12th STD Bio-Botany EM 2024 Book Back Answers

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12Th BIO-BOTANY BOOK BACK ANSWERS

2024-2025
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Prepared by
C.KISHORE KUMAR,
M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI).,
PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI,
GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT.
C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 1
Unit-VI: Reproduction in Plants
Chapter-1. Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants
I.One mark questions:-
1. Choose the correct statement from the following
a) Gametes are involved in asexual reproduction b) Bacteria reproduce asexually by budding
c) Conidia formation is a method of sexual reproduction d) Yeast reproduce by budding
2. An eminent Indian embryologist is
a) S.R.Kashyap b) P.Maheswari c) M.S. Swaminathan d) K.C.Mehta
3. Identify the correctly matched pair
a) Tuber - Allium cepa b) Sucker – Pistia c) Rhizome - Musa d) Stolon - Zingiber
4. Size of pollen grain in Myosotis
a) 10 micrometer b) 20 micrometer c) 200 micrometer d) 2000 micrometer
5. First cell of male gametophyte in angiosperm is
a) Microspore b) megaspore c) Nucleus d) Primary Endosperm Nucleus
6. Match the following
I) External fertilization i) pollen grain a)I-iv; II-i; III-ii; IV-iii
II) Androecium ii)anther wall b)I-iii; II-iv; III-i; IV-ii
III) Male gametophyte iii)algae c)I-iii; II-iv; III-ii, IV-i
IV) Primary parietal layer iv)stamens d)I-iii; II-i; III-iv; IV-ii
7. Arrange the layers of anther wall from locus to periphery
a) Epidermis, middle layers, tapetum, endothecium b) Tapetum, middle layers, epidermis, endothecium
c) Endothecium, epidermis, middle layers, tapetum d) Tapetum, middle layers endothecium epidermis
8. Identify the incorrect pair
a) sporopollenin - exine of pollen grain b) tapetum – nutritive tissue for developing microspores
c) Nucellus – nutritive tissue for developing embryo d) obturator – directs the pollen tube into micropyle
9. Assertion : Sporopollenin preserves pollen in fossil deposits
Reason : Sporopollenin is resistant to physical and biological decomposition
a) assertion is true; reason is false b) assertion is false; reason is true
c) Both Assertion and reason are not true d) Both Assertion and reason are true.
10. Choose the correct statement(s) about tenuinucellate ovule
a) Sporogenous cell is hypodermal b) Ovules have fairly large nucellus
c) sporogenous cell is epidermal d) ovules have single layer of nucellus tissue
11. Which of the following represent megagametophyte
a) Ovule b)Embryo sac c)Nucellus d)Endosperm
12. In Haplopappus gracilis, number of chromosomes in cells of nucellus is 4. What will be the chromosome
Number in Primary endosperm cell?
a)8 b)12 c)6 d)2
13. Transmitting tissue is found in
a) Micropylar region of ovule b) Pollen tube wall c) Stylar region of gynoecium d) Integument
14. The scar left by funiculus in the seed is
a)tegmen b)radicle c)epicotyl d)hilum
15. A Plant called X possesses small flower with reduced perianth and versatile anther. The probable agent for
pollination would be
a)water b)air c)butterflies d)beetles
16. Consider the following statement(s)
i) In Protandrous flowers pistil matures earlier ii) In Protogynous flowers pistil matures earlier
iii) Herkogamy is noticed in unisexual flowers iv) Distyly is present in Primula
a) i and ii are correct b) ii and iv are correct c) ii and iii are correct d) i and iv are correct
17. Coelorhiza is found in
a)Paddy b)Bean c)Pea d)Tridax
18. Parthenocarpic fruits lack
a)Endocarp b)Epicarp c)Mesocarp d) seed
19. In majority of plants pollen is liberated at
a) 1 celled stage b) 2 celled stage c) 3 celled stage d) 4 celled stage
II.Two, Three, Five Mark Questions:-
20. What is reproduction?
Reproduction is a vital process for the existence of a species and it also brings suitable changes through
Variation in the off springs for their survival on earth.
21 List out two sub-aerial stem modifications with example.
(i) Runner – Centella asiatica. (ii) Stolon – Fragaria.
22. What is layering?
(i) The stem of a parent plant is allowed to develop roots while still intact.
(ii) When the root develops, the rooted part is cut and planted to grow as a new plant.
(iii) Examples: Ixora and Jasminum.
23. What are clones?
(i) The morphologically and genetically identical individuals are called as clones.
(ii) Which are produced by asexual reproduction.
24. A detached leaf of Bryophyllum produces new plants. How?
(i) In some plants adventitious buds are developed on their leaves.
(ii) When they are detached from the parent plant they grow into new individual plants.
(iii) Examples: Bryophyllum,
25. Differentiate Grafting and Layering.
S.No. Grafting Layering
1. In this method parts of two different plants are In this method the stem of a parent plant is allowed to
joined so that they continue to grow as one develop roots while still intact.
plant.
2. The plant which is in contact with the soil is When the root develops, the rooted part is cut and planted to
called stock and the plant used for grafting is grow as a new plant.
called scion.
3. Example: Citrus, Mango and Apple. Examples: Ixora and Jasminum.
26. “Tissue culture is the best method for propagating rare and endangered plant species”- Discuss.
(i) The regeneration of a whole plant from single cell or tissue by the tissue culture technique is called
Micropropagation.
(ii) Rare and endangered plants can be propagated through micropropagation. So tissue culture is the best
method for propagating rare and endangered plant species.
27. Distinguish mound layering and air layering.
S.No. Mound layering Air layering.
1. This method is applied for the plants having In this method the stem is girdled at nodal region and
flexible branches. hormones are applied to this region which promotes rooting.
2. The lower branch with leaves is bent to the This portion is covered with damp or moist soil using a
ground and part of the stem is buried in the polythene sheet. Roots emerge in these branches after 2-4
soil and tip of the branch is exposed above the months.
soil.
3. After the roots emerge from the part of the Such branches are removed from the parent plant and grown
stem buried in the soil, a cut is made in parent in a separate pot or ground.
plant so that the buried part grow into a new
plant.
28. Explain the conventional methods adopted in vegetative propagation of higher plants.
The common methods of conventional propagation are cutting, grafting and layering.
(i) Cutting:
1.It is the method of producing a new plant by cutting the plant parts such as root, stem and leaf from the
parent plant.
2.The cut part is placed in a suitable medium for growth. It produces root and grows into a new plant.
3.Examples: stem cutting - Hibiscus, leaf cutting - Bryophyllum.
(ii) Grafting:
1.In this method parts of two different plants are joined so that they continue to grow as one plant.
2.The plant which is in contact with the soil is called stock and the plant used for grafting is called scion.
3.Examples: Citrus, Mango and Apple.
4.Types of grafting: Bud grafting, tongue grafting, crown grafting, wedge grafting and approach grafting.
(iii) layering:
1.The stem of a parent plant is allowed to develop roots while still intact.
2.When the root develops, the rooted part is cut and planted to grow as a new plant.
3.Examples: Ixora and Jasminum.
4.Types of Layering: Mount layering and Air layering.
29. What is Cantharophily.
Pollination takes place by beetle is called Cantharophily.
30. List any two strategy adopted by bisexual flowers to prevent self-pollination.
The following strategies are adopted by bisexual flowers to prevent self-pollination
1.Dichogamy – (i) Protandry (ii) Protogyny 2.Herkogamy 3.Heterostyly 4.Self sterility
31. What is endothelium.
The inner layer of the integument may become specialized to perform the nutritive function for the embryo sac
and is called as endothelium or integumentary tapetum. Example : Asteraceae
32. “The endosperm of angiosperm is different from gymnosperm”. Do you agree. Justify your answer.
1.Yes I agree, Endosperm of angiosperm is different from gymnosperm because, Angiosperm plant endosperms
Are formed during fertilization but in gymnosperm plant endosperms are formed before fertilization.
2.So, angiosperm plant endosprems are triploid (3n) and gymnosperm plant endosperms are haploid (1n)
condition.
33. Define the term Diplospory or Generative apospory.
1.A diploid embryo sac is formed from megaspore mother cell without a regular meiotic division is called
diplospory.
2.Examples. Eupatorium and Aerva.
34. What is polyembryony. How it can commercially exploited.
1.Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed is called polyembryony.
2.The seedlings formed from the nucellar tissue in Citrus are found better clones for Orchards.
3.Embryos derived through polyembryony are found virus free.
35. Why does the zygote divides only after the division of Primary endosperm cell.
1.The primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) divides immediately after fertilization but before the zygote starts to
divide, into an endosperm.
2.The primary endosperm nucleus is the result of triple fusion (two polar nuclei and one sperm nucleus) and thus
has 3n number of chromosomes.
3.It is a nutritive tissue and regulatory structure that nourishes the developing embryo.
36. What is Mellitophily?
Pollination takes place by bees is called mellitophily.
37. “Endothecium is associated with dehiscence of anther” Justify the statement.
1.It is generally a single layer of radially elongated cells found below the epidermis.
2.The cells along the junction of the two sporangia of an anther lobe lack these thickenings. This region is called
stomium.
3.This region along with the hygroscopic nature of endothecium helps in the dehiscence of anther at maturity.
38. List out the functions of tapetum.
1.It supplies nutrition to the developing microspores.
2.It contributes sporopollenin through ubisch bodies thus plays an important role in pollen wall formation.
3.Exine proteins responsible for „rejection reaction‟ of the stigma are present in the cavities of the exine.
These proteins are derived from tapetal cells.
39. Write short note on Pollen kitt.
1.Pollenkitt is contributed by the tapetum and coloured yellow or orange and is chiefly made of carotenoids or
flavonoids.
2.It is an oily layer forming a thick viscous coating over pollen surface.
3.It attracts insects and protects damage from UV radiation.
40. Distinguish tenuinucellate and crassinucellate ovules.
Tenuinucellate ovule Crassinucellate ovule
1.If the sporogenous cell is hypodermal with a single Ovules with subhypodermal sporogenous cell is
layer of nucellar tissue around it is called called crassinucellate ovule.
tenuinucellate ovule.
2.Normally tenuinucellate ovules have very small Normally these ovules have fairly large nucellus.
nucellus.
41. „Pollination in Gymnosperms is different from Angiosperms‟ – Give reasons.
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
1.Pollination in gymnosperms is direct method. Pollination in angiosperms is indirect method.
2.pollens are deposited directly on the exposed ovules. pollens are deposited on the stigma of the pistil.
42. Write short note on Heterostyly.
1.Some plants produce two or three different types of flowers that are different in their length of stamens and style.
2.Pollination will take place only between organs of the same length.
43. Enumerate the characteristic features of Entomophilous flowers.
1.Generally flowers are large in size.
2.Flowers are brightly coloured.
3.Flowers are scented and produce nectar.
4.Flowers pollinated by flies and beetles produce foul odour to attract pollinators.
5.Flowers in which there is no secretion of nectar, the pollen is either consumed as food or used in building up of
its hive by the honeybees.
44. Discuss the steps involved in Microsporogenesis.
1.formation of haploid(1n) microspores from diploid(2n) microspore mother cell through meiosis is called
Microsporogenesis.
2.The primary sporogeneous cells directly, or may undergo a few mitotic divisions to form sporogenous
tissue.
3.The last generation of sporogenous tissue functions as microspore mother cells.
4.Each microspore mother cell divides meiotically to form a tetrad of four haploid microspores (microspore tetrad).
5.In some plants, all the microspores in a microsporangium remain held together called pollinium.
Example: Calotropis.
6.Pollinia are attached to a clamp or clip like sticky structure called corpusculum.
7.The filamentous or thread like part arising from each pollinium is called retinaculum.
8.The whole structure looks like inverted letter 'Y' and is called translator.
45. With a suitable diagram explain the structure of ovule or Megasporangium.
1.Ovule is also called megasporangium. It is protected by one or two covering called integuments.
2.A mature ovule consists of a stalk which is called as funiculus (also called funicle) is present at the base and it
attaches the ovule to the placenta.
3.The point of attachment of funicle to the body of the ovule is known as hilum.
4.In an inverted ovule, the funicle is adnate to the body of the ovule forming a ridge called raphe.
5.The body of the ovule is made up of a central mass of parenchymatous tissue called nucellus which has large
reserve food materials.
6.The nucellus is enveloped by one or two protective coverings called integuments.
7.Integument encloses the nucellus completely except at the top where it is free and forms a pore called micropyle.
8.The ovule with one or two integuments are said to be unitegmic or bitegmic ovules.
9.The integument and the funicle meet or merge is called as chalaza.
10.There is a large sac-like structure in the nucellus toward the micropylar end called embryo sac or female
gametophyte.
11.In some species the inner layer of the integument may become specialized to perform the nutritive function for
the embryo sac and is called as endothelium or integumentary tapetum. Example: Asteraceae.
46. Give a concise account on steps involved in fertilization of an angiosperm plant.
(i) Fertilization:
1.The fusion of male and female gamete is called fertilization.
2.Fertilization in angiosperms is double fertilization type.
(ii) The following steps are involved in fertilization:-
germination of pollen to form pollen tube in the stigma
growth of pollen tube in the style
direction of pollen tube towards the micropyle of the ovule
entry of the pollen tube into one of the synergids of the embryo sac
discharge of male gametes
syngamy and triple fusion

