A PROPOSED DESIGN OF A WATER WHEEL POWERED WATER PUMP

A Thesis
Presented to the Department of Civil Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology University
Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

By
Camille Edthelyn L. Astorga
Grizzel Lou Marie L. Benitez
Jireh Grace B. Olmedo
Vaniessa Cyd C.Sabello
Sheila Mae D. Trota

June 2022
 Approval Sheet

This thesis entitled, “A PROPOSED DESIGN OF A WATER WHEEL

POWERED WATER PUMP” prepared and submitted by Camille Edthelyn
Astorga, Grizzel Lou Marie Benitez, Jireh Grace Olmedo, Vaniessa Cyd
Sabello, Sheila Mae Trota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING is hereby recommended
for approval.

Engr. Suzette B. Pacaña

Adviser
Date: 7/16/2022

Engr. Jhed Chan U. Jambongana Engr. Ma. Carmen L. Polancos

Panelist Panelist

Date: July 20, 2022 Date:

This thesis is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

Engr. Felrem G. Lor Engr. Suzette B. Pacaña

Thesis Coordinator Chair, Civil Engineering Department
Date: 7/2/5/2022 Date:

Dr. Evangeline Valencia-Evangelista

Dean, College of Engineering and Architecture
Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Writing this paper is such a great experience and a memorable one. It

taught the researchers to go out of their comfort zone. Despite this being mentally,
physically and emotionally draining, the journey is really worth it. Also, working on
something difficult become a lot easier when one is inspired by the people who
show their care and support.
Hence, the researchers would like to express their deepest appreciation and
gratitude to the following persons who contributed their time, efforts, and expertise
in making this endeavour a reality.
To their research adviser, Engr. Suzette B. Pacaña as well as their thesis
coordinator, Engr. Felrem G. Lor for sharing their knowledge and providing
guidance to the researchers. They would like to thank them for their time despite
of the difficult situation brought by the pandemic.
To Engr. Ma. Carmen L. Polancos and Engr. Jhed Chan U. Jambongana
for their time, efforts, patience, passion, and for sharing their knowledge to the
researchers.
To their very supportive family, relatives and friends for giving piece of
advice, as well as financial and emotional support.
And most of all to our Almighty God, for giving them strength and
confidence, without Him researchers might lose their hope in completing this
paper. To Him, the researchers owe everything.
 ABSTRACT

Humanity’s major source of energy and one of the most important resources
for fostering community growth is water. A major factor in the development of the
world’s problems is the accessibility and availability of water. Similar to energy, the
demand for water is rising quickly as the supply of conventional resources
continues to decline as a result of overconsumption, waste, and pollution. In many
arid region, rainfall is declining at the same time, making surface water more and
more limited. In this study, a waterwheel powered water pump was created in order
to address the issue of water scarcity. The goal of the study was to determine
whether the pump’s suggested design would be able to supply a specific number
of households with water. The researchers ware successful in gathering relevant
data for the study by using the exploratory method of research. The CAD modelling
of the water pump was done by the researcher using Autodesk Fusion. Results
revealed an effective plan for a household’s water supply. Based on computed
results, less power is needed than the proposed water wheel pump can produce.
With this information, a power efficiency of 54.86 percent was found. Then, the
9.38 L/min water volume for consumption was taken into account. The water tank
would need to fill in 360minutes, or 6 hours. The researchers concluded that the
proposed design of water wheel-powered water pump could be able to generate
water for consumption in a household with a maximum capacity of 13 persons after
assessing the aspects that required to be taken into account for a design in order
to build not just a free energy water pump but also a generator that might be
capable to produce power.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Rationale 1
1.2 Conceptual Framework 2
1.3 Problem Statement 4
1.4 Significance of the Study 4
1.5 Scope and Limitations 5
1.6 Definition of Terms 5
CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 8
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design 20
3.2 Research Environment 20
3.3 Research Instrument 21
3.4 Research Procedure 21
CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND SIMULATION
5.1 Summary of Findings 28
5.2 Conclusion 28
5.3 Recommendations 29
BIBLIOGRAPHY 30
Appendix A COMPONENTS AND PARAMETERS 32
Appendix B COMPUTATIONS 42
Appendix C TABLES OF VALUES 53
Appendix D PROTOTYPE TABLE OF CONTENTS 56
Appendix E DOCUMENTARY 58
Appendix F TIME TABLE OF ACTIVITIES 61
Appendix G RESEARCH BUDGET 63
Appendix H TURNITIN OUTPUT 64
Appendix I CURRICULUM VITAE 67
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
1 Summary of Computed Results. 25
2 Costing of the various water wheel powered water pump
27
components.
3 Main Components of the Water Wheel Powered Water Pump 32
4 Design Parameters 36
5 Calculating 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 for the system under consideration. 49
6 Table of Initial Values. 53
7 Table of Computed Wheel Values. 53
8 Table of Computed Pump Values. 54
9 Water Flow in Pipes. 54
10 Water Flow in Suction Head. 55
11 Water Flow in Delivery Head. 55
12 Total Work and Power Needed. 55
13 Activities from June 2021- September 2021 61
14 Activities from October 2021- December 2021 61
15 Activities from February 2022- May 2022 61
16 Activities from June 2022 - July 2022 62
17 Costing of the Water Wheel Powered Water Pump Prototype 63
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
1 Concept of the Proposed Design. 3
2 Single Acting Reciprocating Pump. 12
3 Location of the Study. 20
4 Water Pump Schematic Diagram – Front View. 23
5 Schematic Diagram – Water Wheel Powered Water Pump 24
6 Wheel Parameters (in meters). 34
7 Crank Parameters (in meters). 35
8 Pipeline Design System Structure. 41
9 Initial water height in the tank illustration. 42
10 Prototype - Front View. 56
11 Prototype - isometric View 57
12 Virtual Meeting 58
13 Planning of activities 58
14 Making of prototype 59
15 Making of prototype 59
16 Making of prototype 60
17 Making of prototype 60
18 Chapter 1 Turnitin Output 64
19 Chapter 2 Turnitin Output 64
20 Chapter 3 Turnitin Output 65
21 Chapter 4 Turnitin Output 65
22 Chapter 5 Turnitin Output 66
23 Abstract Turnitin Output 66
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale

Today, the availability of water is a problem that affects both urban and rural
places around the world. Urban regions face increasing demand on their water
supplies as a result of rapid population increase, urbanization, and economic
development. Water is under ever-increasing demand. Water shortage has
become more pronounced in many urban and rural regions in both the developed
and developing nations as a result of water demand outpacing water resources.
However, because to the restricted availability of power sources or resources,
some alternative kind of energy must be employed to supply water from the source
to the place of consumption. Water sources including wells, dugouts, and rivers
can frequently be used.
The ability of matter to operate as a result of its mass, motion, electric
charge, etc. is referred to as energy. Natural energy comes in a variety of forms
that have been identified to far, including electrical, solar, kinetic, potential, nuclear,
wind, hydro, etc. According to the law of conservation of energy, the total amount
of energy in a system is always constant. Energy cannot be created or destroyed;
it can only be moved or changed into another type of energy. As a result, experts
and scientists have been working to create turbines and pumps as well as other
machinery that can make use of renewable energy sources and the energy
conservation principle. A pump is a machine that gives its fluid medium energy.
Due to poor urban water governance and inadequate institutional, financial,
and human resources, the management of urban water systems is fragmented and
ineffective in many cities. Urban water systems are frequently neglected in some
places, and water distribution networks may have up to 40% leakage. A common
water pump is often powered by electrical energy, which presents a challenge for
people who live in isolated places where access to both water and electricity is
difficult. One of the major issues facing most developing nations is access to the
 2

rural areas. In rural locations of many developing nations, using renewable energy
for water pumping applications is appealing. However, because most rural
communities lack a suitable road network, it can be difficult and risky to import
large equipment like solar panels and electricity generators, as well as other
resources like fuel. The researchers considered creating a water pump that is
powered by free energy waterwheels to address these problems with water
delivery in both rural and urban locations. As a result, the goal of this project is to
develop a water pump that can provide water to metropolitan areas and rural
communities with insufficient water supplies using existing hydro energy and
without the use of electricity.

