8x + 7

15.
If α, β and γ are the zeros of the polynomial 2x 3
− 6x
2
− 4x + 30 , then the
value of (αβ + βγ + γα) is
A. 2
B. -2
C. 1
D. 3

16.
Polynomials are everywhere. It is found in the slope of a hill, the curve of a

bridge or the continuity of a mountain range.
Based on the given information, answer the following question.
If the equation of the bridge is prepersented by the following graph y = p(x),

then name the type of the polynomial it traces.

A. Linear
B. Quadratic
C. Cubic
D. Bi-quadratic

17.

If the hills are represented by the cubic polynomial t(x) = px 3

+ qx
2
+ rx + s
, then which of the following is always true?

A. s ≠ 0
B. r ≠ 0
C. q ≠ 0
D. p ≠ 0

18.

If the path traced by the hills is represented by the graph y = p(x) below,

find the number of zeroes.
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3

19.

Find a quadratic polynomial for the bridge if 6 is the sum and 8 is the
product of its zeroes.

A. x
2
+ 6x + 8
2
B. x − 6x + 8
C. x
2
+ 6x − 8
D. x
2
− 6x − 8

20.

If the hills are prepresented by the cubic polynomial

t(x) = 2x + 8x + 9x + 16, then the product of the zeroes is:
3 2

A. −4
B. 9
C. −8
D. 8

Date: 11/11/2021
Subject: Mathematics
Topic : Polynomials Class: X
1.
Identify the cubic polynomials among the following.
1. 2x 3
+ 3x
2
+ 2x + 1
2. x 3
+ 2x + 3
3. √3x + 5
4. y + √2
 A. 1,2 and 3
 B. 3 and 4
 C. 2 and 3
 D. 1 and 2
For a cubic polynomial, the degree of the variable in the polynomial should
be 3.
1. 2x 3
+ 3x
2
+ 2x + 1 – Degree of x is 3. So, cubic polynomial
2. x 3
+ 2x + 3 – Degree of x is 3. So, cubic polynomial.
3. √3x + 5 – Degree of x is 1 – Linear polynomial.
4. y + √2 – Degree of y is 1 – Linear polynomial.

2. The graph of a polynomial P(x) is as shown. The number of zeroes is/are
 A. 2
 B. 1
 C. 0
 D. 3
Zero of a polynomial is that value of x for which the value of the polynomial
becomes zero. The maximum number of zeroes of a polynomial is equal to
the degree of the polynomial. The zeroes may be real (equal or unequal) or
unreal.
In this question, the graph is not intersecting the x-axis. So, the polynomial
has no zeros.

3. Which of the following graph represents the quadratic polynomial

−x
2
+ 5x − 6 ?
 A.
 B.
 C.
 D. Cannot be represented on a graph.

One way of solving this question is to find the zeroes of given polynomial by
conventional factorization. But we will solve it in a smart way. We just find
the sum of zeroes from polynomial and compare it from the graphs, which
satisfies the sum of zeroes.
From polynomial,
Sum of zeroes = = =5
−b −5
a −1
From the graphs given , we look for graph whose sum of zeroes is 5. Thus
graph having 2,3 as zeroes is the required graph.

4.
The zeros of the polynomial x 2
− √2x − 12 are _____
 A. √2, −√2
 B. 3√2, −2√2
 C. 3 − √2, 2√2
 D. 3√2, 2√2
Given, x 2
− √2x − 12
2
−b±√b −4ac
Let's factorise using formula x =
2a
a = 1; b = −√2; c = −12
2
−(−√2)±√(−√2) − 4×1×(−12)
x =
2×1
√2±√2+48 √2±√50
= =
2 2
√2±√2×5×5 √2±5√2
= =
2 2
√2 + 5 √2 √2 − 5 √2
x = ;
2 2
6 √2 −4√2
= ;
2 2
x = 3√2; − 2√2
Zeroes are 3√2 & − 2√2

5. If a and b are the zeroes of a polynomial
2
px − 5x + q, then find the values of p
and q, if a + b = ab = 10.
 A. 5 and
1
 B. 5 and 2
 C. 1
and 5
2
 D. 10 and 1
We know that, for a quadratic
2
equation ax + bx + c = 0,
Sum of roots = α + β
and product of roots = αβ
where α and β are the roots of the
equation.
−b c
Also, α + β = and αβ =
a a
So,
5 q
a + b = and ab = .
p p
It is given that a + b = ab = 10
5
⇒ 10 =
p
1
Hence, p =
2
q
Also, ab =
p
q
⇒ 10 =
p
⇒ q = 10p
1
⇒ q = 10 ×
2
⇒ q = 5