(iii) pollen- pistil interaction:-
The events from pollen deposition on the stigma to the entry of pollen tube in to the ovule is called
Pollen- pistil interaction.
47. What is endosperm. Explain the types.
(i) Endosperm:-
1.The primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) divides immediately after fertilization but before the zygote
starts to divide, into an endosperm.
2.Depending upon the mode of development three types of endosperm are recognized in angiosperms.
(ii) Types of Endosperm:-
1.Nuclear endosperm 2.Cellular endosperm 3.Helobial endosperm
1.Nuclear endosperm:-
(i)Primary Endosperm Nucleus undergoes several mitotic divisions without cell wall formation thus a free
Nuclear condition exists in the endosperm.
(ii)Examples: Coccinia, Capsella and Arachis.
2.Cellular endosperm:-
(i)Primary endosperm nucleus divides into 2 nuclei and it is immediately followed by wall formation.
(ii)Subsequent divisions also follow cell wall formation.
(iii)Examples: Adoxa, Helianthus and Scoparia.
3.Helobial endosperm:-
(i)Primary Endosperm Nucleus moves towards base of embryo sac and divides into two nuclei.
(ii)Cell wall formation takes place leading to the formation of a large micropylar and small chalazal chamber.
(iii)Examples : Hydrilla and Vallisneria.
48. Differentiate the structure of Dicot and Monocot seed.
Dicot seed Monocot seed
1.Two Cotyledons One Cotyledon (Scutellum)
2.Reserve food Material stored in Reserve food Material Stored
Cotyledons in Endosperm
3.Plumule is present Coleoptile is present
4.Radicle is present Coleorhiza is pesent
5.Funiculus is present Absent
6.Hilum is present Absent
7.Micropyle is present Absent
8.Testa is present Absent
9.Tegmen is present Absent
10.Eg: Cicer arientinum (chick pea) Eg: Oryza sativa (Paddy)
49. Give a detailed account on parthenocarpy. Add a note on its significance.
Parthenocarpy:-
(i)The development of fruit without fertilization is called Parthenocarpy.
(ii)Examples: Banana, Grapes and Papaya.
Types of Parthenocarpy:-
Nitsch in 1963 classified the parthenocarpy into following three different types.
1.Genetic Parthenocarpy 2.Environmental Parthenocarpy 3.Chemically induced Parthenocarpy
1.Genetic Parthenocarpy:
(i)Parthenocarpy arises due to hybridization or mutation.
(ii)Examples: Citrus,Cucurbita.
2.Environmental Parthenocarpy:
(i) Parthenocarpy arises due to environmental conditions like frost, fog, low temperature, high temperature etc.,
(ii)Example: low temperature for 3-19 hours induces parthenocarpy in Pear.
3.Chemically induced Parthenocarpy:
(i)Application of growth promoting substances like Auxins and Gibberellins induces parthenocarpy.
Significance of Parthenocarpy:
(i)The seedless fruits have great significance in horticulture.
(ii)The seedless fruits have great commercial importance.
(iii)Seedless fruits are useful for the preparation of jams, jellies, sauces, fruit drinks etc.
(iv)High proportion of edible part is available in parthenocarpic fruits due to the absence of seeds.
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I.One mark Answers:-
1. d) Yeast reproduce by budding 16. b) ii and iv are correct
2. b) P.Maheswari 17. a) Paddy
3. c) Rhizome - Musa 18. d) seed
4. a) 10 micrometer 19. b) 2 celled stage
5. a) Microspore
6. b) I-iii; II-iv; III-i; IV-ii
7. d) Tapetum, middle layers endothecium epidermis
8. c) Nucellus – nutritive tissue for developing embryo
9. d) Both Assertion and reason are true.
10. a) Sporogenous cell is hypodermal
11. b) Embryo sac
12. c) 6
13. c) Stylar region of gynoecium
14. d) hilum
15. b) air
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Vegetative Reproduction
Natural Reproduction Artificial Reproduction
1.Root 2.Stem 3.Leaf
1.Adventitious Buds 1.Rhizome 1.Epiphyllous Buds

(Eg: Murraya, (Eg: Musa, Zingiber, Curcuma) (Eg: Bryophyllum,
Dalbergia, 2.Corm Scilla, Begonia)
Millingstonia) (Eg: Amorphophallus, Colocasia)
2.Adventitious Roots 3.Tuber (Eg: Solanum tuberosum)
(Eg: Ipomoea batatus, 4.Bulb (Eg: Allium cepa, Lillium)
Dahlia) 5.Runner (Eg: Centella asiatica)
6.Stolon (Eg: Mentha, Fragaria)
7.Offset (Eg: Pistia, Eichhornia)
8.Sucker (Eg: Chrysanthemum)
9.Bulbils (Eg: Dioscorea, Agave)
C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY, GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI,
GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 8
Artificial Reproduction
1.Conventional Methods 2.Modern Method
1.Cutting 2.Grafting 3.Layering
1.Leaf Cutting 1.Bud Grafting 1.Mount Layering

(Eg: Bryophyllum, 2.Apporach Grafting 2.Air Layering
Begonia) 3.Tongue Grafting (Eg: Ixora, Jasminum)
2.Stem Cutting 4.Crown Grafting
(Eg: Hibiscus, 5.Wedge Grafting
Bougainvilla, (Eg: Citrus, Mango, Apple)
Moringa)
3.Root Cutting
(Eg: Malus)
Pollination
Self Pollination(Autogamy) Cross Pollination(Allogamy)
1.Geitonogamy (Monoecious) 2.Xenogamy
1.Cleistogamy 2.Homogamy 3.Incomplete Dichogamy

(Eg: Commelina, (Eg: Mirabilis jalapa,
Viola, Oxalis) Cantharanthus roseus)
Contrivances of Cross Pollination (or) Out Breed Devices
Dicliny or Unisexuality Monocliny or Bisexuality
1.Monoecious 1.Dichogamy
(Eg: Coconut, Bitter gourd (a) Protandry
Castor, Maize) (Eg: Helianthus, Clerodendrum)
2.Dioecious (b) Protogyny
(Eg: Borassus, Carica pappya, (Eg: Scrophularia nodosa,
Date palm) Aristolochia bracteata)
2.Herkogamy
(Eg: Gloriosa superba, Hibiscus)
3.Heterostyly
(a) Distyly (Eg: Primula)
(b) Tristyly (Eg: Lythrum)
4.Self sterility
(Eg: Abutilon, Passiflora)
Agents of Pollination
Abiotic Agents Biotic Agents
1.Anemophily (Wind) 1.Zoophily (Animals)

(Eg: Zea mays) 2.Entomophily (insects)
2.Hydrophily (Water) (Eg: Asteraceae family, Poinsettia,
(Eg: Vllisneria, Hydrilla) Bougainvillea)
(i) Epihydrophily 3.Cantharophily (Beetle)
(Eg: Vallisneria spiralis, Elodea) 4.Phalaenophily (Moths)
(ii) Hypohydrophily 5.Mellitophily (Bees)
(Eg: Zostera marina, Ceratophyllum) 6.Psychophily (Butterflies)
7.Malacophily (Snails)
(Eg: Araceae family, Lemna plant)
8.Ornithophily (Birds)
(Eg: Erythrina, Bombax)
9.Chieropterophily (Bats)
(Eg: Kigelia Africana, Adansonia)
10.Myrmecophily (Ants)
Unit-VII: Genetics
Chapter-2. Classical Genetics
1. Extra nuclear inheritance is a consequence of presence of genes in
a) Mitrochondria and chloroplasts b) Endoplasmic reticulum and mitrochondria
c) Ribosomes and chloroplast d) Lysososmes and ribosomes
2. In order to find out the different types of gametes produced by a pea plant having the genotype AaBb,
it should be crossed to a plant with the genotype
a) aaBB b) AaBB c) AABB d) aabb
3. How many different kinds of gametes will be produced by a plant having the genotype AABbCC?
a) Three b) Four c) Nine d) Two
4. Which one of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance?
a) Flower colour in Mirabilis Jalapa b) Production of male honey bee
c) Pod shape in garden pea d) Skin Colour in humans
5. In Mendel‟s experiments with garden pea, round seed shape (RR) was dominant over wrinkled seeds (rr),
yellow cotyledon (YY) was dominant over green cotyledon (yy). What are the expected phenotypes in the F2
generation of the cross RRYY x rryy?
a) Only round seeds with green cotyledons
b) Only wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons
c) Only wrinkled seeds with green cotyledons
d) Round seeds with yellow cotyledons an wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons
6. Test cross involves
a) Crossing between two genotypes with recessive trait
b) Crossing between two F1 hybrids
c) Crossing the F1 hybrid with a double recessive genotype
d) Crossing between two genotypes with dominant trait
7. In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant to green. If a heterozygous yellow seed pant is crossed with a
green seeded plant, what ratio of yellow and green seeded plants would you expect in F1 generation?
a) 9:1 b) 1:3 b) 3:1 d) 50:50
8. Select the correct statement from the ones given below with respect to dihydrid cross
a) Tightly linked genes on the same chromosomes show very few combinations
b) Tightly linked genes on the same chromosomes show higher combinations
c) Genes far apart on the same chromosomes show very few recombinations
d) Genes loosely linked on the same chromosomes show similar recombinations as the tightly linked ones
9. Which Mendelian idea is depicted by a cross in which the F1 generation resembles both the parents
a) Incomplete dominance b) Law of dominance c) Inheritance of one gene d) Co-dominance
10. Fruit colour in squash is an example of
a) Recessive epistatsis b) Dominant epistasis c) Complementary genes d) Inhibitory genes
11. In his classic experiments on Pea plants, Mendel did not use
a)Flowering position b) Seed colour c) Pod length d) Seed shape
12. The epistatic effect, in which the dihybrid cross 9:3:3:1 between AaBb X Aabb is modified as
a) Dominance of one allele on another allele of both loci b) Interaction between two alleles of different loci
c) Dominance of one allele to another alleles of same loci d) Interaction between two alleles of some loci
13. In a test cross involving F1 dihybrid flies, more parental type offspring were produced than the recombination
type offspring. This indicates
a) The two genes are located on two different chromosomes
b) Chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis
c) The two genes are linked and present on the some chromosome
d) Both of the characters are controlled by more than one gene
14. The genes controlling the seven pea characters studied by Mendel are known to be located on how many
different chromosomes?
a) Seven b) Six c) Five d) Four
15. Which of the following explains how progeny can posses the combinations of traits that none of the parent
possessed?
a) Law of segregation b) Chromosome theory c) Law of independent assortment d) Polygenic inheritance
16. “Gametes are never hybrid”. This is a statement of
a) Law of dominance b) Law of independent assortment c) Law of segregation d) Law of random fertilization
17. Gene which suppresses other genes activity but does not lie on the same locus is called as
a) Epistatic b) Supplement only c) Hypostatic d) Codominant
18. Pure tall plants are crossed with pure dwarf plants. In the F1 generation, all plants were tall. These tall plants of
F1 generation were selfed and the ratio of tall to dwarf plants obtained was 3:1. This is called
a) Dominance b) Inheritance c) Codominance d) Heredity
19. The dominant epistatis ratio is
a) 9:3:3:1 b) 12:3:1 c) 9:3:4 d) 9:6:1
20. Select the period for Mendel‟s hybridization experiments
a) 1856 - 1863 b) 1850 - 1870 c) 1857 - 1869 d) 1870 - 1877
21. Among the following characters which one was not considered by Mendel in his experimentation pea?
a) Stem – Tall or dwarf b) Trichomal glandular or non-glandular
c) Seed – Green or yellow d) Pod – Inflated or constricted
22. Name the seven contrasting traits of Mendel.
Character Dominant Trait Recessive Trait
1.Stem length Tall Dwarf
2.Pod shape Inflated Constricted
3.Seed shape Round Wrinkled
4.Seed colour Yellow Green
5.Flower position Axial Terminal
6.Flower colour Purple White
7.Pod colour Green Yellow
23. What is meant by true breeding or pure breeding lines / strain?
The phenomenon of continuous self pollination and traits inheritance from parent to offspring is called true
breeding or pure breeding lines.
24. Give the names of the scientists who rediscovered Mendelism.
1.Hugo de vries (Holland), 2.Carl Correns (Germany), 3.Tschermak (Austria).
25. What is back cross?
(i) F1 hybrid crossed with any one of the parental genome is called back cross.
(ii) Back cross are two types. 1. Dominant back cross 2. Recessive back cross.
26. Define Genetics.
Genetics is the branch of biology which deals with the mechanism of transmission of characters from parents to
offsprings.
27. What are multiple alleles?
Multiple alleles are a set of three or more genes controlling the same character located on the homologous
chromosomes.
28. What are the reasons for Mendel‟s successes in his breeding experiment?
1.He applied mathematics and statistical methods in Biology.
2.His experiments were carefully planned.
3.He used large samples.
29. Explain the law of dominance in monohybrid cross.
1.In a dissimilar pair of factors, one is dominant and other one is recessive.
2.This law explained in Medel‟s monohybrid cross.
Parental generation: Tall X Dwarf
(TT) (tt)
Gametes: (T) (t)