1.2 Conceptual Framework

Data collection

Construction of the
simulation

Design Testing

Determination and analysis of

the results
 3

Input water
(water discharge
from the tank)

deliver output water water wheel

to the tank

transport water
through pvc pipe Reciprocating pump

output water from

underground reservoir

Figure 1. Concept of the Proposed Design.

 4

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Develop a design of a water pump that would enable it to produce water

without using electricity. This study desirably analyzes existing standards and
methodologies of water pumps.
Three primary research questions drove the researchers to test this
hypothesis:

1. What is the proposed design that can produce water consumption?

2. How much power is required to pump the water?
3. What is the estimated cost of the waterwheel powered water pump?

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study would be highly significant and beneficial to the following:

Domestic users/consumers. Since this project is run by renewable sources, the

outcome would be a great help in reducing the amount of the monthly bills of the
domestic users/consumers.

Civil engineers. This study would be very beneficial to civil engineers as it

provides a reference to build new knowledge on creating fundamental techniques
and to have a better understanding on improving a new approach on the
development of water resources in the future.

Researchers. This study would serve as a reference to refine their understanding

and knowledge on developing a free energy water resource. They can also
suggest recommendations to enhance related or similar research.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as an additional reference if they make
similar research.
 5

1.5 Scope and Limitations

This study primarily focused on developing a design of a water wheel
powered water pump that utilizes water energy as a driving force to deliver water
to a higher ground. The researchers’ aim is to be able to produce a seamless flow
of water using the proposed water pump. The researchers then provide
recommendations based on findings.

1.6 Definition of Terms

The following terms were operationally defined for better understanding:

A mechanical tool called a water pump is used to push fluid via a hose or pipeline.
They can also be used to create pressure by pulling a fluid up to a greater height
by creating a suction (partial vacuum).

Water density, which is determined by the temperature of the water, is the weight
of the water per unit volume. Typically, 1 gram per milliliter (1 g/ml) or 1 gram per
cubic centimeter (1 g/cm3) is used in computations.

A water wheel is a sizable wheel powered by running water that is used to operate
gear or lift water

The ability of a fluid mass to perform work as a result of its velocity is known as
kinetic energy.

The energy that a fluid possesses as a result of its position or elevation in relation
to a datum plane is known as elevation energy (also known as potential
energy).

The force that can cause an object to rotate along an axis is measured as torque.
 6

The attribute of a body that prevents it from resisting angular acceleration is called
the moment of inertia, and it is calculated by multiplying each particle's mass by
the square of how far away it is from the axis of rotation.

The force applied to an object in a fluid per unit area is measured as fluid
pressure.

Fluid flow can be continuous, laminar, turbulent, rotating or irrational, steady or

unstable, uniform or non-uniform, laminar or turbulent, one-dimensional, two-
dimensional, or three-dimensional.

Head loss is a measurement of the amount of energy lost in a fluid system as a

result of friction along a pipe's length or in a hydraulic system, as well as losses
resulting from couplings, valves, and other system components.

The height of a liquid column that corresponds to a specific pressure the liquid
column exerts on the base of its container is known as the pressure head.

Total dynamic head, which accounts for friction losses in the pipe, is the total
equivalent height that a fluid must be pumped.

When a force (push or pull) is applied to an item and results in the displacement
of the object, work has been done.

Power is a measure of how quickly tasks is completed.

Energy is the ability to perform tasks.

 7

The amount of fluid going through a segment per unit of time is known as the
discharge or flow rate.

A positive displacement pump known as a piston pump reciprocates the high-

pressure seal. It can be used to compress gases or transfer liquids.

The friction coefficient is the ratio of the normal force pressing two surfaces
together to the frictional force preventing motion between the two surfaces.

A measure of a fluid's intrinsic resistance to flow when subjected to gravitational

forces is called kinematic viscosity.

A reservoir is a natural or man-made location where water is gathered and held

for usage, particularly water for providing a community, irrigating land, supplying
power, etc.

An subsurface layer of porous rock, rock fissures, or unconsolidated materials that

can hold water is known as an aquifer (gravel, sand, or silt).

Velocity is the pace at which an object's position changes in relation to time and
a frame of reference.
 CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

The Philippines obtains its water supply from different sources. These
include: rainfall, surface water resources, i.e. rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, and
groundwater resources. It has 18 major river basins and 421 principal river basins
as defined by the National Water Regulatory Board (NWRB).

The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) reports that there
are 79 lakes in the country, mostly utilized for fish production. Laguna Lake is the
country’s largest lake with a total area of 3,813.2 sq km and is also one of the
largest lakes in Southeast Asia. Lake Lanao, the largest lake in Mindanao, is one
of the 17 ancient lakes on earth (Environmental Management Bureau, 2006). In
terms of groundwater, the country has an extensive groundwater reservoir with an
aggregate area of about 50,000 sq km. Data from the Mines and Geosciences
Bureau (MGB) show that several groundwater basins are underlaid by about
100,000 sq km of various rock formation and that these resources are located in:
Northeast Luzon, Central Luzon, Laguna Lake basin, Cavite-Batangas-Laguna
basin, Southeast Luzon, Mindoro Island, Negros Island, Northeast Leyte, Ormoc-
Kananga basin, Agusan-Davao basin, Occidental Misamis basin, Lanao-
Bukidnon-Misamis basin. Groundwater resources are continuously recharged by
rain and seepage from rivers and lakes (PEM, 2003; EMB, 2006).

As a tropical country, rainfall in the Philippines ranges from 1000 to 4000

mm per year, of which 1,000-2,000 mm are collected as runoff by a natural
topography of more than 421 principal river basins, some 59 natural lakes and
numerous small streams, with significant variation from one area to another due to
the direction of the moisture-bearing winds and the location of the mountain ranges
(Kho, J., 2005; NWRB, 2003).
 9

Overall, the Philippines’ total available freshwater resource is at 145,900

MCM/year based on 80 percent probability for surface water, and groundwater
recharge or extraction at 20,000 MCM/year (NWRB-SPM, 2003; PEM, 2003;
ASEAN, 2005).

Water itself can act as a medium to carry energy such as thermal energy,
potential energy and kinetic energy. By utilizing the principle of conservation of
energy, several methods were invented to extract energy from water. Hydroelectric
is a technology that uses water (hydro) to generate electricity (electric) and dam in
one of the common hydroelectric. Dam is a barrier/reservoir that traps water in
place, and then releases the water to a turbine system to generate electricity. That
is the rough concept of how a dam uses water to generate electricity. When the
water is trapped, potential energy carried by the water is at its maximum. As the
release valve is opened, water is gushed out from the valve and potential energy
is converted to kinetic energy. As the water rushes down with its maximum velocity,
it will pass through a series of turbine. At that instant, the shaft is turned by the
water and kinetic energy is converted to mechanical energy and then to electricity
(DOI: 10.13189/ujme.2019.070615).

Waterwheels have been used since ancient times to grind corn and also to
raise water. The great waterwheels of Hama in Syria have raised water for over a
thousand years. They serve as superb examples of a technology so elegantly
simple that it becomes totally dependable. Flowing water was used to turn the
wheel and water held in buckets on the rim was lifted to great heights to spill over
into channels which irrigated the land further away. These great wheels were often
built to huge proportions because water was raised on their rims. (Peter Morgan,
2003).