6. What is the maximum number of times the graph of the polynomial

y = px
3
+ qx
2
+ rx + s intersects the x axis?
 A. 1
 B. 2
 C. 4
 D. 3
The graph of a polynomial of degree ‘n’ can cut the x-axis at a maximum of
‘n’ values.
Since the given polynomial has a degree 3, it can cut the x axis at most 3
times.
7. According to the graph below, the product of the zeroes of the polynomial
will be
 A. positive
 B. negative
 C. zero
 D. cannot be determined
One of the zeros of the polynomial lies on the positive x-axis. Thus, the
abscissa or the x -coordinate, which is the corresponding zero, is positive.
The other zero lies on the negative x-axis. Thus the abscissa or x -
coordinate which is the corresponding zero, is negative.
Thus, the product of zeroes is going to be positive × negative = negative

8. The graph of y = p(x) is given. The number of zeroes of y = p(x)is___.
 A. 0
 B. 1
 C. 2
 D. 3
In the graph, the polynomial curve intersects the X – axis at 1 point. So
number of zeroes is 1

9.
Which of the following graph represents the quadratic polynomial
−x
2
+ 5x − 6 ?
 A.
 B.
 C.
 D.

In a quadratic polynomial, if the coefficient of 'a' is negative, then the graph

is upside down, i.e., the two hands of the graph point downwards.
10.
The graph of y = p(x) is given. How many zeroes can exist? Assume that
the p(x) is always increasing beyond x = 10.
 A. 0
 B. 1
 C. 2
 D. 3
In the graph, the line intersects the X – axis at no point. So number of

zeroes is 0

11. If x = 2 and x = 1 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial

ax
2
− 3x + b, then find the value of a - b .
 A. 0
 B. 1
 C. -1
 D. 2
Let f (x) = ax − 3x + b. 2
Since x = 2 is a zero of f(x), f(2) = 0.

⇒ 4a − 6 + b = 0.......(i)
Also, since x = 1 is a zero f(x), f(1) = 0,

⇒ a − 3 + b = 0.......(ii)
(i) − (ii) ⇒ 3a = 3
⇒ a = 1
Thus, (ii) ⇒ b = 2
Hence, (a-b) = 1 - 2 = - 1.
12.
If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial 9x is find the value of
2 11
− kx + 2
9
k.
 A. -1
 B. 1
 C. -4
 D. 4
Given polynomial: 9x − kx + 2 2
On dividing the poynomial by 9, we get x 2

−
k
9
+
2
.
9
We know that, the general quadratic equation can be written as

2
x − (Sum of zeroes)x + (Product of zeroes)
The sum of the zeroes is given as 11
9
.
k 11
⇒ =
9 9
⇒ k = 11

13. Find a cubic polynomial whose zeroes are 2, - 3 and 4.
 A. x
3
− 3x
2
− 10x + 24
 B. x
3
− x
2
− x + 2
 C. x
3
+ x
2
+ x
 D. 2x
3
+ x
2
+ 1
If a, b and c are the zeroes of a cubic polynomial f(x), then

3 2
f (x) = x − (a + b + c)x + (ab + bc + ca)x − (abc)
Thus, the required polynomial is:

3 2
x − (3)x + (−10)x − (−24)
3 2
= x − 3x − 10x + 24

14.
Find the quadratic polynomial whose sum of its zeroes (roots) is − and the
8
product of the zeroes (roots) is .

7
 A. 14x
2
+ 7x + 5
 B. 5x
2
+ 8x + 7
 C. 2x
2
− 8x + 7
 D. 5x
2
− 8x + 7
Given that,
Sum of zeroes =
−8
Product of zeroes = 7
Required quadratic polynomial is,
2
f (x) = [(x − (sum of roots)x + (product of roots)]
Substituting the given values we get,
(−8) 7
2
f (x) = [x − x + ]
5 5
8 7
2
f (x) = [x + x + ]
5 5
multiplying by 5 we get
2
f (x) = 5x + 8x + 7
∴ Required polynomial is 5x 2
+ 8x + 7 .

15.
If α, β and γ are the zeros of the polynomial 2x 3
− 6x
2
− 4x + 30 , then the
value of (αβ + βγ + γα) is
 A. 2
 B. -2
 C. 1
 D. 3

16.

If the equation of the bridge is prepersented by the following graph y = p(x),

then name the type of the polynomial it traces.

 A. Linear
 B. Quadratic
 C. Cubic
 D. Bi-quadratic

The graph here, cuts the x-axis at two different points.

Hence, the number of zeroes for the given graph is 2.
We know that, the degree of the polynomial indicates the maximum number
of zeroes it can have.
Here, the maximum number of zeroes is 2.

Thus, y = p(x) has to be a quadratic equation.

17.

If the hills are represented by the cubic polynomial t(x) = px 3

+ qx
2
+ rx + s
, then which of the following is always true?

 A. s ≠ 0
 B. r ≠ 0
 C. q ≠ 0
 D. p ≠ 0
Given: Hills are represented by the cubic polynomial

3 2
t(x) = px + qx + rx + s.
If s = 0, then t(x) = px
3
+ qx
2
+ rx
3 2
r = 0, then t(x) = px + qx + s
3
q = 0, then t(x) = px + rx + s
All these are cubic polynomials since the highest degree is 3.
But when p = 0, then t(x) = qx 2

+ rx + s which is a quadratic equation.
Hence, p cannot be equal to 0.