F1 Generation: Heterozygous Tall (Tt)
F2 Generation: Tt X Tt
T t
TT Tt
T
(Homozygous tall) (Heterozygous tall)
t Tt tt
(Heterozygous tall) (Homozygous dwarf)
Phenotypic Ration: 3 (Tall): 1 (Dwarf)
Genotypic Ration: 1(Homozygous tall): 2(Heterozygous tall): 1(Homozygous dwarf)
30. Differentiate incomplete dominance and codominance.

Incomplete dominance codominance
1.One allele is not completely dominant to Two alleles are expressed in the heterozygous
another allele it shows incomplete dominance. individual is know as codominance.
2.Examle: 4‟O clock plant (Mirabilis jalapa) Example: Camellia.
31. What is meant by cytoplasmic inheritance?
Cytoplasmic organelles such as chloroplast and Mitochondria act as inheritance vectors, It is called as
Cytoplasmic inheritance.
32. Describe dominant epistasis with an example.
1.The prevention of the expression of one gene by another non-allelic gene is called Epistasis.
2.The inhibiting gene is called epistatic gene. The inhibited gene is called hypostatic gene.
3.Epistasis is of two types namely, dominant epistasis and recessive epistasis.
4.The prevention of the expression of a gene by a dominant non-allelic gene is called dominant epistasis.
5.The prevention of the expression of a gene by a recessive non-allelic gene is called recessive epistasis.
6.Summer squash white fruit plant (WWgg) is crossed with yellow fruit plant (wwGG). It will produce
heterozygous (WwGg) white fruit in F1 generation.
7.When F1 generation heterozygous plants are self crossed, It will produce the phenotypic ration of
12 white, 3 yellow, and 1 green in F2 generation.
8.So, the dominant allele “W” is suppress or mask the character of other non-allelic genes.
Parental generation: White fruit X Yellow fruit

(WWgg) (wwGG)
Gametes: (Wg) (wG)
F1 Generation: White fruit

(WwGg)
F2 Generation: WwGg X WwGg
WG Wg wG wg
WWGG WWGg WwGG WwGg
WG
(White) (White) (White) (White)
WWGg WWgg WwGg Wwgg
Wg
(White) (White) (White) (White)
WwGG WwGg wwGG wwGg
wG
(White) (White) (Yellow) (Yellow)
WwGg Wwgg wwGg Wwgg
wg
(White) (White) (Yellow) (Green)
Phenotypic Ratio: 12(White): 3(Yellow): 1(Green)
33. Explain polygenic inheritance with an example.
1.A group of genes that together determine the character of an organism is called polygenic inheritance.
2.The first polygenic inheritance experiment was demonstrated by H.Nilson-Ehle (1909) wheat kernels.
3.Kernel colour is controlled by two genes with two alleles.
4.Red kernel colour was dominant to white kernel.
5.Dark red kernel plant (R1R1R2R2) is crossed with white kernel plant (r1r1r2r2). It will produce
heterozygous (R1r1R2r2) medium red plant in F1 generation.
6.When F1 generation heterozygous plants are self crossed, It will produce the phenotypic ration of
15 red kernel, and 1 white kernel in F2 generation.
Parental generation: Dark red X white

(R1R1R2R2) (r1r1r2r2)
Gametes: (R1R2) (r1r2)
F1 generation: Medium red

(R1r1R2r2)
F2 generation: R1r1R2r2 X R1r1R2r2
R1R2 R1r2 r1R2 r1r2

R1R1R2R2 R1R1R2r2 R1r1R2R2 R1r1R2r2
R1R2
(Dark red) (Medium (Medium- (Medium
-dark red) dark red) red)
R1R1R2r2 R1R1r2r2 R1r1R2r2 R1r1r2r2
R1r2
(Medium- (Medium (Medium (Light
dark red) red) red) red)
r1R2 R 1 r1R 2R 2 R 1 r1R 2 r2 r1 r1 R2 R2 r1r1R2r2
(Medium- (Medium (Medium (Light
dark red) red) red) red)
r1r2 R1r1R2r2 R1r1r2r2 r1r1R2r2 r1r1r2r2
(Medium (Light (Light (White)
red) red) red)
Phenotypic Ratio: 15(Red):1(White)
34. Differentiate continuous variation with discontinuous variation.
Discontinuous variation Continuous variation
1.This is limited variations. This variations are based on environmental and
genetic factors.
2.Characteristics are controlled by one or two It is a continous change without any break.
major genes.
3.It is genetically determined by inheritance It is determined by many genes.
factors.
4.It is unaffected by environmental conditions. It is affected by environmental conditions.
5.Examle: Style length in Primula Example: Human height and skin color.
35. Explain with an example how single genes affect multiple traits and alleles the phenotype of an organism.
1.The single gene affects multiple traits and alter the phenotype of the organism.
2.Mendel performing breeding experiment with pea plant(Pisum sativum).
3.The three traits such as flower colour, seed colour and leaf axil are inherited together as a single unit.
4.Three traits controlled by a single gene with dominant and recessive alleles.
5.Example: Sickle cell anemia.
36. Bring out the inheritance of chloroplast gene with an example.
1.In 4‟O clock plant (Mirabilis jalapa) has dark green and pale green leaves.
2.The F1 generation of both the crosses must be identical as per Mendelian inheritance.
3.But in the reciprocal cross the F1 plant differs form each other.
4.In each cross, the F1 plant reveals the character of the plant which is used as female plant.
5.This inheritance is not through nuclear gene.
(i) Pale green leaved male plant X Dark green leaved female plant
F1- Dark green leaved
(ii) Dark green leaved male plant X Pale green leaved female plant
F1- Pale green leaved
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1.a) Mitrochondria and chloroplasts
2.d) aabb
3.d) Two
4.c) Pod shape in garden pea
5.d) Round seeds with yellow cotyledons an wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons
6.c) Crossing the F1 hybrid with a double recessive genotype
7.d) 50:50
8.a) Tightly linked genes on the same chromosomes show very few combinations
9.d) Co-dominance
10.b) Dominant epistasis
11.c) Pod length
12.b) Interaction between two alleles of different loci
13.c) The two genes are linked and present on the some chromosome
14.d) Four
15.c) Law of independent assortment
16.c) Law of segregation
17.a) Epistatic
18. a) Dominance
19.b) 12:3:1
20.a) 1856 - 1863
21.b) Trichomal glandular or non-glandular
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Unit-VII: Genetics
Chapter-3. Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
1. An allohexaploidy contains
a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes
c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six copies of one genome
2. Match list I with list II
List-I List-II
A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid i) Monosomy
B. One chromosome extra to the diploid ii) Tetrasomy
C. One chromosome loses from diploid iii) Trisomy
D. Two individual chromosomes lose from diploid iv) Double monosomy
a) A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-iv b) A-ii, B-iii, C-iv, D-i c) A-ii, B-iii, C-i, D-iv d) A-iii, B-ii, C-i, D-iv
3. Which of the following sentences are correct?
1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage
2. The linked genes exhibit some crossing over in complete linkage
3. The separation of two linked genes are possible in incomplete linkage
4. Crossing over is absent in complete linkage
a) 1 and 2 b) 2 and 3 c) 3 and 4 d) 1 and 4
4. Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are
a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4: 3.6 d) 1:7:7:1
5. The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are
a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A to G, C to T, C to G and T to A
c) C to G, A to G, T to A and G to A d) G to C, A to T, T to A and C to G
6. If haploid number in a cell is 18. The double monosomic and trisomic number will be
a) 34 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19
7. Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents
a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutation
8. Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally use to induce mutation in wheat varieties.
Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ionize electrons from atom
a) A is correct. R is correct explanation of A b) A is correct. R is not correct explanation of A
c) A is correct. R is wrong explanation of A d) A and R is wrong
9. When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together.
i) What is the name of this phenomenon?
This phenomenon is called as coupling or cis configuration.
ii) Draw the cross with suitable example.
Parent Purple flower X Red flower

Generation: Long pollen round pollen
(PPLL) (ppll)
Gametes: (PL) (pl)
F1 generation: Purple flower long pollen