Overshot wheels are a type of waterwheel that can be built if there is a

significant height drop in the river or body of water being used to move the wheel.
In this type of waterwheel, the water exits the flume above the wheel itself. The
 10

water then falls down onto the blades of the waterwheel, pushing the wheel
forward. The fact that water is introduced at the very top of the wheel means that
the water falls the greatest distance, making the wheel highly efficient - from 80-
90%. (Cey, Hanania, Stenhouse, Donev, 2018)

It is convenient to use three of the wheel's dimensions for calculation of the

torque capacity of the wheel: the outside radius, r; the wheel width, w, i.e., from
side to side; and the annulus width, t. The ratio of the annulus width, t, to the
outside radius, r, is important to wheel design as there are practical limits to the
useful values which may be employed. Since the torque and power depend upon
having the weight of water at the greatest possible distance from the wheel axis,
increasing annulus depths increases total wheel weight faster than it increases
power output. The result is that if more power is needed it is better to increase the
O.D. than to increase the annulus width to values exceeding t/r = 0.25. In this way
the wheel weight and the structural components to support that weight remain
economically most advantageous for a given power output.

Upper limits on wheel width have tended toward approximately 1/2 the O.D.
because of structural problems with wider wheels. It can be estimated that the
overshot wheels operate with the equivalent of approximately 1/4 of the buckets
full. That is, the total weight of water doing useful work on the wheel is 1/4 of the
total that would be contained in an annular solid of dimensions the same as the
O.D., I.D. and width of the wheel. (William G. Ovens, 232.6-75DE)

The optimum bucket design is taken to be that which produces the greatest
torque on the wheel shaft. The upper limit to this condition is that the buckets fill
completely at the top, carry the full water weight with no spillage to the bottom and
dump their loads there. There is not a practical method of achieving this maximum.
With fixed buckets, the best we can do is minimize spillage from the buckets as
they travel from the top, where they are filled, to the bottom where they should be
 11

empty (so as to limit losses incurred by carrying water up the backside of the
wheel). (William G. Ovens, 232.6-75DE)

In rotational motion, torque is required to produce an angular acceleration

of an object. The amount of torque required to produce an angular acceleration
depends on the distribution of the mass of the object. The moment of inertia is a
value that describes the distribution. It can be found by integrating over the mass
of all parts of the object and their distances to the center of rotation, but it is also
possible to look up the moments of inertia for common shapes. The torque on a
given axis is the product of the moment of inertia and the angular acceleration. The
units of torque are Newton-meters (N∙m).
(https://www.softschools.com/formulas/physics/torque_formula/59/)

Newton’s 2nd law relates force to acceleration. In the angular version of

Newton’s 2nd law, torque takes the place of force and rotational inertia takes the
place of mass. When the rotational inertia of an object is constant, the angular
acceleration is proportional to torque. (https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-
in-class11th-physics/in-in-system-of-particles-and-rotational-motion/in-in
rotational-inertia-and-angular-second-law/a/rotational-inertia-ap1)

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝛼 (1)

torque = (moment of inertia)(angular acceleration)

τ = Iα (2)

where:

τ = torque, around a defined axis (N∙m)

I = moment of inertia (kg∙m2)

𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅2 (3)
 12

α = angular acceleration (radians/s2)

A reciprocating pump is a positive displacement one which works on the

principle of a reversing piston motion within a cylinder drawing in liquid during
forward stroke and delivering it under pressure during return or backward stroke.
Main components of the reciprocating pump includes: Cylinder with a piston, piston
rod, connecting rod, crank, suction pipe, delivery pipe, suction, delivery valve.
Single acting pump has only one suction stroke and one delivery stroke for one
revolution of the crank. It delivers the liquid only during the delivery stroke. Hence,
the flow rate of the liquid delivered per second. (FLUID-MACHINERY-UNIT-04-
reciprocation-pumppdf)

Figure 2. Single Acting Reciprocating Pump.

𝐿𝐴𝑁
𝑄= (4)
60

Where:

L = length of stroke = 2r

R = radius of stroke

A = cross-section of cylinder

N = revolutions of crank per minute

 13

The theoretical work done by the pump:

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄 (𝐻𝑠 + 𝐻𝐷) (5)

Where:

Hs = suction head

Hd = delivery head

Discharge or flow rate is the amount of fluid passing through a section per
unit of time. This is expressed as a mass flow rate (ex. kg/sec), weight flow rate
(ex. kN/sec), and volume flow rate or flow rate (ex. m3/s, lit/s).

Volume flow rate, Q = Av (6)

Mass flow rate, M = Q (7)

Weight flow rate, W = ƴQ (8)

Where:

Q = discharge in m3/s or ft3/s

A = cross-sectional area of flow in m2 or ft2

V = velocity of flow in m/s or ft/s

 = mass density in kg/m3 or slugs/ft3

Ƴ = weight density in N/m3 or lb/ft3

The energy possessed by a flowing fluid consists of the kinetic and the
potential energy. Potential energy may in turn be subdivided into energy due to
position or elevation above a given datum, and energy due to pressure in the fluid.
The amount of energy per pound or Newton of fluid is called the head.
 14

1 1 𝑊 2
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑀𝑣2 = 𝑣 (9)
2 2𝑔

𝐾. 𝐸. 𝑣2
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = = (10)
𝑊 2𝑔

For circular pipe of diameter D flowing full:

𝑣2 8𝑄
= 2 4 (11)
2𝑔 𝜋 𝑔𝐷
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑊𝑧 = 𝑀𝑔𝑧 (12)
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = =𝑧 (13)
𝑊

𝑝
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑊 (14)
𝑦
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = = (15)
𝑊 𝑦
Where:
𝑧 = position of the fluid above (+) or below (-) the datum plane
𝑝 = fluid pressure
𝑣 = mean velocity of flow

The total energy or head in fluid flow is the sum of the kinetic energy and
the potential energies. It can be summarized as:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 + 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑠 (16)
𝑣2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑, 𝐸 = + 𝑝 +𝑧 (17)
2𝑔 𝑦

Power is the rate at which work is done. For a fluid of unit weight 𝑦 (N/m3)
and moving at a rate of Q (m3/s) with a total energy of E (m), the power in N-m/s
(Joule/sec) or watts is:

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑄 𝑦 𝐸 (18)
 15

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝜂 = 𝑥 100% (19)
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

Note:
1 Horsepower (hp) = 746 Watts
1 Horsepower (hp) = 550 ft-lb/sec
1 watt = 1 N-m/s = 1 Joule/sec
The Bernoulli’s energy theorem results from the application of the principles
of conservation of energy. Bernoulli’s Principle, in physics, the concept that as the
speed of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) increases, the pressure within that fluid
decreases. Originally formulated in 1738 by Swiss mathematician and physicist
Daniel Bernoulli, it states that the total energy in a steadily flowing fluid system is
a constant along the flow path. An increase in the fluid’s speed must therefore be
matched by a decrease in its pressure.

If the fluid experiences no head lost in moving from section 1 to section 2

then the total energy at section 1 must be equal to the total energy at section 2.
Neglecting head lost in fluid flow, the values that we get are called ideal or
theoretical values.
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 (20)
𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 (21)
2𝑔 𝑦 2𝑔 𝑦

Considering head lost, the values that we can attain are called actual
values.
𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = 𝐸2 (22)
𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣2 𝑝
+ + 𝑧1 = 2 + 2 + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿1−2 (23)
2𝑔 𝑦 2𝑔 𝑦

Pump is used basically to increase the head. (Usually to raise water from a
lower to a higher elevation). The input power (Pinput) of the pump is electrical energy
and its output power (Poutput) is the flow energy.
 16

𝐸1 + 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = 𝐸2 (24)
𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣2 𝑝
+ + 𝑧1 + 𝐻𝐴 = 2 + 2 + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿1−2 (25)
2𝑔 𝑦 2𝑔 𝑦
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑄𝑦 𝐻𝐴
Pipes are closed conduits through which fluids or gases flows. Conduits
may flow full or partially full. Pipes are referred to as conduits (usually circular)
which flow full. Conduits flowing partially full are called open channels.

Fluid flow in pipes may be steady or unsteady. In steady flow, there are two
types of flow that exist; they are called laminar flow and turbulent flow. The flow is
said to be laminar when the path of individual fluid particles do not cross or
intersect. The flow is always laminar when the Reynolds number R e is less than
2000. The flow is said to be turbulent when the path of individual particles are
irregular and continuously cross each other. Turbulent flow normally occurs when
the Reynolds number exceeds 2000.