18.

If the path traced by the hills is represented by the graph y = p(x) below,

find the number of zeroes.
 A. 0
 B. 1
 C. 2
 D. 3
In the given figure, the graph of a polynomial p(x) cuts the x-axis at three
distinct points. i.e the value of polynomial is equal to zero at these three
points.
∴ The number of zeroes of p(x) = 3

19.

Find a quadratic polynomial for the bridge if 6 is the sum and 8 is the
product of its zeroes.

 A. x
2
+ 6x + 8
 B. x − 6x + 8
 C. x
2
+ 6x − 8
 D. x
2
− 6x − 8
To find: A quadratic polynomial whose sum is6 and the product is 8.
We know that, the general quadratic equation can be written as

2
x − (Sum of zeroes)x + (Product of zeroes)
Given: Sum of zeroes = 6

Product of zeroes = 8
Hence, the required polynomial = x 2

− 6x + 8

20.

If the hills are prepresented by the cubic polynomial

t(x) = 2x + 8x + 9x + 16, then the product of the zeroes is:
3 2

 A. −4
 B. 9
 C. −8
 D. 8
To find: The product of the zeroes of the polynomial

3 2
t(x) = 2x + 8x + 9x + 16
We know that, a general cubic polynomial can be written in the form of

x − (α + β + γ)x + (αβ + βγ + γα)x − αβγ where α, β, γ are the zeroes of
3 2
the polynomial.
On comparing the given polynomial to its general form,

9
3 2
t(x) = x + 4x + x + 8
2
Here, the negative of the constant term will be the product of the zeroes.
Hence, the required answer is −8.

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Polynomial

An algebraic expression is an expression made up of variables and constants along with

An algebraic expression is a sum of terms, which are considered to be building blocks

A term is a product of variables and constants. A term can be an algebraic expression in

The constant in each term is referred to as the coefﬁcient .

Example of an algebraic expression - 3x 2

2x + 3√x is an algebraic expression, but not a polynomial. - since the exponent on x is 1

which is not a whole number.

Polynomials can be classiﬁed based on

Types of polynomials based on the number of terms

a) Monomial - A polynomial with just one term. Example - 2x, 6x , 9xy 2

b) Binomial - A polynomial with two terms. Example - 4x 2

a) Trinomial - A polynomial with three terms. Example - x 2

Types of polynomials based on degree:

A polynomial whose degree is one is called a linear polynomial.

A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial.

A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial.

Geometrical Representation of a Quadratic Polynomial

The graph of a quadratic polynomial is a parabola.

If a is positive then parabola opens upwards and if a is negative then it opens

Graph of a Quadratic polynomial that doesn't touch the x-axis (a<0)

Graph of the polynomial x n

For a polynomial of the form y = x where n is a whole number:

as n increases, the graph becomes steeper or draws closer to the Y-axis.

Graph of polynomials with different degrees.

For example, consider a polynomial p(x) = x 2

Since p(x) = 0 at x = 1, we say that 1 is a zero of the polynomial x 2

Geometrical Meaning of Zeros of a Polynomial

(i) One zero (ii) Two zeros (iii) Three zeros

In general a polynomial of degree n has at most n zeros.

1. A linear polynomial has one zero,

Quadratic polynomials can be factorized by splitting the middle term.

For example, consider the polynomial 2x 2

Splitting the middle term.

−5 can be expressed as (−2) + (−3), as −2 × −3 = 6 = 2 × 3

Now, identify the common factors in individual groups

Taking (x − 1) as the common factor, this can be expressed as

2x(x − 1) − 3(x − 1) = (x − 1)(2x − 3)

Relationship between Zeroes and Coefﬁcients

If α and β are the roots of a quadratic polynomial ax 2

Product of zeroes = constant term

If α ,β and γ are the roots of a cubic polynomial ax 3

To divide one polynomial by another, follow the steps given below.

1. Write the coefficient of in each of the following?

Solution: The constant multiplied to is the coefficient of

(4) x−1 → coefficient of =0

2. The polynomial p(x)=x−323 is a___

(A) Constant Polynomial

Solution: Polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial.

3. Three curves i.e.

Solution: Consider the polynomial where n is a positive even integer.

As the value of n increases, then the curve goes closer to the

Thus, the graph 3 represents the polynomial

4. Three curves i.e.

are depicted in the following graph and are numbered from 1 to 3.

Identify the correct relation.

(A) (a)-(1) , (b)-(2), (c)-(3)

Answer: (A) (a)-(1), (b)-(2), (c)-(3)

5. If x=2,y=−1, then the value of +4xy+4 is

Solution: Substituting the values,

8. The graph of y = p(x) is given. The number of zeroes of y = p(x)is___.