(PpLl)
Test cross: PpLl X pl
Gametes: PL Pl pL pl
F2 generation: pl PpLl Ppll ppLl ppll
Phenotype: Purple long : Purple round : Red long : Red round
Observed frequency: 44 : 6 : 6 : 44
Observed ration: 7:1:1:7
Expected ration: 1:1:1:1

iii) Write the observed phenotypic ratio.
Observed phenotypic ration is 7:1:1:7
10. What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?
Missense mutation Nonsense mutation
One amino acid codon is changed One amino acid codon is changed
into a amino acid codon. into a termination or stop codon.
11.
From the above figure identify the type of mutation and explain it.
1.The above figure is identified as Reverse tandem duplication.
2.The duplicated segment is located immediately after the normal segment.
3.But the gene sequence order will be reversed.
12. Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept or Write the salient features of chromosomal theory
of inheritance.
1.Somatic cells are derived from zygote.
2.These somatic cells are consists of two identical set of chromosomes.
3.In this chromosomes one is received from male parent and another one is received from female parent.
It is called as homologous chromosomes.
4.Chromosomes are maintaining the individuality of an organism.
5.Gene locations are identified in the chromosome by the process of meiosis.
13. Explain the mechanism of crossing over.
Crossing over:
The interchanging of corresponding segments between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes is called
crossing over.
Mechanism of crossing over:
It is takes place by the following four stages. Such as..
i) Synapsis ii) Tetrad formation iii) Cross over iv) Terminalization.
i) Synapsis:
1.It is takes place by zygotene stage of prophase-I of meiosis-I.
2.In this stage homologous chromosomes are aligned side by side and form bivalent chromosomes.
3.This pairing process is called synapsis or syndesis.
ii) Tetrad formation:
1.Bivalent chromosomes are form two identical sister chromatids.
2.At this stage each bivalent has four chromatids.
3.This four chromatid stage is called tetrad stage.
iii) Corss over:
1.Crossing over is takes place in pachytene stage.
2.The interchanging of corresponding segments between nonsister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes is called crossing over.
3.The adjacent nonsister chromatids are joined together at certain points called chiasmata.
ii) Terminalization:
1.After crossing over, chiasma starts to move towards the terminal end of chromatids.
2.This process is known as terminalization.
3.Finally, complete homologous chromosomes are formed.
14. How is Nicotiana (Tobacco) exhibit self-incompatibility? or Write the self-sterility in Nicotiana. Explain its
mechanism.
1.East observed multiple alleles are responsible for self-incompatibility of Nicotiana in 1925.
2.The gene for self-incompatibility can be designated as S, which has allelic series S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6.
3.The cross-fertilizing tobacco plants are not always homozygous as S1S1 or S2S2.
4.But all plants are heterozygous as S1S2, S3S4, S5S6.
5.When crosses are made between different S1S2 plants, the pollen tube did not develop normally.
6.But effective pollen tube development was observed in other than S1S2 cross.
7.The cross between S1S2 X S3S4, all the pollens are effectively germinating.
8.Hence, this experiment proved that the self-incompatibility of Nicotiana.
15. How sex is determined in monoecious plants or Explain Sex determination in maize. Write their genes
involved in it.
1.Zea mays is an example for monoecious plant. Which means male and female flowers are present in the
same plant.
2.Zea mays consist of two different types of inflorescence. The terminal inflorescence bears staminate florets
(tassel) and lateral inflorescence bears pistillate florest (ear or cob).
3.‟ba‟ allele is responsible for male flower and „ts‟ allele is responsible for female flower.
4.The allele „ba‟ is transformed pistillate flower into tassel flower.
5.The allele „ts‟ is transformed tassel flower into pistillate flower.
6.This type of mutations are takes place by the deficiency of gibberellin hormones.
7.Gibberellin hormones are play an important role in the suppression of stamens in florets on the ears.
16. What is gene mapping? Write its uses.
The diagrammatic representation of position of genes and related distances between the adjacent genes is called
gene mapping.
Uses of gene mapping:
1.It is useful to determine the gene order.
2.It is useful to predict the results of dihybrid and trihybrid crosses.
3.It is used to understand the genetic complexity of particular organism.
4.It is useful to determine the location, arrangement and linkage of genes in a chromosome.
17. Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.
18. Mention the name of man-made cereal. How it is formed? or Explain the Allopolyploidy breeding.
1.The successful first man made cereal is Triticale (wheat variety).
2.It is an good example for allopolyploidy breeding.
3.The Hexaploidy Triticale (6x) was produced by the cross between Tetraploidy Triticum durum (4x) macaroni
wheat and Diploidy Secale cereale (2x) rye wheat.
Parent Generation: Triticum durum X Secale cereale
2n=4x=28 2n=2x=14
Tetraploidy Diploidy
Gametes: n=2x=14 n=x=7
F1 generation: 2n=3x=21
Triploidy
Colchicine
(Chromosome doubling)
2n=6x=42
Triticale
(Hexaploidy)
Write the flow chart of Ploidy (Extra question).
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1.c) Two copies of three different genomes
2.c) A-ii, B-iii, C-i, D-iv
3.c) 3 and 4
4.c) 96.4: 3.6
5.b) A to G, C to T, C to G and T to A
6.a) 34 and 37
7.a) missense mutation
8.b) A is correct, R is wrong.
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Unit-VIII: Biotechnology
Chapter-4. Principles and Processes of Biotechnology
1. Restriction enzymes are
a. Not always required in genetic engineering b. Essential tools in genetic engineering
c. Nucleases that cleave DNA at specific sites d. both b and c
2. Plasmids are
a. circular protein molecules b. required by bacteria c. tiny bacteria d. confer resistance to antibiotics
3. EcoRI cleaves DNA at
a. AGGGTT b. GTATATC c. GAATTC d. TATAGC
4. Genetic engineering is
a. making artificial genes.
b. hybridization of DNA of one organism to that of the others.
c. production of alcohol by using micro organisms.
d. making artificial limbs, diagnostic instruments such as ECG, EEG etc.,
5. Consider the following statements:
I. Recombinant DNA technology is popularly known as genetic engineering is a stream of biotechnology
which deals with the manipulation of genetic materials by man invitro
II. pBR322 is the first artificial cloning vector developed in 1977 by Boliver and Rodriguez from E.coli plasmid
III. Restriction enzymes belongs to a class of enzymes called nucleases.
Choose the correct option regarding above statements
a. I & II b. I & III c. II & III d. I,II & III
6. The process of recombinant DNA technology has the following steps
I. amplication of the gene
II. Insertion of recombinant DNA into the host cells
III. Cutting of DNA at specific location using restriction enzyme .
IV. Isolation of genetic material (DNA) Pick out the correct sequence of step for recombinant DNA technology.
a. II, III, IV, I b. IV, II, III, I c. I, II, III, IV d. IV, III, I, II
7. Which one of the following palindromic base sequence in DNA can be easily cut at about the middle by
some particular restriction enzymes?
a. 5ʹ CGTTCG 3ʹ 3ʹ ATCGTA 5ʹ b. 5ʹ GATATG 3ʹ 3ʹ CTACTA 5ʹ
c. 5ʹ GAATTC 3ʹ 3ʹ CTTAAG 5ʹ d. 5ʹ CACGTA 3ʹ 3ʹ CTCAGT 5ʹ
8. pBR 322, BR stands for
a. Plasmid Bacterial Recombination b. Plasmid Bacterial Replication
c. Plasmid Boliver and Rodriguez d. Plasmid Baltimore and Rodriguez
9. Match the following :
Column A Column B 1 2 3 4
1.Exonuclease a. add or remove phosphate A) a b c d
2.Endonuclease b. binding the DNA fragments B) c d b a
3.Alkaline Phosphatase c. cut the DNA at terminus C) a c b d
D) c d a b
4.Ligase d. cut the DNA at middle
10. In which techniques Ethidium Bromide is used?
a. Southern Blotting techniques b. Western Blotting techniques
c. Polymerase Chain Reaction d. Agrose Gel Electroporosis
11. Assertion : Agrobacterium tumifaciens is popular in genetic engineering because this bacteriumis associated
with the root nodules of all cereals and pulse crops
Reason: A gene incorporated in the bacterial chromosomal genome gets atomatically transferred to the cross
with which bacterium is associated.
a) Both assertion and reason are true. But reason is correct explanation of assertion.
b) Both assertion and reason are true. But reason is not correct explanation of assertion.
c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. d) Assertion is false, but reason is true.
e) Both assertion and reason are false.
12. Which one of the following is not correct statement?
a) Ti plasmid causes the bunchy top disease b) Multiple cloning site is known as Polylinker
c) Non viral method transfection of Nucleic acid in cell
d) Polylactic acid is a kind of biodegradable and bioactive thermoplastic.
13. An analysis of chromosomal DNA using the southern hybridisation technique does not use
a) Electrophoresis b) Blotting c) Autoradiography d) Polymerase Chain Reaction
14. An antibiotic gene in a vector usually helps in the selection of
a) Competent cells b) Transformed cells c) Recombinant cells d) None of the above
15. Some of the characteristics of Bt cotton are
a) Long fibre and resistant to aphids
b) Medium yield, long fibre and resistant to beetle pests.
c) high yield and production of toxic protein crystals which kill dipteran pests.
d) High yield and resistant to ball worms.
16. How do you use the biotechnology in modern practice?
1.Biotechnology used in enzyme and biomass production.
2.It is used to produce enzymes, antibiotic and vitamins.
3.It is used in biofuel production.
4.Biotechnology play a vital role in production of biofertilisers.
5.It is also used in Recombinant DNA technology.
17. What are the materials used to grow microorganism like Spirulina?
Spirulina like microorganisms are easily growing in straw, molasses, animal manure and sewage.
18.You are working in a biotechnology lab with a becterium namely E.coli. How will you cut the
nucleotide sequence? explain it.
1.Restriction enzymes are extracted from E.coli bacteria. It is also called as molecular scissors.
2.There are three class of restriction endonuclease. such as…Type-I, Type-II and Type-III.
3.Type-II enzymes only used in recombinant DNA technology.
4.This enzyme recognise and cut the DNA in a specific nucleotide sequence.
5.This enzyme consisting of 4 to 8 base pairs.
19.What are the enzymes you can used to cut terminal end and internal phospho-di-ester bond of
nucleotide sequence?
1.Exonuclease enzymes are used to cut the terminal end of nucleotide sequence.
Examples: Bal 31 and Exonuclease-III
2.Endonucleas enzymes are used to cut the internal phospho-di-ester bond of nucleotide sequence.
Examples: Hind-II and EcoR-I.
20. Name the chemicals used in gene transfer.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Dextran sulphate are used in gene transfer.
21. What do you know about the word pBR 322?
1.pBR 322 plasmid is a reconstructed plasmid. It is widely used cloning vector.
2.It contains 4361 base pairs.
3.In pBR, p denotes plasmid, B and R denotes the names of scientist Boliver and Rodriguez who developed
this plasmid.
4.The number 322 is the number of plasmid developed from their laboratory.
5.It contains ampR and tetR two different antibiotic resistance genes and recognition sites for several restriction
enzymes.
22. Mention the application of Biotechnology.
1.Biotechnology is widely used in various fields like agriculture, medicine, environment and commercial
industries.
2.It is used in pesticide resistant, stress resistant and disease resistant varieties in agricultural crops.
3.E.coli bacteria is used to produce human insulin for insulin deficiency disorder in human beings.
4.Single cell protein from Spirulina is utilized in food industries.
5.Biotechnology also used in secondary metabolites, biofertilizers, biopesticides and enzymes production.
6.Biochip based biological compter is one of the success of biotechnology.
7.Biomass energy, biofuel and bioremediation techniques are done by the environmental biotechnology.
23. What are restriction enzyme. Mention their type with role in Biotechnology.
1.Restriction enzymes are extracted from E.coli bacteria.
2.Restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cut the DNA in a specific site.
3.Restriction enzymes are also called as molecular scissors.
Types of restriction enzyme:
Based on their mode of action restriction enzymes are classified into two types.
1.Exonuclease and 2.Endonucleas.
1.Exonuclease enzymes are used to cut the terminal end of nucleotide sequence.
Examples: Bal 31 and Exonuclease-III
2.Endonucleas enzymes are used to cut the internal phospho-di-ester bond of nucleotide sequence.
Examples: Hind-II and EcoR-I.
Three main classes of restriction enzyme:
1.There are three main class of restriction endonuclease. such as…Type-I, Type-II and Type-III.
2.Type-II enzymes only used in recombinant DNA technology.
3.This enzyme recognise and cut the DNA in a specific nucleotide sequence.
4.This enzyme consisting of 4 to 8 base pairs.
24. Is their any possibilities to transfer a suitable desirable gene to host plant without vector? Justify your
answer. or Explain the direct or vectorless gene transfer method.
Yes, It is possible through the direct or vectorless gene transfer method.
Direct or vectorless gene transfer methods:
1.Chemical mediated gene transfer:
Certain chemicals like polyethylene glycol (PEG) and dextran sulphate induce DNA uptake into plant
protoplasts.
2.Microinjection:
The DNA is directly injected into the nucleus using fine tipped glass needle or micro pipette to transform
plant cells.
3.Electroporation Methods of Gene Transfer:
1.A pulse of high voltage is applied to protoplast.
2.Cells or tissues which makes transient pores in the plasmamembrane through which uptake of foreign
DNA occurs.
4.Liposome mediated method of Gene Transfer:
1.Liposomes the artificial phospholipid vesicles are useful in gene transfer.