Reynolds number, which is dimensionless, is the ratio of the inertia force to

viscous force.
For pipes flowing full:
𝑣𝐷𝜌 𝑣𝐷
𝑅𝑒 = = (26)
𝜇 v
μ
v= (27)
ρ
where:
𝑣 = mean velocity in m/s
D = pipe diameter in meter
v = kinematic viscosity of the fluid in m2/s
𝜇 = absolute or dynamic viscosity in Pa-s
The dynamic head is generated as a result of friction within the system.
The dynamic head is calculated using the basic Darcy Weisbach equation given
 17

by:

Darcy-Weisbach Formula (pipe-friction equation)

𝐾𝑣2
𝐻𝐷 = (28)
2𝑔
f𝐿
𝐾= (29)
𝐷
Where:
f = friction coefficient
L = length of pipe in meters or feet
D = pipe diameter in meter or feet
𝑣 = mean velocity of flow in m/s or ft/s
K = loss coefficient

The loss coefficient K is made up of two elements:

K = 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 + 𝐾𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 (30)

For smooth pipes with Re up to about 3,000,000.

1
=2 √𝑘) − 0.80 (31)
√𝑘 log(𝑅𝑒
Colebrook White equation:
0.25
f= 2 (32)
[𝑙𝑜 𝑔 ( 𝑘 + 5.74 )]
3.7𝐷 𝑅𝑒0.9

(DIT Gillesania, ISBN 971-8614-53-2)

 18

Design and Development of Zero Electricity Water Pump for Rural

Development. This study aims to develop a water pump that utilizes natural hydro
energy as driving force to deliver water to a higher ground. The conceptual design
of using water wheel to extract kinetic energy from water flow and transfer the
energy to power multiple piston pump was created based on the extensive
literature review findings. The actual prototype is then built and modified to suit the
actual environment considerations. Findings show that single pump is able to
produce maximum pressure head of 7.14. However, when multiple piston is
connected in series (in this research three pistons is used), the maximum water
head increased to 13.77 meters. This result shows that the water pump can be
used in remote area or places at higher ground that does not have constant water
access.
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339456622_Design_and_Development
_of_Zero_Electricity_Water_Pump_for_Rural_Development)

Calculation of Water Wheel Design Parameters for Micro Hydroelectric

Power Station. This paper is devoted to the issues such as modelling the design
parameters and operating modes and improving the design of micro hydroelectric
power plants operating in low-pressure water flow. Taking into consideration
above-mentioned issues, it is possible to increase the efficiency of using low-
pressure water energy systems. The main dimensions of the water wheel of a
micro hydropower plant depend on the water flow velocity v, water volume Q,
acting at a fixed point in time on the water wheel blade, and also on the depth of
the water level H.
(https://www.e3sconferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2019/23/e3sconf_form2018
_05042.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2eOO_4UuXTxpGWvfmwNHJbpoCtx_V5psP7nRkkZ3B
JWJpMppSQDV7qYs)
 19

Water Pumping by Using Natural Flow Energy of Streams

Abstract: This research aimed to utilize the natural flow energy of streams through
design of a mechanical system consists of a wheel with rectangular blades
attached to a steel structure installed with two separated floating platforms on the
stream, this wheel spins naturally by impulse of stream and transmits the rotational
motion to a crank shaft linked with two reciprocating pumps deliver the water
directly from the source up to storage or direct use according to need.
(http://repository.sustech.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/8810/WATER%20PU
MPING%20BY%20USING...pdf?sequence=1&fbclid=IwAR22orWZLIPpMuZJ6zR
tsuH8Az4O6vVMBzRVrzBYpIqy9QUCQbE9pM5jS1Q)
 CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

This study is an exploratory method of research. Researchers gathered

relevant information about waterwheels and pumps that leads to an idea of
designing a waterwheel powered water pump. Related studies were used as
references in formulating the design parameters.

3.2 Research Environment

The location of this study is in Purok Butterfly, Babag 1 Lapu-Lapu City,

Cebu. The place has a drilled water well where researchers can use to assess the
proposed waterwheel powered water pump.

This area

Figure 3. Location of the Study. Purok Butterfly, Babag 1 Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu
(source:https://www.google.com/maps/place/Babag+1+Elementary+School/@10.2904127,123.94
62329,367m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x33a99a26e4b2c859:0x466bd5331d94f17e!8m2!3d10.
2886258!4d123.9449032?hl=en)
 21

3.3 Research Instrument

The researchers used Autodesk Fusion for the CAD modelling of the water
pump. Fusion 360 is a cloud-based CAD/CAM tool for collaborative product
development. Autodesk software is widely used by engineers, architects, and other
professionals for computer-aided design and drafting.

3.4 Research Procedure

Data Collection. Information was gathered in different ways. Internet

searches and literature studies were conducted during the whole project to find the
information needed.

Project Design and Analysis. The researchers made a partial simulation

to test the mechanism of the system. Prior studies about the existing waterwheel
pumps are accumulated in guiding the researchers for designing the concept of
the desired project. Evaluation of the results was conducted. 3D Modeling by
Autodesk Fusion 360 was then made to get a fair view of the whole design
structure.

Design Assessment and Recommendation. Researchers used the data

collected for the assessment of the results and formulated recommendations of
the project.

Cost and Estimation. The materials were canvassed to estimate the least
cost possible of the proposed design. The cost of materials and resources are
tabulated, and the total anticipated cost of the project was computed and
determined.
 CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter comprises the results of the conducted study to substantiate

the proposed design water wheel powered water pump. These data include the
presentation of the proposed design water wheel powered water pump through
computer-aided draft (3D) model, schematic diagram of the water pump, summary
of results, and the total cost estimation of the project.

Waterwheel Powered Water Pump Design

The proposed design of a waterwheel powered water pump has six main
components: The water wheel, the basin, crank, reciprocating pumps, PVC pipes,
and check valves. The first component is the water wheel made up of wood with a
diameter of 2.8 meters, which is placed 0.5 meters close below the water tank
since the water from the tank, through a faucet, will drive the water wheel to turn.
The second component is the basin with a length of 3 meters being placed 0.93
meters below from the center of the wheel. Basin catches spilled water that falls
from the wheel. The wheel is linked with the third main component which is the
crank by installing a shaft at the center of the wheel. The crank transforms circular
motion from the wheel into a linear motion connected to the two piston rods or
reciprocating pumps. It then pumps water from the sources which is from the drilled
well and the other one is from the basin. The pumped water is transported to the
tank using PVC pipes. The sixth main component is the check valve. Non-return
valves or check valves were also installed along the pipelines to allow water to flow
through them in only one direction, preventing backflow, going up to the water tank.
In addition, a specific pipeline from a tank will supply water to the house.
 23

The following represents the schematic diagram of the proposed design:

8.2m 1.5m
4.7 Schematic Diagram
8 Water 1.5m
tank
Water to house supply
8 tank
4. 1. 1
0.5m
8
8.
2.
2
7. 7.
6.5m 4
7 7

5. 3.

3
6
6.
5
 To house supply
1.5m
4.3m groundwater

Figure 4. Water Pump Schematic Diagram – Front View

 24

1. Pipe from the tank. 2. Water wheel 3. Catch Basin

• > water from the • > because of the • > the water that
tank falls on the force of the falls from the
wheel from a water, the wheel wheel is being
height of 0.5 m rotates and catched by a
• >2 pipes are drives the basin
installed, one for system to work
the consumption • > it is made up
and the other is of wood
for the wheel

8. Delivery pipes 4. Crank

> the water being pumped is > as the wheel rotates, the
then delivered and transported crank converts rotary
to the water tank for house motion to reciprocating
consumption and the cycle motion, it is linked to the
continues pump

6. PVC pipe-from 5. PVC pipe-from the

7. Pumps underground (Suction) basin (Suction)

• > the water • >another pipe is • > a pipe is

from the installed for the installed from
reservoir (basin water from the the basin in
& well) is being drilled well to order for the
pumped by a be pumped water from the
reciprocating basin to be
pump pumped

Figure 5. Schematic Diagram – Water Wheel Powered Water Pump

 25

Summary of Results
Using the theoretical method, the researchers able to obtain the following
results:

Table 1. Summary of Computed Results.

0.0032 m3/s
Qinput (from the water tank)
Volume flow 191.63 L/min
rate 0.0034 m3/s
Qoutput (from the water pump)
201.01 L/min
Wheel 275.61 watts
Work Pump 262.92 watts
Required based on results 144.24 watts
Wheel 0.3695 hp
Power Pump 0.3524 hp
Required based on results 0.1934 hp
Water volume for consumption 0.0002 m3/s
(Qoutput - Qinput) 9.38 L/min
360 mins
Time to fill the tank
6 hours
Pump Efficiency (with respect to power) 54.86 %

The initial step for the researchers was to calculate the volume flow rate
from the tank and the water pump with the given dimensions of each component.
The input discharge flow rate was 0.0032 cubic meters per second, or 191.63 liters
per minute, while the output discharge flow rate was 0.0034 cubic meters per
second, or 201.01 liters per minute. After obtaining all the essential data, the
researchers proceeded to determine the amount of work and power needed for the
pump and wheel. The wheel required 275.61 watts of work, which were turned into
0.3695 horsepower of power. When converted to power, the work required for the
pump was 262.92 watts, or 0.3524 horsepower. The result of subtracting the input
 26

discharge from the output discharge in order to calculate the water volume
consumption 0.0002 cubic meters per second, or 9.38 liters per minute. After
gathering all the necessary data, the researchers were able to calculate that it
would take 360 minutes, or six hours, to completely fill the tank, and that the pump
efficiency would be 54.86 percent with respect to power.

For organized calculation, the researchers use Excel Spreadsheet. By using the
program, it minimizes the risk of errors and manual calculation.

Power Required to Pump the Water

A power of 0.1934 horsepower is consequently needed to pump the water,
according to the calculated outcome. By using Bernoulli's Equation, the
researchers were able to determine the required power.
 27

Bill Quantity (Cost Estimation)

Table 2. Costing of the various water wheel powered water pump components.
Price/unit Cost
Item Quantity
(PHP) (PHP)
3" PVC Pipe (3m each) 10 360.00 3,600.00
PVC Standard Elbow long
7 400.00 2,400.00
radius 90°
PVC Standard tee 4 714.00 2,856.00
Lift check valve 6 1,572.20 11,005.40
50,000.00
Wheel fabrication (including (approx. price 50,000.00
-
materials needed) from a
fabricator)
30,000.00
Reciprocating pump
(approx. price
fabrication (including - 30,000.00
from a
materials needed)
fabricator)
Minor items, such as
setscrews, bolts, nuts, - 7,000.00 7,000.00
bearing, and washers
Machining Operation
(including wheel and pump 200,000.00
installation materials) (approx. price
- 200,000.00
1. Welding from a
2. Grinding fabricator)
3. Cutting

Total Cost: - - PHP 306,861.40

The proposed water wheel powered water pump design is estimated to cost
PHP 306,861.40 in total. Table 2 displays the price of various waterwheel powered
water pump components.
 CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary of Findings

The water discharge from the 3375-liter water tank that falls to the wheel is
191.6331 L/min. It falls 0.5 meters that will lead to the rotation of the wheel with
the diameter of 2.8 meters at two revolutions per minute. The wheel has a torque
of 43.865 N-m with 275.61 watts. The reciprocating pump that requires a work of
149.19 watts could pump out 201.01 L/min of water. To pump the 201.01 L/min of
water to a height of 8 meters from the water reservoir (underground water) to the
tank, considering the factors that affect the water flow like pipe length and fittings,
the horsepower required for the pump is 0.1934 hp.
The power required based on computed results is lesser than the proposed
water wheel pump can generate. With this, an efficiency of 54.86% with respect to
power was determined. In addition, water volume for consumption which is 9.38
L/min was then considered. The amount of time to fill in the water tank would be
360 mins or six hours.

5.2 Conclusion

The proposed design has water wheel as the main component. The water
wheel is the energy source that drives the whole water pump system to work. The
wheel is made up of wood that has a diameter of 2.8 meters, designed to be an
overshot wheel since it rotates by the water that falls from the water tank. The
wheel is connected to the reciprocating pump through a shaft installed at the
center. Two pistons are attached to suction pipe going down to the groundwater.
When the wheel turns, the rod moves left, and one piston is pulled, the second
piston is being pushed, so the water supply is continuous. Non-return valves or
check valves were also installed along the pipelines to allow water to flow through
them in only one direction, preventing backflow, going up to the water tank.
 29

The amount of water discharge from the water pump is 0.0034 m3/s. To
pump this water to the desired height of 8 meters, the power required is 0.1934 hp.
Also, the researchers reckoned the remaining water in the tank subtracted from
the volume of water needed for the wheel which is 0.0002 m 3/s. The estimated
cost of the proposed water wheel powered water pump project is PHP 306,861.40.
All materials used are locally available making the model economically viable.
After evaluating the factors needed to consider for a water pump, the
researchers determined that the proposed design of a water wheel powered water
pump could be able to produce water for consumption in a household with capacity
maximum of 13 members.

5.3 Recommendations

The proposed design will act as the starting point for researchers that would
like to conduct more research to develop a free energy water pump from a drilled
well using a water wheel. The researchers recommend doing further study for each
component that comprises the system. It is advised to consider an area with
existing flowing water so that the rotation of the wheel would be continuous
regardless of the diameter.
Performance of the whole system can be improved by several factors such
as determining the exact velocity of the water from the water tank that falls to the
wheel through tests to find out the right mass for the wheel; diminish the thickness
of blades, steeper angle; examining the height of water to pump, shorter height is
suggested; better piston shaft design for water pump; and proper water sealing of
the whole system to prevent head loss and increase the overall performance. Also,
consider a vicinity that is spacious enough to construct a water wheel.
The researchers also encourage further investigation of the proposed
design to achieve not just a free energy water pump but also a generator that could
be able to produce electricity.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Book
Diego Inocencio T. Gillesania (2015). Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics, 4th Edition.
Fundamentals of Fluid Flow, p.241-245; Fluid Flow in Pipes, p.375-381

Published Thesis
Chan, Lee, Ling, (November 2019). Design and Development of Zero Electricity
Water Pump for Rural Development
Choukade, Gandhi, Kothmire, Kumbhare, Sharma, (December 2015). Design
and Development of Windmill Operated Water Pump
Adinoyi, Odesola, (April 2017). Development of Wind Powered Water Pump

Unpublished Thesis
Ahmed, Mohammad, (September 2014). Water Pumping Using Natural Flow
Energy of Streams

Internet Sources
Ovens, " A Design Manual for Water Wheels"
https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/232.6-
75DE.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2I5b0vpkeATh7zroHxnIuR1JKPk2vJtN8r1h2jnkzqm
6gev1EOt9vPns
Behrens, " Design Calculations for Overshot Waterwheels"
https://www.backwoodshome.com/design-calculations-for-overshot-
waterwheels/
Golan, " The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices"
https://aljazaribook.com/en/2019/02/10/water-wheel_pump_en/
Milnes, " The Mathematics of Pumping Water"
https://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/other/17-pumping-water
 31

Calderone, " Using Windmills to Deliver Water"

https://www.agritechtomorrow.com/article/2018/03/using-windmills-to-
deliver-water/10595/
Rajkumar, "Parts of Reciprocating Pump| Definition of Reciprocating Pump|
Working of Reciprocating Pump| Mathematical Analysis of Reciprocating Pump
https://mechanicaljungle.com/parts-of-reciprocating-pump/
Argaw, "Renewable Energy for Water Pumping Applications in Rural Villages"
https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/30361.pdf
Zandaryaa, "Water in Cities"
https://www.ais.unwater.org/ais/pluginfile.php/551/course/section/186/Wat
er_in_Cities_Dvd-brochure.pdf
Environment Monitor 2003, "State of Water: Philippines"
http://www.wepa-db.net/policies/state/philippines/overview.htm
"Friction Losses in Pipe Fittings"
http://www.metropumps.com/ResourcesFrictionLossData.pdf
 32

APPENDIX A
COMPONENTS AND PARAMETERS

Table 3. Main Components of the Water Wheel Powered Water Pump

Components Description Figure

→ is the most
important
Water wheel
component as it
drives the whole
mechanism to work.