2.The gene or DNA is transferred from liposome into vacuole of plant cells.
5.Biolistics:
1.The foreign DNA is coated onto the surface of minute gold or tungsten particles.
2.Bombarded onto the target tissue or cells using a gene gun or micro projectile gun.
25. How will you identify a vectors?
1.It should be small in size and low molecular weight, less than 10 kb.
2.It can independently replicate within the host cell.
3.It should contain a suitable marker for antibiotic resistance.
4.Vector must contain an origin of replication.
5.Cloning vectors have more than one restriction site.
26. Compare the various types of Blotting techniques.
Chracters Southern blotting Northern blotting Western blotting
Name It is name of an inventor It is a misnomer It is a misnomer
Separation of DNA RNA Proteins
Denaturation Needed Not needed Needed
Membrane Nitrocellulose Amino benzyloxy methyl Nitrocellulose
Hybridisaiton DNA-DNA RNA-DNA Protein-antibody
Visualising Autoradiogram Autoradiogram Dark room
27. Write the advantages of herbicide tolerant crops.
1.It improves the crop yielding.
2.It reduces the herbicides.
3.It improve the soil fertility.
4.It reduce the environmental toxicity.
5.It conserve the soil living microorganisms.
28. Write the advantages and disadvantages of Bt cotton.
Advantages:
1.It improves the crop yielding.
2.It reduces the insecticide.
3.It reduce the cultivation cost.
Disadvantages:
1.Cost of Bt cotton seed is high.
2.Effectiveness is only 120 days, after that efficiency is reduced.
3.Ineffective against sucking pests.
4.Affects the pollinating insects.
29. What is bioremediation? Give some examples of bioremediation.
Bioremediation:
It is defined as the use of microorganisms or plants to clean up our environmental pollution.
Examples of Bioremediation:
1.Phytoremediation:
Use the plants to clean up our environmental pollutants.
2.Mycoremediation:
Use the fungi to clean up our environmental pollutants.
3.Bioventing:
Increase the oxygen or air flow to accelerate the degradation of environmental pollutants.
4.Bioleaching:
Use the microorganisms to remove the metal pollutants from contaminated sites.
5.Composting:
Solid waste is composted by the microorganisms into manure. which acts as a nutrient for plant growth.
30. Write the benefits and risk of Genetically Modified Foods.
Benefits:
1.High yield without pest.
2.70% reduction of pesticide usage.
3.Reduce soil pollution problem.
4.Conserve microbial population in soil.
Risks:
1.Affect liver, kidney function and causes cancer.
2.Hormonal imbalance and physical disorder.
3.Anaphylactic shock (sudden hypersensitive reaction) and allergies.
4.Adverse effect in immune system because of bacterial protein.
5.Reduce the seed viability.
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1.d. both b and c
2.d. confer resistance to antibiotics
3.c. GAATTC
4.b. hybridization of DNA of one organism to that of the others.
5.d. I,II & III
6.d. IV, III, I, II
7.c. 5ʹ GAATTC 3ʹ 3ʹ CTTAAG 5ʹ
8.c. Plasmid Boliver and Rodriguez
9.d) c d a b
10.d. Agrose Gel Electroporosis
11.d) Assertion is false, but reason is true.
12.b) Multiple cloning site is known as Polylinker
13.d) Polymerase Chain Reaction
14.b) Transformed cells
15.d) High yield and resistant to ball worms.
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Unit-VIII: Biotechnology
Chapter-5. Plant Tissue Culture
1. Totipotency refers to
a) capacity to generate genetically identical plants.
b) capacity to generate a whole plant from any plant cell / explant.
c) capacity to generate hybrid protoplasts.
d) recovery of healthy plants from diseased plants.
2. Micro propagation involves
a) vegetative multiplication of plants by using micro-organisms.
b) vegetative multiplication of plants by using small explants.
c) vegetative multiplication of plants by using microspores.
d) Non-vegetative multiplication of plants by using microspores and megaspores.
3. Match the following
Column A Column B
1) Totipotency A) Reversion of mature cells into meristerm
2) Dedifferentiation B) Biochemical and structural changes of cells
3) Explant C) Properties of living cells develops into entire plant
4) Differentiation D) Selected plant tissue transferred to culture medium
1 2 3 4
a) C A D B
b) A C B D
c) B A D C
d) D B C A
4. The time duration for sterilization process by using autoclave is ______ minutes and the temperature is _______.
a) 10 to 30 minutes and 125° C b) 15 to 30 minutes and 121° C
c) 15 to 20 minutes and 125° C d) 10 to 20 minutes and 121° C
5. Which of the following statement is correct?
a) Agar is not extracted from marine algae such as seaweeds.
b) Callus undergoes differentiation and produces somatic embryoids.
c) Surface sterilization of explants is done by using mercuric bromide
d) pH of the culture medium is 5.0 to 6.0
6. Select the incorrect statement from given statement
a) A tonic used for cardiac arrest is obtained from Digitalis purpuria
b) Medicine used to treat Rheumatic pain is extracted from Capsicum annum
c) An anti malarial drug is isolated from Cinchona officinalis.
d) Anti-cancinogenic property is not seen in Catharanthus roseus.
7. Virus free plants are developed from
a) Organ culture b) Meristem culture c) Protoplast culture d) Cell suspension culture
8. The prevention of large scale loss of biological interity
a) Biopatent b) Bioethics c) Biosafety d) Biofuel
9. Cryopreservation means it is a process to preserve plant cells, tissues or organs
a) At very low temperature by using ether.
b) At very high temperature by using liquid nitrogen
c) At very low temperature of -196 by using liquid nitrogen
d) At very low temperature by using liquid nitrogen
10. Solidifying agent used in plant tissue culture is
a) Nicotinic acid b) Cobaltous chloride c) EDTA d) Agar
11. What is the name of the process given below? Write its 4 types.
(i) This is the basic steps of plant tissue culture technology.
(ii) There are four different types of plant tissue culture techniques. Such as..
1. Organ culture 2. Meristem culture 3. Protoplast culture 4. Cell culture.
12. How will you avoid the growing of microbes in nutrient medium during culture process?
What are the techniques used to remove the microbes?
(i) Culture media are dispensed in glass containers, plugged with non-absorbent cotton or sealed with plastic
closures and then sterilized using autoclave at 15 psi (121°C) for 15 to 30 minutes.
(ii) There are two different methods are used to remove the microbes in culture medium such as …
1.Physical method 2. Chemical method.
13. Write the various steps involved in cell suspension culture.
(i) Culture of a single cell in vitro in liquid medium is known as cell cuspension culture.
(ii) The cell suspension is prepared by transferring a portion of callus to the liquid medium and agitated using
rotary shaker instrument.
(iii) The cells are separated from the callus tissue and used for cell suspension culture.
14. What do you mean Embryoids? Write its application.
(i) The callus cells undergoes differentiation and produces somatic embryos known as Embryoids.
(ii) The embryoids are sub-cultured to produce plantlets.
15. Give the examples for micro propagation performed plants.
1. Potato 2. Banana 3. Pineapple 4. Strawberry
16. Explain the basic concepts involved in plant tissue culture.
There are four different basic concepts are involved in plant tissue culture technique. Such as…
1. Totipotency 2. Differentiation 3. Redifferentiation 4. Dedifferentiation.
1. Totipotency:
A living plant cell cultured in a nutrient medium to produce a complete individual plant is called
totipotency.
2. Differentiation:
A cell become specialized form and function through the biochemical and structural changes is called
differentiation.
3. Redifferentiation:
The further differentiation of already differentiated cell into another type of cell is called redifferetntiation.
4. Dedifferentiation:
The reversal of mature cell into meristematic cell to form callus tissue is called dedifferentiation.
17. Based on the material used, how will you classify the culture technology? Explain it.
Based on the material used, Plant tissue culture technology is classified into following four different
types. Such as.. 1.Organ culture 2.Meristem culture 3.Protoplast culture 4.Cell Suspension culture.
1.Organ culture:
Cultivation of root, shoot, anther and embryos in a culture medium is called organ culture.
2.Meristem culture:
Cultivation of meristematic tissue in a culture medium is called meristem culture.
3.Protoplast culture:
Protoplast from a single cell to produce a whole plant and develop into somatic hybrids is called
protoplast culture.
4.Cell Suspension culture:
Culture of a single cell in vitro in liquid medium is known as cell cuspension culture.
18. Give an account on Cryopreservation.
(i) Cell, tissue, organs or any other biological materials are preserved in a very low temperature of -196˚C by
using liquid nitrogen is called Cryopreservation.
(ii) At this extreme low temperature any enzymatic or chemical activity of the biological material will be
totally stopped.
(iii) Later these materials can be activated by bringing into room temperature slowly for any other
experimental work.
(iv) Protective agents like dimethyl sulphoxide, glycerol or sucrose are added before cryopreservation process.
(v) These protective agents are called cryoprotectants.
19. What do you know about Germplasm conservation? Describe it.
(i) The collection of seeds and pollens that are stored in a seed bank or pollen banks is called Germplasm
Conservation.
(ii) Plants viability and fertility maintained by this Germplasm conservation.
(iii) It will helpful for plant hybridization and crop improvement.
(iv) Germplasm conservation used to maintain the biological diversity and food security process.
20. Write the protocol for artificial seed preparation.
(i) Artificial seeds or synthetic seeds are produced by using embryoids obtained through in vitro culture.
(ii) It can be drived from any part of the plants.
(iii) This cells are later divided into large nucleus and dense cytoplasm.
(iv) Agrose and sodium alginate are used for coating the somatic embryoids.
Advantages of Artificial seeds:
(i) Artificial seeds are produced by low cost.
(ii) Artificial seeds can produced with desirable characters.
(iii) It is easy to test the plants genotype.
(iv) It can be potentially stored through cryopreservation method.
(v) It produce identical plants.
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1. b) capacity to generate a whole plant from any plant cell / explant.
2. b) vegetative multiplication of plants by using small explants.
3. a) C A D B
4. b) 15 to 30 minutes and 121° C
5. b) Callus undergoes differentiation and produces somatic embryoids.
6. d) Anti-cancinogenic property is not seen in Catharanthus roseus.
7. b) Meristem culture
8. c) Biosafety
9. c) At very low temperature of -196 by using liquid nitrogen
10. d) Agar
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Unit-IX: Plant Ecology
Chapter-6. Principles of Ecology
1. Arrange the correct sequence of ecological hierarchy starting from lower to higher level.
a) Individual organism → Population Landscape → Ecosystem
b) Landscape → Ecosystem → Biome → Biosphere
c) community → Ecosystem → Landscape → Biome
d) Population → organism → Biome → Landscape
2. Ecology is the study of an individual species is called
i) Community ecology ii) Autecology iii) Species ecology iv) Synecology
a) i only b) ii only c) i and iv only d) ii and iii only
3. A specific place in an ecosystem, where an organism lives and performs its functions is
a) habitat b) niche c) landscape d) biome
4. Read the given statements and select the correct option.
i) Hydrophytes possess aerenchyma to support themselves in water.
ii) Seeds of Viscum are positively photoblastic as they germinate only in presence of light.
iii) Hygroscopic water is the only soil water available to roots of plant growing in soil as it is present
inside the micropores.
iv) High temperature reduces use of water and solute absorption by roots.
a) i, ii, and iii only b) ii, iii and iv c) ii and iii only d) i and ii only
5. Which of the given plant produces cardiac glycosides?
a) Calotropis b) Acacia c) Nepenthes d) Utricularia
i) Loamy soil is best suited for plant growth as it contains a mixture of silt, sand and clay.
ii) The process of humification is slow in case of organic remains containing a large amount of lignin and cellulose.
iii) Capillary water is the only water available to plant roots as it is present inside the micropores.
iv) Leaves of shade plant have more total chlorophyll per reaction centre, low ratio of chl a and chl b are
usually thinner leaves.
a) i, ii and iii only b) ii, iii and iv only c) i, ii and iv only d) ii and iii only
Statement A : Cattle do not graze on weeds of Calotropis.
Statement B : Calotropis have thorns and spines, as defense against herbivores.
a) Both statements A and B are incorrect.
b) Statement A is correct but statement B is incorrect.
c) Both statements A and B are correct but statement B is not the correct explanation of statement A.
d) Both statements A and B are correct and statement B is the correct explanation of statement A.
8. In soil water available for plants is
a) Gravitational water b) Chemically bound water c) Capillary water d) Hygroscopic water
9. Read the following statements and fill up the blanks with correct option. (i) (ii) (iii)
i) Total soil water content in soil is called _________________
(a) Holard Echard Chresard
ii) Soil water not available to plants is called _________________
(b) Echard Holard Chresard
iii) Soil water available to plants is called _________________
(c) Chresard Echard Holard
(d) Holard Chresard Echard
10. Column I represent the size of the soil particles and Column II represents type of soil components.
Which of the following is correct match for the Column I and Column IL
(I) (II) (III) (IV)
Column-I Column-II
I). 0.2 to 2.00 mm i) Slit soil a) ii iii iv i
II) Less than 0.002 mm ii) Clayey soil b) iv i iii ii
III) 0.002 to 0.02 mm iii) Sandy soil c) iii ii i iv
IV) 0.002 to 0.2 mm iv) Loamy soil d) None of the above
11. The plant of this group are adapted to live partly in water and partly above substratum and free from water