→ is connected to
the shaft that linked
the two reciprocating
piston pumps. It
Crank
converts rotary
motion to
reciprocating
motion.
 33

→ is a positive
displacement one
which works on the
principle of a
reversing piston
Reciprocating
motion within a
Pump
cylinder drawing in
(Piston pump)
liquid during forward
stroke and delivering
it under pressure
during return
backward stroke.

→ installed in
Check valve pipelines to prevent
water backflow.

→ is used for the

PVC pipe
transportation of
(3" dia)
water

→ it catches water
Basin that falls from the
(water-catcher) water wheel to keep
the wheel moving.
 34

Design Parameters

m
m

No. of blades = 10.

Figure 6. Wheel Parameters (in meters).

 35

m
m

m
m
m
m

Figure 7. Crank Parameters (in meters).

 36

Table 4. Design Parameters.

Thickness of Crank

m
Crank Disc m

m
m

Slider Guide
 37

m
m
Slider Guide (side view)

m
m

m
Pump Piston Rod
m
m

m m

Pump Cylinder

Wheel Shaft
m
 38

Wheel Base (front view)

m
Wheel Base (side view)

m
m
 39

m
Catch Basin (front view)

m
m
m

Catch Basin (top view) m

m

Catch Basin (isometric view)

 40

Catch Basin (bottom isometric

view)

Check Valves (3 inches

diameter)
 41

Pipelines Design System Structure – Isometric view (CAD model)

8.2m

6.5m

3.1m - Height
of the pump from
the ground

0.67m
5m
3.1m -
5.2m Height of
8m the pump
from the
ground

groundwater

Figure 8. Pipeline Design System Structure.

 42

APPENDIX B
COMPUTATIONS

Volume of Water Requirement

The estimated basic water requirement range is 15.54 – 246.78 liters/capita per
day in the Philippines (Javier, et al., 1999).

Water Tank Size & Capacity Calculation

For a family of 13 members:

Total water requirement is 246.78 liters x 13 = 3208.14 liters per day.

Volume of water formula is 1m3 = 1000 liters of water

Hence, the researchers decided to use a 3375-liter water tank. With a length of 1.5
meters, a height of 1.5 meters, and a width of 1.5 meters.

Computations

H1 = 0.4 m

Figure 9. Initial water height in the tank illustration.

Bernoulli’s Formula/Equation:
1 2 1 2
P1 + ρgh1 + ρv1 = P2 + ρgh2 + ρv2
2 2
atm + ρgh1 + 1ρ01 2= Patm + ρg0 + 1ρv2 2
P 2 2
 43

ρgh = 1 ρv 2
1
2 2
2gh1 = v22

v2 = √2gh1
m
v2 = √2 ∗ 9.81 2 (0.4m)
s
v2 = 2.801 m/s

Solving for Discharge/Flow rate from the tank:

Diameter of the pipe = 0.038 m
π
Cross − sectional area of the pipe = d2
4
π
Cross − sectional area of the pipe = (0.038)2
4
Cross − sectional area of the pipe = 0.001 m2
Volume flow rate/Discharge (Q) = Av
Volume flow rate/Discharge (Q) = 0.001 m2(2.801 m/s)
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆/𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 (𝑸) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝒎𝟑/𝒔

Volume flow rate/Discharge (Q) = 0.003194 (60000)

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆/𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 (𝑸)=𝟏𝟗𝟏.𝟔𝟑 𝐋/𝐦𝐢𝐧

Volume flow rate/Discharge (Q) = 191.63 (0.264172)

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆/𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 (𝑸)= 𝟓𝟎.𝟔𝟐 𝐠𝐚𝐥/𝐦𝐢𝐧

Density of water (ρ) = 1000 kg/m3

MassFlowRate(M) = ρQ
Mass Flow Rate (M) = 0.003194 m3/s (1000 kg/m3)
Mass Flow Rate(M) = 3.194 kg/s
 44

Unit weight of water (ƴ) = 9810 N/m3

Weight Flow Rate(W) = ƴQ
Weight Flow Rate(W) = 0.003194 m3/s (9810 N/m3)
Weight Flow Rate(W) = 31.332 N/s

Wheel Calculations:
Diameter of the wheel (d) = 2.8 meters
Outside radius of the wheel (r) = 1.4 meters

Circumference of the wheel (c) = 2π𝑟

Circumference of the wheel (c) = 2π(1.4meters)
Circumference of the wheel (c) = 8.796 meters
Number of blades = 10

Area of the wheel = π (r)2

Area of the wheel = π (1.4)2
Area of the wheel = 6.158 m2
1
Thicknessofthewheel = ( ) (d)
5
Thickness of the wheel = 0.56 meters
Volume of the wheel = Area x thickness
Volume of the wheel = 6.158 m2 (0.56 m)
Volume of the wheel = 3.448 m3

Density of wood = 1500 kg/m3

Mass of the wheel = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
Mass of the wheel = 3.448 m3 (1500.00 kg/m3)
Mass of the wheel (M) = 4965.425 kg
 45

Moment of Inertia of the wheel (I) = (1) Mr 2

2
Moment of Inertia of the wheel (I) = ( 1) (4965.425kg )(1.4 m2)
2
Moment of Inertia of the wheel (I) = 4866.117 kg − m2
Force applied to the wheel (F) = 31.332 N

𝐹𝑟
Angular Acceleration (𝖺) =
𝐼
31.332 𝑁 (1.4 𝑚)
Angular Acceleration (𝖺) =
4866.117 kg − m2
Angular Acceleration (𝖺) = 0.009 𝑟𝑎𝑑/sec2

Torque (T) = I 𝖺
Torque (T) = 4866.117 kg − m2(0.009 𝑟𝑎𝑑/sec2)
Torque (T) = 43.865 𝑁 − 𝑚
Angular Displacement (t) = 360°
Angular Displacement (t) = 2π radian
Angular velocity (v) = √2 𝖺 t

Angular velocity (v) = √2(0.009 𝑟𝑎𝑑/sec2)(2π

Angular velocity (v) = 0.337 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 = 20.19 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚𝑖𝑛

Revolutions per minute (RPM) = v/c

20.19 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚𝑖𝑛
Revolutions per minute (RPM) =
8.796
Revolutions per minute (RPM) = 2 𝑅𝑃𝑀

Work = T(t)
Work = 43.865 𝑁 − 𝑚 (2π)
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝟐𝟕𝟓. 𝟔𝟏𝟏 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟗 𝒉𝒑
 46

Pump Calculations:
Radius of crank (r) = 1.2 meters

Length of water pumped from crank (L) = 2r

Length of water pumped from crank (L) = 2(1.2 m)
Length of water pumped from crank (L) = 2.4 m
Diameter of the cylinder pump (d) = 5 inches = 0.152 meters

Area of the cylinder pump = (π) d 2

4
Area of the cylinder pump = 0.018 m2

𝐿𝐴𝑁
Water discharge or water pumped (𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡) =
60
(2.4 m)(0.018 m2)(2)
Water discharge or water pumped(Qoutput) =
60
Water discharge or water pumped(Qoutput) = 0.0016751 m3/𝑠
 Since there are two reciprocating pumps = Qoutput 𝑥 2
𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒅(𝑸𝑻𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟐 𝒎𝟑/𝒔

Work = ρ x g x Q x h
Work = 1000 x 9.81 x 0.0033502 x 8
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝟐𝟔𝟐. 𝟗𝟐 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟐 𝒉𝒑

Water Flow in Pipes Computations

Volume Flow Rate/Discharge (𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡) = 0.0033502 m3/s
Diameter of pvc pipe (D) = 3 inches = 0.0762 m
 47

Area of the pipe (A) = ( π) d 2

4
π
Area of the pipe (A) = ( ) 0.07622
4
Area of the pipe (A) = 0.0045604 m2

Density of water (ρ) = 1000 kg/m3

MassFlowRate(M) = ρQ
Mass Flow Rate (M) = 0.0033502 m3/s (1000 kg/m3)
Mass Flow Rate(M) = 3.350 kg/s

Unit weight of water (ƴ) = 9810 N/m3

Weight Flow Rate(W) = ƴQ
Weight Flow Rate(W) = 0.0033502 m3/s (9810 N/m3)
Weight Flow Rate(W) = 32.865 N/s

Velocity inside the pipe (v) = Q/A

0.0033502 m3/s
Velocity inside the pipe (v) =
0.0045604 m2
Velocity inside the pipe (v) = 0.735 𝑚/𝑠

Kinematic viscosity of the fluid in 𝑚2/𝑠 (𝜈) = 1.005 𝑥 10−6

Absolute or dynamic viscosity in Pa − s (μ) = 1.003 x 10−3

𝑣𝐷
Reynolds number (𝑅𝑒) =
𝜈
0.735 𝑚/(0.0762 m)
Reynolds number (𝑅𝑒) =
1.005 𝑥 10−6
Reynolds number (𝑅𝑒) = 55699.857 − 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤
 48

For pipes, Re between 3,000 and 100,000: (Blasius)

0.316
Friction Factor (𝑓) =
𝑅𝑒 0.25
Friction Factor (𝑓) = 0.021

0.25
Friction Coefficient (𝑓) = 𝑓 5.74 2
[𝑙𝑜𝑔 {3.7 𝑥 𝐷 + 0.9}]
𝑅𝑒
0.25
Friction Coefficient (𝑓) = 0.021 5.74 2
[𝑙𝑜𝑔 {3.7 𝑥 0.0762 + }]
55699.8570.9
Friction Coefficient (𝑓) = 0.194

Pipe length in the whole system (L) = 27.49 m

𝑓𝐿
Loss coefficient of pipe (𝐾𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒) =
𝐷
0.194 (27.49)
Loss coefficient of pipe (𝐾𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒) =
0.0762
Loss coefficient of pipe (𝐾𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒) = 69.998

𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 is associated with the fittings used in the pipe works of the system
to pump the water from reservoir to the receiving tank. Values can be obtained
from standard tables and a total 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 value can be calculated by adding all the
𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 values for each individual fitting within the system.

The following table shows the calculation of 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 for the system under 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
consideration:
 49

Table 5: Calculating 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 for the system under consideration.

No. of 𝑲𝒇𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 Item

Fitting Items
items Value Total
Standard elbow long
3 0.24 0.72
radius 90°

Standard tee (thru-flow) 4 0.30 1.2

Check valve 7 0.05 0.35

Total 𝑲𝒇𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔Value 2.27

Hence, the total 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 for the system under consideration is 2.27.

Total loss coefficient (K) = 𝐾𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 + 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠

Total loss coefficient (K) = 69.998 + 2.27
Total loss coefficient (K) = 72.268

𝐾𝑣2
Dynamic head or Total Head (𝐻𝐷) =
2𝑔
72.268(0.735 𝑚/𝑠)2
Dynamic head or Total Head (𝐻𝐷) =
2(9.81)
Dynamic head or Total Head (𝐻𝐷) = 1.988 𝑚

Water Flow for Suction Head

𝑣2
Kinetic Energy (K. E. ) =
2𝑔
(0.735 𝑚/𝑠)2
Kinetic Energy (K. E. ) =
2(9.81)
Kinetic Energy (K. E. ) = 0.0275 𝑚

Elevation head (z) = 3.1 m

 50

Elevation Energy = Mgz

Elevation Energy = 3.350 kg/s (9.81)(3.1)
𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝑚2
Elevation Energy = 101.882
𝑠3

Pressure head (h) = 4.5 m = 44.1 kPa

Fluid Pressure (𝑝) = ρ ∗ g ∗ h
Fluid Pressure (𝑝) = 1000 (9.81)(4.5)
𝑘𝑔
Fluid Pressure (𝑝) = 44145
𝑚 ∙ 𝑠2
𝑝
Pressure Energy = W ( )
γ
𝑔
44145
Pressure Energy = 32.865 N/s ( 𝑚 ∙ 𝑠 2)
9810

Pressure Energy = 147.893

Water Flow for Delivery Head

𝑣2
Kinetic Energy (K. E. ) =
2𝑔
(0.735 𝑚/𝑠)2
Kinetic Energy (K. E. ) =
2(9.81)
Kinetic Energy (K. E. ) = 0.0275 𝑚

Elevation head (z) = 6.5 m

Elevation Energy = Mgz
Elevation Energy = 3.350 kg/s (9.81)(6.5)
𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝑚2
Elevation Energy = 213.623
𝑠3

Pressure head (h) = 3.5 m = 34.3 kPa

Fluid Pressure (𝑝) = ρ ∗ g ∗ h
 51

Fluid Pressure (𝑝) = 1000 (9.81)(3.5)

𝑘𝑔
Fluid Pressure (𝑝) = 34335
𝑚 ∙ 𝑠2
𝑝
Pressure Energy = W ( )
γ
𝑔
34335
Pressure Energy = 32.865 N/s ( 𝑚 ∙ 𝑠 2)
9810

Pressure Energy = 115.0276

Total Power Needed (Bernoulli’s Equation)

34.3 44.1
Work required for the pump = ( )−( ) + 6.5 − 3.1 + 1.988
9.81 9.81
Work required for the pump = 4.3888 𝑚 = 43.01 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Power required for the pump = 9.81(𝑄)(4.3888)
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑾
= 𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟒 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟒 𝒉𝒑

Water Tank
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 1.5 𝑚
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 1.5 𝑚
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 1.5 𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 3.375 𝑚3 = 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝑳𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔

Time to fill the tank

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 0.003194 m3/𝑠
= 191.6331 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 50.6241 gal/min
 52

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 0.003350 m3/𝑠

= 201.0093 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 53.10104 gal/min

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.000156 m3/𝑠
= 9.3762 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 2.4769 gal/min

𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔 = 𝟔 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔

Pump Efficiency (with respect to power):

𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠

𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 100%
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
0.193
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 100%
0.352
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 54.86 %
 53

APPENDIX C
TABLES OF VALUES

Table 6. Table of Initial Values.

Design Requirements Values units
Initial height of water in the tank 0.4 m
Velocity of the water that falls to the tank 2.801 m/s
Diameter of the pipe from the tank 0.038 m
Cross-sectional area of the pipe from the tank 0.001 m2
0.00319 m3/s
Volume flow rate/input discharge 191.6331 L/min
50.6241 gal/min
Density of water 1000 kg/ m3
Mass flow rate 3.194 kg/s
Weight flow rate 31.332 N/s

Table 7. Table of Computed Wheel Values.

Design Requirements Values units
Diameter of the wheel 2.8 m
Outside radius of the wheel 1.4 m
Circumference of the wheel 8.796 m
No. of blades 10
Area of the wheel 6.158 m2
Thickness of the wheel 0.560 m
Volume of the wheel 3.448 m3
Mass of the wheel 4965.425 kg
Moment of inertia of the wheel 4866.117 kg-m2
Force applied to the wheel (water weight) 31.332 N
Angular acceleration 0.009 rad/sec2
Torque 43.865 N-m
360° degrees
Angular displacement
2π radian
Angular velocity 0.337 rad/sec
 54

Revolutions per minute (RPM) 2

Work 275.611 watts
Power 0.369451 hp

Table 8. Table of Computed Pump Values.