a) Xerophytes b) Mesophytes c) Hydrophytes d) Halophytes
12 . Identify the A, B, C and D in the given table
Effects on Effects on
Interaction
species X species Y A B C D
Mutualism A (+) a) (+) Parasitism (-) Amensalism
B (+) (-) b) (-) Mutalism (+) Competition
Competition (-) C c) (+) Competition (0) Mutalism
D (-) 0 d) (0) Amensalism (+) Parasitism
13. Ophrys an orchid resembling the female of an insect so as to able to get pollinated is due to phenomenon of
a) Myrmecophily b) Ecological equivalents c) Mimicry d) None of these
14. A free living nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium which can also form symbiotic association with the water fern Azolla
a) Nostoc b) Anabaena c) chlorella d) Rhizobium
15. Pedogenesis refers to
a) Fossils b) Water c) Population d) Soil
16. Mycorrhiza promotes plant growth by
a) Serving as a plant growth regulators b) Absorbing inorganic ions from soil
c) Helping the plant in utilizing atmospheric nitrogen d) Protecting the plant from infection
17. In a fresh water environment like pond, rooted autotrophs are
a) Nymphaea and typha b) Ceratophyllum and Utricularia c) Wolffia and pistia d) Azolla and lemna
18. Match the following and choose the correct combination from the options given below:
Column-I (Interaction) Column-II (Examples) I II III IV V
I) Mutualism i) Trichoderma and Penicillium a) i ii iii iv v
II) Commensalism ii) Balanophora and Orobanche
b) ii iii iv v i
III) Parasitism iii) Orchids and Ferns
c) iii iv v i ii
IV) Predation iv) Lichen and Mycorrhiza
d) iv iii ii v i
V) Amensalism v) Nepenthes and Diaonaea
19. Sticky glands of Boerhaavia and Cleome support
a) Anemochory b) Zoochory c) Autochory d) Hydrochory
20. Define ecology.
Ecology is a division of biology which deals with the study of environment in relation to organisms.
21. What is ecological hierarchy? Name the levels of ecological hierarchy.
1.The interaction of organisms with their environment results in the establishment of grouping of organisms
which is called ecological hierarchy.
2.Individual oraganism Poulation Community Ecosystem Landscape Biome Biosphere.
22. What are Ecological equivalents? Give one example.
1. Taxonomically different species occupying similar habitats (Niches) in different geographical regions are called
Ecological equivalents.
2. Example: Western Ghats of India differ from the epiphytic orchids of South america.
23. Distinguish habitat and niche
Habitat Niche
1.It is a specific physical space. It is a functional space.
2.Same habitat shared by many organisms. A Single niche occupied by a single species.
3.Habitat specificity is exhibited by organisms. Organisms may change their niche with time and season.
24. Why are some organisms called as Eurythermals and some others as Stenohaline?
1.Organisms which can tolerate a wide range of temperature fluctuations is called Eurythermals.
Example: Zostera (A marine Angiosperm).
2.Organisms which can withstand only small range of salinity is called Stenohaline. Example: Plants of estuaries.
25. „Green algae are not likely to be found in the deepest strata of the ocean‟. Give at least one reason.
1.The deeper region of a ocean below the limnetic zone is called profundal zone.
2.In this zone there is no effective sunlight. Hence, green algae are not found in the deepest strata of the ocean.
26. What is Phytoremediation?
Rice, Tomato, Soyabean and Eichhornia plants are used to remove cadmium from contaminated soil. This
process is called as Phytoremediation.
27. What is Albedo effect or Green House effect and write their effects?
Aerosols with small particles is reflecting the solar radiation entering the atmosphere. This is known as Albedo
effect or Green House effect.
Effects:
1.It reduce the photosynthesis and respiration rate.
2.It creat acid rain.
3.It destroy the ozone layer.
28. The organic horizon is generally absent from agricultural soils because tilling, e.g., plowing, buries organic
matter. Why is an organic horizon generally absent in desert soils ?
1.O-Horizon consists of fresh or partially decomposed organic matters.
2.This organic matters are not present in desert regions.
3.Hence, organic horizon is generally absent in desert soils.
29. Soil formation can be initiated by biological organisms. Explain how?
Biological weathering takes place when organisms like bacteria, fungi, lichens and plants help in the breakdown
of rocks through the production of acids and certain chemical substances.
30. Sandy soil is not suitable for cultivation. Explain why?
1.Sandy soil is 0.2 to 2 mm in size.
2.Water holding capacity of the sandy soil is very very low.
3.Soil living micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi and lichens are very less amount in sandy soil.
4.Plants are unable to take water and minerals from sandy soil.
5.Hence, sandy soil is not suitable for cultivation.
31. Describe the mutual relationship between the fig and wasp and comment on the phenomenon that operates
in this relationship.
1.The obligate association between fig and wasps is called mutualism.
2.Wasps are help to the fig pollination and fig fruits are help to protect the wasp larvas.
3.In this interaction both the organisms are getting benefits.
32. Lichen is considered as a good example of obligate mutualism. Explain.
1.The obligate association between algae and fungi is called Lichen.
2.Algae provide nutrition to fungi and fungi provide water and minerals to algae.
33. What is mutualism? Mention any two examples where the organisms involved are commercially exploited
in modern agriculture.
1.The obligate association between two species is called mutualism.
3.Example: Anabaena present in Azolla and Nostoc present in Anthoceros.
34. List any two adaptive features evolved in parasites enabling them to live successfully on their host?
1.Parasitic plants are produce the haustorial root to absorb nutrients from host plant.
2.Parasitic plants are having specialized clinging root to fix their body with host plant.
35. Mention any two significant roles of predation plays in nature.
Many defense mechanisms are evolved to avoid their predations by plants. Such as…
1.Calotropis produces highly poisonous cardiac glycosides.
2.Tobacco produces nicotine and coffee plants produce caffeine.
3.Cinchona plant produces quinine.
36. How does an orchid ophrys ensures its pollination by bees or Define floral mimicry?
1.The Ophrys flower looks like a female insect to attract the male insect to get pollinated by the male insect.
2.It is also called as „floral mimicry‟.
37. Water is very essential for life. Write any three features for plants which enable them to survive in water
scarce environment.
1.Root hairs and root caps are well developed.
2.Stems are mostly hard and woody.
3.Leaves are generally leathery and shiny.
4.Example: Opuntia and Acacia.
38. Why do submerged plants receive weak illumination than exposed floating plants in a lake?
1.Free floating hydrophytes are occupying the surface of lake. So, enough sunlight is not penetrate to the lake.
2.Hence, submerged plants are getting weak illumination than floating plants.
39. What is vivipary? Name a plant group which exhibits vivipary.
1.Seeds are germinating in the fruits of mother plant itself is called vivipary.
2.Example: Halophytes – Avicennia.
40. What is thermal stratification? Mention their types.
The changes of temperature profile with increasing depth in a water body are called thermal stratification.
Types of thermal stratification:
1.Epilimnion – The upper layer of warmer water.
2.Metalimnion – The middle layer with a zone of gradual decrease in temperature.
3.Hypolimnion - The bottom layer of colder water.
41. How is rhytidome act as the structural defence by plants against fire?
1.It is the structural defense by plants against fire
2.It is composed of multiple layer of suberized periderm, cortical and phloem tissues.
3.It prevent the plant from fire, insects and microorganisms.
42. What is Myrmecophily?
1.Pollination takes place by ant is called Myrmecophily.
2.Example: Mangifera and Acacia.
43. What is seed ball?
1.Preparation of ball like structures with seeds, clay and soil humus is called seed ball.
2.It is an ancient Japanese technique.
3.It is a suitable method for regeneration of trees at barren lands.
44. How is anemochory differ from zoochory?
Anemochory (Wind) Zoochory (Animals)
1.Seeds are very small and minute. Seeds are large in size.
2.Mostly trees are spreading seeds by wind. Mostly herbs and shrubs are spreading seeds by animals.
3.Seeds are having specialized structures like Seeds are having specialized structures like Hooks, Sticky
wings, feathers for dispersal. nature for dispersal.
4.In this method seeds are spreading through wind. In this method seeds are spreading through animals.
5.Example: Orchids. Example: Papaya.
45. What is co-evolution?
1.The reciprocal changes of genetic and morphological characters between the two organisms is called
co-evolution.
2.This changes are continues for many generations.
46. Explain Raunkiaer classification in the world‟s vegetation based on the temperature.
Based on temperature Raunkiaer classified world‟s vegetation into four different types. Such as…
1.Megatherms 2.Mesotherms 3.Microtherms 4.Hekistotherms.
47. List out the effects of fire to plants.
1.Fire directly affect the plants.
2.It change the nature of nutrient cycle and soil fertility.
3.It creat the chance for entry of parasitic fungus and insects into plants.
4.It alternate the nature of soil, light, rainfall and PH level in our environment.
5.Burnt soil living fungus are called pyrophilous.
48. What is soil profile? Explain the characters of different soil horizons.
The succession of super-imposed horizons of soil is called soil profile.
Soil profile Horizon Description
O – Horizon O1 – Freshly fallen leaves, flowers and fruits.
(Organic horizon) O2 – Dead plant and animal remains.
A – Horizon A1 – Organic and mineral matters.
(Leached horizon) A2 – Large size mineral particles.
B – Horizon It consists of iron, aluminium and silica rich
(Accumulation horizon) clay organic compounds.
C – Horizon It consists of parent materials of soil without
(Partially weathered horizon) life forms.
R – Horizon It consists of parent bed rock with
(Parent material) underground water.
49. Give an account of various types of parasitism with examples.
1.It is an interaction between two different species.
2.In this interaction smaller partner is called parasite and larger partner is called host plant.
Types of parasitism:
Parasitism is classified into two different types they are…
1.Holoparasites or Total parasites 2.Hemiparasites or Partial parasites.
1.Holoparasites or Total parasites:
1.The organisms which are depends on host plant for their entire nutrition are called holoparasites or total
parasites.
2.Example: Cuscuta.
2.Hemiparasites or Partial parasites:
1.The organisms which are getting water and minerals from their host plant and synthesis their own food by
photosynthesis are called hemiparasites or partial parasites.
2.Example: Viscum and Santalum (Sandal wood).
50. Explain different types of hydrophytes with examples.
Hydrophytes:
The plants which are living in water are called hydrophytes.
Types of Hydrophytes:
Hydrophytes are classified into five different types such as…
i) Free floating hydrophytes
ii) Rooted- floating hydrophytes
iii) Submerged floating hydrophytes
iv) Rooted -submerged hydrophytes
v) Amphibious hydrophytes
i) Free floating hydrophytes:
1.These plants are free floating on the surface of water and not contact with soil.
2.Example: Eichhornia, Pistia and Wolffia (Smallest flowering plant).
ii) Rooted- floating hydrophytes:
1.These plants roots are fixed with soil. Plant leaves, flowers are floating on the surface of water.
2.Example: Nelumbo, Nymphaea, Potomogeton and Marsilea.
iii) Submerged floating hydrophytes:
1.These plants are completely submerged in water and not contact with soil.
2.Example: Ceratophyllum and Utricularia.
iv) Rooted -submerged hydrophytes:
1.These plants are completely submerged in water and contact with soil.
2.Example: Hydrilla, Vallisneria and Isoetes.
v) Amphibious hydrophytes:
1.These plants are living in both aquatic and terrestrial regions.
2.Example: Ranunculus, Typha and Sagittaria.
51. Enumerate the anatomical adaptations of xerophytes.
1.Presence of heavy cuticle to prevent water loss.
2.Hypodermis and Vascular bundles are well developed.
3.Sunken stomata is present.
4.Mesophyll tissue is differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma.
5.Stem contain water storage region.
52. List out any five morphological adaptations of halophytes.
1.They are mostly bushy and herbaceous.
2.Specialized negative geotropic breathing roots (Pneumatophores) are present.
3.Aerial parts contain thick cuticle.
4.Some plants are aphyllous (without leaves).
5.Vivipary mode of seed germination is present. Example: Avicennia.
53. What are the advantages of seed dispersal?
1.Plants are avoiding predation and competition through seed dispersal.
2.It assist the successful seed germination.
3.It helps the conservation of plants.
4.Seed dispersal create the new ecosystem.
5.It protect our biodiversity.
54. Describe dispersal of fruit and seeds by animals.
1.The transport of fruit and seeds by animals is called Zoochory.
2.Plants are having specialized adaptations for fruit and seed dispersal. Such as…
Special adaptations of Plants for seed dispersal:
1.Hooked fruit.
2.Sticky fruits and seeds.
3.Fleshy fruits.
1.Hooked fruit:
i)The surface of fruits and seeds have hooks and spines which are attached with animal body and get dispersed.
ii)Example: Xanthium and Aristida.
2.Sticky fruits and seeds:
i)Some fruits have sticky glandular hairs which are attached with animal body and get dispersed.
ii)Example: Cleome and Boerhavia.
3.Fleshy fruits:
i)Some fleshy fruits are dispersed by animals and human beings after the consumption.
ii)Example: Mango and Papaya.
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1.c) community → Ecosystem → Landscape → Biome
2.d) ii and iii only
3.b) niche
4.d) i and ii only
5.a) Calotropis
6.c) i, ii and iv only
7.b) Statement A is correct but statement B is incorrect.
8.c) Capillary water
9. (i) (ii) (iii)
(a) Holard Echard Chresard
10. (I) (II) (III) (IV)