Design Requirements Values units
Radius of the crank 1.2 m
Length of water pumped inside the cylinder 2.4 m
Diameter of the cylinder pipe 0.152 m
Area of the cylinder pipe 0.018 m2
Discharge output 0.0016751 m2
0.0033502 m3/s
Total discharge output 201.0093 L/min
23.101 gal/min
Work 262.290 watts
Power 0.35244 hp

Table 9. Water Flow in Pipes.

Design Requirements Values units
Volume flow rate/output discharge 0.0033502 m3/s
Diameter of the PVC pipe 0.0762 m
Area of the PVC pipe 0.0045604 m2
Mass flow rate 3.350 kg/s
Weight flow rate 32.865 N/s
Velocity inside the pipe 0.735 m/s
Kinematic viscosity of the fluid 1.005 x 10-6 m2/s
Absolute or dynamic viscosity in Pa-s 1.003 x 10-3 Pa-s
Reynolds number 55699.857
Friction factor 0.021
Factor coefficient 0.194
Loss coefficient (pipe) 69.998
Pipe length 27.49 m
Loss coefficient (fittings) 2.27
Total loss coefficient 72.268
 55

Dynamic head or total head loss 1.988 m

Table 10. Water Flow in Suction Head.

Design Requirements Values units
Kinetic energy 0.0275
Elevation head 3.1 m
Elevation energy 101.8816
Fluid pressure 44145
Pressure energy 147.8926
4.5 m
Pressure head
44.1 kPa

Table 11. Water Flow in Delivery Head.

Design Requirements Values units
Kinetic energy 0.0275
Elevation head 6.5 m
Elevation energy 213.6227
Fluid pressure 34335
Pressure energy 115.0276
3.5 m
Pressure head
34.3 kPa

Table 12. Total Work and Power Needed.

Design Requirements Values units
4.3888 m
Work required for the pump needed 0.1442 kW
144.2394 Watts
Power 0.1934 hp
 56

APPENDIX D
PROTOTYPE

Figure 10. Prototype - Front View.

 57

Figure 11. Prototype Isometric View.

 58

APPENDIX E
DOCUMENTARY

Figure 12. Virtual Meeting

Figure 13. Planning of Activities

 59

Figure 14. Making of prototype

Figure 15. Making of prototype

 60

Figure 16. Making of prototype

Figure 17. Making of prototype

 61

APPENDIX F
TIME TABLE OF ACTIVITIES

Table 13. Activities from June 2021- September 2021

2021
ACTIVITIES
June July August September
1. Internet searches and literature
studies
about the desired topic
2. Formulating project design
3. Finalizing project design
components
and mechanism

Table 14. Activities from October 2021-December 2021

2021
ACTIVITIES
October November December
4. Finalizing project design
components
and mechanism (continuation)
5. Buying materials and construction
for the initial partial simulation
6. Testing of the Initial Partial Simulation

Table 15. Activities from February 2022-May 2022

2022
ACTIVITIES
February March April May
7. Completing chapters 1,2, and 3 of
the manuscript in preparation of
proposal hearing
8. Prototype planning
9. Further research for calculation of
data needed
10. Completion of chapters 1 to 5 for
final defense
 62

Table 16. Activities from June 2022-July 2022

ACTIVITIES June 2022 July

11. Buying of materials and the

construction of prototype
12. Prototype testing and theoretical
calculations
13. Finalizing of results
 63

APPENDIX G
RESEARCH BUDGET

Table 17. Costing of the Water Wheel Powered Water Pump Prototype
Product Quantity Price (PHP) Total
Check Valve (small) 8 50 400
Saw (steel) 1 86 86
Hammer 1 146 146
Bearing 2 40 80
Nuts 1 pack 150 150
3m (12mm) 12 36
Hose
3m (10mm) 30 30
No More Nails 3 83.30 249.90
Screw 1 pack 65 65
Protractor 1 10 10
Electrical Tape 2 10 20
Couple 4 150 600
1pack (small 25 25
Popsicle Sticks
1pack (big) 35 35
Super Glue 6 45 270
Wood 4 83.60 334.30
Syringe (5cc) 4 8.75 35
Straw 1 pack 25 25
Cement 2 kls 4 8
Vulca Seal 1 85 85
3 (big) 43 129
Bolts
1 pack (small) 150 150
Flat washer 4 5 20
FINAL TOTAL: 2,089.20
 64

APPENDIX H
TURNITIN OUTPUT

Figure 18. Chapter 1 Turnitin Output

Figure 19. Chapter2 Turnitin Output

 65

Figure 20. Chapter 3 Turnitin Output

Figure 21. Chapter4 Turnitin Output

 66

Figure 22. Chapter 5 Turnitin Output

Figure 23. Abstract Turnitin Output

 67

APPENDIX E
CURRICULUM VITAE

CAMILLE EDTHELYN L. ASTORGA

Bugallon St., Brgy, West Awang
Calbayog City, Samar 6710
Contact #: 09358630804
E-mail address: Edlazana02@gmail.com

HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

Name of School and Address:
Cebu Institute of Technology University
Natalio B. Bacalso Ave, Cebu City, Cebu
Area of Discipline:
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
(5th year level)

PERSONAL PARTICULARS:
Gender : Female
Date of Birth : February 02, 1998
Age 24
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
Language : Cebuano, Tagalog, English, Waray
 68

CURRICULUM VITAE

GRIZZEL LOU MARIE L. BENITEZ

Unit 2, Baltazar Apt., Mansueto Subd.
Bulacao Talisay City, Cebu 6045
Contact #: 09155437453
E-mail address: celoibenitez@gmail.com

HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

Name of School and Address:
Cebu Institute of Technology University
Natalio B. Bacalso Ave, Cebu City, Cebu
Area of Discipline:
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
(5TH year level)

PERSONAL PARTICULARS:
Gender : Female
Date of Birth : August 02, 1997
Age 24
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
Language : Cebuano, Tagalog, English
 69

CURRICULUM VITAE

JIREH GRACE BAUTISTA OLMEDO

2nd St., Purok Sambag Canjulao
Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu 6015
Contact #: 09662330322
E-mail address: jirehgrace97@gmail.com

HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

Name of School and Address:
Cebu Institute of Technology University
Natalio B. Bacalso Ave, Cebu City, Cebu
Area of Discipline:
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
(5th year level)

WORKING EXPERIENCE:
Civicom Pacific
Business Transcription Specialist/Data Management Specialist
February 2, 2021 – July 15, 2022

PERSONAL PARTICULARS:
Gender : Female
Date of Birth : September 11, 1997
Age 24
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Born-again Christian
Citizenship : Filipino
Language : Cebuano, Tagalog, English
 70

CURRICULUM VITAE

VANIESSA CYD C. SABELLO

0012 B. Rodriguez St., Cebu city
Contact #: 09651406095
E-mail address: vaniessabello@gmail.com

HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

Name of School and Address:
Cebu Institute of Technology University
Natalio B. Bacalso Ave, Cebu City, Cebu
Area of Discipline:
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
(5th year level)

PERSONAL PARTICULARS:
Gender : Female
Date of Birth : March 22, 1999
Age 23
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
Language : Cebuano, Tagalog
 71

CURRICULUM VITAE

SHEILA MAE D. TROTA

Brgy. Batug Jaro,Leyte

6527
Contact #: 09501664397
E-mail address: sheilamaetrota@gmail.com

HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:

Name of School and Address:
Cebu Institute of Technology University
Natalio B. Bacalso Ave, Cebu City, Cebu
Area of Discipline:
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
(5th year level)

PERSONAL PARTICULARS:
Gender : Female
Date of Birth : May 30, 1998
Age 24
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
Language : Cebuano, Tagalog, English, Waray-Waray