c) iii ii i iv
11.d) Halophytes
12.
A B C D
a) (+) Parasitism (-) Amensalism
13.c) Mimicry
14.b) Anabaena
15.d) Soil
16.b) Absorbing inorganic ions from soil
17.a) Nymphaea and typha
18. I II III IV V
d) iv iii ii v i
19.b) Zoochory
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Chapter-7. Ecosystem
1. Which of the following is not a abiotic component of the ecosystem?
a) Bacteria b) Humus c) Organic compounds d) Inorganic compounds
2. Which of the following is / are not a natural ecosystem?
a) Forest ecosystem b) Rice field c) Grassland ecosystem d) Desert ecosystem
3. Pond is a type of
a) forest ecosystem b) grassland ecosystem c) marine ecosystem d) fresh water ecosystem
4. Pond ecosystem is
a) not self sufficient and self regulating b) partially self sufficient and self regulating
c) self sufficient and not self regulating d) self sufficient and self regulating
5. Profundal zone is predominated by heterotrophs in a pond ecosystem, because of
a) with effective light penetration b) no effective light penetration c) complete absence of light d) a and b
6. Solar energy used by green plants for photosynthesis is only
a) 2 – 8% b) 2 – 10% c) 3 – 10% d) 2 – 9%
7. Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity?
a) Pond ecosystem b) Lake ecosystem c) Grassland ecosystem d) Forest ecosystem
8. Ecosystem consists of
a) decomposers b) producers c) consumers d) all of the above
9. Which one is in descending order of a food chain
a) Producers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Tertiary consumers
b) Tertiary consumers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Producers
c) Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumersProducers
d) Tertiary consumers Producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers
10. Significance of food web is / are
a) it does not maintain stability in nature b) it shows patterns of energy transfer
c) it explains species interaction d) b and c
11. The following diagram represents
a) pyramid of number in a grassland ecosystem
b) pyramid of number in a pond ecosystem
c) pyramid of number in a forest ecosystem
d) pyramid of biomass in a pond ecosystem
12. Which of the following is / are not the mechanism of decomposition
a) Eluviation b) Catabolism c) Anabolism d) Fragmentation
13. Which of the following is not a sedimentary cycle
a) Nitrogen cycle b) Phosphorous cycle c) Sulphur cycle d) Calcium cycle
14. Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services
i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values
iii) Invasion resistance iv) Climatic regulation
a) i and iii b) ii and iv c) i and ii d) i and iv
15. Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why?
1.The deeper region of a pond below the limnetic zone is called profundal zone.
2.In this zone there is no effective sunlight. Hence, it has low productivity.
16. Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.
1.The total amount of food energy or biomass produced by the autotrophs is called gross primary productivity.
2.The proportion of energy which remains after the respiration is called net primary productivity.
3.NPP = GPP – Respiration
4.Hence, the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity.
17. Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasons.
1.In the energy pyramid producers to tropical level the energy level is gradually decreasing.
2.So, energy pyramis is always upright.
18. What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem?
1.Plants are the primary producers of our ecosystem.
2.Without plants, nothing in this world.
3.If we removed plants from our ecosystem, it will reduce the energy level from primary to tertiary consumers.
4.Finally, all the organisms will disappear form this ecosystem.
19. Construct the food chain with the following data. Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper.
Plants Grasshopper Frog Snake Hawk.
20. Name of the food chain which is generally present in all type of ecosystem. Explain and write their
significance.
Detritus food chain present in all the type of ecosystem.
Significance of detritus food chain
1.Detritus food chain convert the dead matters into organic compounds.
2.It is a important food chain for our ecosystem.
3.Fallen leaves Earthworm Black bird Hawk.
4.Detritus food chain act as a natural scavengers of our ecosystem.
21. Shape of pyramid in a particular ecosystem is always different in shape. Explain with example.
1.The forest ecosystem pyramid is different in shape.
2.The number of organisms vary from producer to tertiary level.
3.In T1 level producers like large trees are occupied in lesser numbers.
4.In T2 level primary consumers are occupied in large numbers.
5.In T3 level secondary consumers are less than T2 level.
6.In T4 level tertiary consumers are very less than T3 level.
7.Hence, the froest ecosystem pyramis is always in different shape.
Lion (T4)
Fox, Snake (T3)
Birds, Elephant, Deer (T2)
Large
Trees (T1)
22. Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as you a student how will you help to protect
ecosystem?
As a student I will follow the below instructions to protect our ecosystem
1.I will properly maintain the biodiversity.
2.I never use the plastic things and I never burn it.
3.I am always utilize the renewable resource for my daily life.
4.I creat the awareness about ecosystem to our society.
5.I will conduct the awareness program for sustainable agriculture to our students community.
6.I will plant more trees in my environment.
23. Generally in summer the forest are affected by natural fire. Over a period of time it recovers itself by the
process of successions. Find out the types of succession and explain.
1.Destroyed and affected forest areas are recovered by the secondary succession.
2.It‟s starts from external factors.
3.It starts where soil covers is already present.
4.Pioneer species are developed from existing environment.
5.It take less time to complete.
24. Draw a pyramid from following details and explain in brief. Quantities of organisms are given-Hawks-50,
plants-1000, rabbit and mouse-250 +250, pythons and lizard- 100 + 50 respectively.
Hawks
(50)
Pythons, Lizard
(100 + 50)
Rabbit, Mouse (250 +250)
Plants (1000)
1.The number of organisms present in each successive trophic level of ecosystem is called Number pyramid.
2.In this pyramid, gradually decreasing the number of organisms from producer to tertiary consumer level.
3.Hence, Pond and Grassland ecosystem pyramids are always upright.
25. Various stages of succession are given bellow. From that rearrange them accordingly. Find out the type of
succession and explain in detail. Reed-swamp stage, phytoplankton stage, shrub stage, submerged plant
stage, forest stage, submerged free floating stage, marsh medow stage.
This succession represented Hydrosere. It includes the following stages…
1.Phytoplankton stage:
1.This is the first stage of hydrosere.
2.In this stage pioneer community organisms like green algae, blue green algae and bacteria are present.
3.This stage favors to the development of next stages.
2.Submerged plant stage:
1.This is the second stage of hydrosere.
2.In this stage rooted submerged hydrophyte plants like Hydrilla, Chara and Vallisneria are present.
3.This habitats are replaced by floating hydrophytes.
3.Submerged free floating stage:
1.This is the third stage of hydrosere.
2.The rooted hydrophytes like Trapa, Nelumbo are present.
3.Some free floating hydrophytes like Azolla, Wolffia and Pistia also present.
4.Reed-swamp stage:
1.This is the fourth stage of hydrosere.
2.Aquatic and terrestrial plants are growing in this stage. Hence, it is called as amphibious stage.
3.Typha and Sagittaria plants are present in this stage.
5.Marsh medow stage:
1.This is the fifth stage of hydrosere.
2.In this stage Cyperus, Carex plants are present.
3.At the end of this stage, soil becomes dry.
6.Shrub stage:
1.This is the sixth stage of hydrosere.
2.In this stage terrestrial plants like Alnus and Populus are present.
3.These plants are absorbing the huge amount of water and make the habitat dry.
7.Forest stage:
1.This is the last and seventh stage of hydrosere.
2.It is the climax stage of hydrosere.
3.In this stage climax community plats like Bamboo, Tectona, and Artocarpus are present.
4.Finally, this hydrosere succession leads to the forest ecosystem.
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1.a) Bacteria
2.b) Rice field
3.d) fresh water ecosystem
4.d) self sufficient and self regulating
5.b) no effective light penetration
6.b) 2 – 10%
7.d) Forest ecosystem
8.d) all of the above
9.c) Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumersProducers
10.d) b and c
11.c) pyramid of number in a forest ecosystem
12.c) Anabolism
13.a) Nitrogen cycle
14.c) i and ii
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Chapter-8. Environmental Issues
1. Which of the following would most likely help to slow down the greenhouse effect?
a) Converting tropical forests into grazing land for cattle.
b) Ensuring that all excess paper packaging is buried to ashes.
c) Redesigning landfill dumps to allow methane to be collected.
d) Promoting the use of private rather than public transport.
2. With respect to Eichhornia
Statement A: It drains off oxygen from water and is seen growing in standing water.
Statement B: It is an indigenous species of our country.
a) Statement A is correct and Statement B is wrong. b) Both Statements A and B are correct.
c) Statement A is correct and Statement B is wrong. d) Both statements A and B are wrong.
3. Find the wrongly matched pair.
a) Endemism - Species confined to a region and not found anywhere else. b) Hotspots - Western ghats
c) Ex-situConservation - Zoological parks d) Sacred groves - Saintri hills of Rajasthan
e) Alien sp.Of India - Water hyacinth
4. Depletion of which gas in the atmosphere can lead to an increased incidence of skin cancer?
a) Ammonia b) Methane c) Nitrous oxide d) Ozone
5. One green house gas contributes 20% of total global warming and another contributes 60%.
These are respectively identified as
a) N2O and CO2 b) CFCs and N2O c) CH4 and CO2 d) CH4 and CFCS
6. One of the chief reasons among the following for the depletion in the number of species making endangered is
a) over hunting and poaching b) green house effect c) competition and predation d) habitat destruction
7. Deforestation means
a) growing plants and trees in an area where there is no forest
b) growing plants and trees in an area where the forest is removed
c) growing plants and trees in a pond
d) removal of plants and trees
8. Deforestation does not lead to
a) Quick nutrient cycling
b) soil erosion
c) alternation of local weather conditions
d) Destruction of natural habitat weather conditions
9. The unit for measuring ozone thickness
a) Joule b) Kilos c) Dobson d) Watt
10. People‟s movement for the protection of environment in Sirsi of Karnataka is
a) Chipko movement b) Amirtha Devi Bishwas movement
c) Appiko movement d) None of the above
11. The plants which are grown in silivpasture system are
a) Sesbania and Acacia b) Solenum and Crotalaria c) Clitoria and Begonia d) Teak and sandal
12. What is ozone hole?
1.The depletion of ozone layer over restricted area is called ozone hole.
2.This ozone shield is being damaged by CFC, SO2, NO2 and CO2 .
13. Give four examples of plants cultivated in commercial agroforestry.
1.Malai vembu 2.Teak 3.Kadambu 4.Eucalyptus
14. Expand CCS.
1.Carbon Capture and Storage technique is called as CCS.
2.It is a technology of capturing CO2 and inject into underground rock in depth of 1km.
3.This technology reduce the global warming.
15. How do forests help in maintaining the climate?
1.Increase the rainfall.
2.Reduce the landslides.
3.Provide micro climate to crops.
4.Maintain the O2 and CO2 level in ecosystem.
5.Maintain the atmospheric temperature and relative humidity.
16. How do sacred groves help in the conservation of biodiversity?
1.It is a community protected forest.
2.This sacred groves are based on strong religious belief.
3.448 groves were documented throughout Tamil Nadu.
4.6 groves were taken up for floristic and faunistic studies.
5.Example: Sittannavasal, Puthupet and Devadanam.
6.These sacred groves provided fodder, medicinal plants and food items for animal and humanbeings.
17. Which one gas is most abundant out of the four commonest greenhouse gases? Discuss the effect of this gas
on the growth of plants?
1.The following four gases are called as greenhouse gases.
1.CO2 (60%) 2.CH4 (20%) 3.CFC (14%) 4.Other gases (6%)
2. CO2 (60%) is the most abundant gas in our environment.
Effects of CO2 gas on Plant growth:
1.Change the flowering season.
2.Reduce the crop productivity.
3.Water crisis and flood damage.
4.Species extinction.
5.Increase atmospheric temperature.
18. Suggest a solution to water crisis and explain its advantages.
Water crisis:
Lack of fresh water resources to meet water demand is called water crisis.
Solutions for water crisis:
1.Rainwater harvesting is the best solution to reduce our water scarcity.
2.We need to store rainwater in Pond, lake and rainwater harvesting pits.
Advantages of Rainwater harvesting:
1.It will increase the groundwater level.
2.Reduce soil erosion.
3.Reduce flood damage.
4.Improve groundwater quality.
5.Decrease the salinity.
19. Explain afforestation with case studies.
Afforestation:
Planting the large number of trees in a barren land is called afforestation.
Forest Man of India:
1.Jadav Molai Payeng was born in 1963. He created dense forest in a barren land. Hence, he is called as
Forest man of India.
2.This Forest man converted the barren Majuli island of Brahmaputra into dense forest.
3.Now, this majuli island became as habitat of rhinos, deers, elephants, tigers and birds.
4.For this great contribution he was called as Forest man of India by Jawahar Lal Nehru University in 2013.
5.He was honoured with Padma Shri award by Government of India in 2015.
6.He received honorary doctorate degree form Agricultural and Kaziranga University of Assam.
20. What are the effects of deforestation and benefits of agroforesty?
Effects of deforestation:
1.Increase soil erosion and water scarcity.
2.Reduce rainfall and soil fertility.
3.Reduce O2 level in atmosphere.
4.Increase atmospheric temperature and global warming.
5.Deforestation leads to the formation of desert.
Benefits of agroforesty:
1.Decrease soil erosion and water scarcity.
2.Increase rainfall and soil fertility.
3.Increase O2 level in atmosphere.
4.Decrease atmospheric temperature and global warming.
5.Provide micro climate to crops.
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1.c) Redesigning landfill dumps to allow methane to be collected.
2.a) Statement A is correct and Statement B is wrong.
3.d) Sacred groves - Saintri hills of Rajasthan
4.d) Ozone
5. c) CH4 and CO2
6.d) habitat destruction
7.d) removal of plants and trees
8.a) Quick nutrient cycling
9.c) Dobson
10.c) Appiko movement
11.a) Sesbania and Acacia
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Unit-X: Economic Botany
Chapter-9. Plant Breeding
1.Assertion: Genetic variation provides the raw material for selection
Reason: Genetic variations are differences in genotypes of the individuals.
a) Assertion is right and reason is wrong. b) Assertion is wrong and reason is right.
c) Both reason and assertion is right. d) Both reason and assertion is wrong.
2.While studying the history of domestication of various cultivated plants _______ were recognized earlier
a) Centres of origin b) Centres of domestication c) Centres of hybrid d) Centres of variation
3.Pick out the odd pair.
a) Mass selection - Morphological characters b) Purline selection - Repeated self pollination
c) Clonal selection - Sexually propagated d) Natural selection - Involves nature
4.Match Column I with Column II
Column I Column II
i) William S. Gaud I) Heterosis a) i – I ii – II iii – III iv – IV
ii) Shull II) Mutation breeding b) i – III ii – I iii – IV iv – II
iii) Cotton Mather III) Green revolution c) i – IV ii – II iii – I iv – IV
iv) Muller and Stadler IV) Natural hybridization d) i – II ii – IV iii – III iv – I
5.The quickest method of plant breeding is
a) Introduction b) Selection c) Hybridization d) Mutation breeding
6.Desired improved variety of economically useful crops are raised by
a) Natural Selection b) hybridization c) mutation d) biofertilisers
7.Plants having similar genotypes produced by plant breeding are called
a) clone b) haploid c) autopolyploid d) genome
8.Importing better varieties and plants from outside and acclimatising them to local environment is called
a) cloning b) heterosis c) selection d) introduction
9.Dwarfing gene of wheat is
a) pal 1 b) Atomita 1 c) Norin 10 d) pelita 2
10.Crosses between the plants of the same variety are called
a) interspecific b) inter varietal c) intra varietal d) inter generic
11.Progeny obtained as a result of repeat self pollination a cross pollinated crop to called
a) pure line b) pedigree line c) inbreed line d) heterosis
12.Jaya and Ratna are the semi dwarf varieties of
a) wheat b) rice c) cowpea d) mustard
13.Which one of the following are the species that are crossed to give sugarcane varieties with high sugar, high yield,
thick stems and ability to grow in the sugarcane belt of North India?
a) Saccharum robustum and Saccharum officinarum b) Saccharum barberi and Saccharum officinarum
c) Saccharum sinense and Saccharum officinarum d) Saccharum barberi and Saccharum robustum
14.Match column I (crop) with column II (Corresponding disease resistant variety) and select the correct option from
the given codes.
Column I Column II I II III IV
I) Cowpea i) Himgiri a) iv iii ii i
II) Wheat ii) Pusa komal b) ii i iii iv
III) Chilli iii) Pusa Sadabahar c) ii iv i iii
IV) Brassica iv) Pusa Swarnim d) i iii iv ii
15.A wheat variety, Atlas 66 which has been used as a donor for improving cultivated wheat, which is rich in
a) iron b) carbohydrates c) proteins d) vitamins
16.Which one of the following crop varieties correct matches with its resistance to a disease?
Variety Resistance to disease
a) Pusa Komal Bacterial blight
b) Pusa Sadabahar White rust
c) Pusa Shubhra Chilli mosaic virus
d) Brassica Pusa swarnim
17.Which of the following is incorrectly paired?
a) Wheat – Himgiri b) Milch breed – Sahiwal c) Rice – Ratna d) Pusa Komal - Brassica
18.Match list I with list II
List I List II
Biofertilizer Organisms a) i-c ii-a iii-b iv-d
i) Free living N2 a) Aspergillus b) i-d ii-c iii-a iv-b
ii) Symbiotic N2 b) Amanita c) i-a ii-c iii-b iv-d
iii) P Solubilizing c) Anabaena azollae d) i-b ii-a iii-d iv-c
iv) P Mobilizing d) Azotobactor
19.Differentiate primary introduction from secondary introduction.
Primary introduction Secondary introduction
1.Well adapted to the new environment. Supreior variety hybridized with local variety.
2. No changes in original genotype. It has many new characters.
20.How are microbial innoculants used to increase the soil fertility?
1.Biofertilizers is also called as microbial inoculants.
2.They are efficient to fix nitrogen.
3.Imporve the soil fertility and plant growth.
4.They are more efficient than chemical fertilizers.
5.They are Eco-friendly and easily decompose the phosphate and cellulose.
21.What are the different types of hybridization?
Hybridization is divided into four different types. Such as…
1.Intravarietal hybridization:
1.The cross between same variety.
2.Example: Self – Pollinated crops.
2.Intervarietal hybridization:
1.The cross between two different varieties but in same species.
2.Example: Corss – Pollinated crops.
3.Interspecific hybridization:
1.The cross between different species but in same genus.
2.Example: Gossypium hirsutum X Gossypium arboreum.
4.Intergeneric hybridization:
1.The cross between two different genera.
2.Example: Raphanobrassica X Triticale.
22.Write the best suited types followed by plant breeders at present.
Now-a-days plant breeders are following the given breeding methods.
1.Genetic Engineering 2.Plant tissue culture 3.Protoplasmic fusion or Somatic hybridization
4.Molecular marking 5.DNA finger printing technique.
23.Write a note on heterosis.
1.G.H.Shull was the first scientist to use the term heterosis in 1912.
2.F1 hybrid is perform over its parents is called heterosis or hybrid vigour.
3.Vigour refer to increase the plant growth, yield and resistance.
24.List out the New Breeding Techniques (NBT) involved in developing new traits in plant breeding.
The following new breeding techniques are involved to develop new traits in plant breeding.
1.CRISPR/Ca 2.ODM 3.Cisgenesis 4.Epigenetic Methods.
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1.b) Assertion is wrong and reason is right
2.a) Centres of origin
3.c) Clonal selection - Sexually propagated
4.b) i – III ii – I iii – IV iv – II
5.b) Selection
6.b) hybridization
7.a) clone
8.d) introduction
9.c) Norin 10
10.c) intra varietal
11.a) pure line
12.b) rice
13.b) Saccharum barberi and Saccharum officinarum
14.b) ii i iii iv
15.c) proteins
16.a)Pusa Komal – Bacterial blight
17.d) Pusa Komal - Brassica
18.b) i-d ii-c iii-a iv-b
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Unit-X: Economic Botany
Chapter-10. Economically Useful Plants and Entrepreneurial Botany
1. Consider the following statements and choose the right option.
i) Cereals are members of grass family.
ii) Most of the food grains come from monocotyledon.
a) (i) is correct and (ii) is wrong b) Both (i) and (ii) are correct
c) (i) is wrong and (ii) is correct d) Both (i) and (ii) are wrong
2. Assertion: Vegetables are important part of healthy eating.
Reason: Vegetables are succulent structures of plants with pleasant aroma and flavours.
a) Assertion is correct, Reason is wrong b) Assertion is wrong, Reason is correct
c) Both are correct and reason is the correct explanation for assertion.
d) Both are correct and reason is not the correct explanation for assertion.
3. Groundnut is native of _____________
a) Philippines b) India c) North America d) Brazil
4. Statement A: Coffee contains caffeine
Statement B: Drinking coffee enhances cancer
a) A is correct, B is wrong b) A and B – Both are correct c) A is wrong, B is correct d) A and B – Both are wrong
5. Tectona grandis is coming under family
a) Lamiaceae b) Fabaceae c) Dipterocaipaceae d) Ebenaceae
6. Tamarindus indica is indigenous to
a) Tropical African region b) South India, Sri Lanka c) South America, Greece d) India alone
7. New world species of cotton
a) Gossipium arboretum b) G.herbaceum c) Both a and b d) G.barbadense
8. Assertion: Turmeric fights various kinds of cancer
Reason: Curcumin is an anti-oxidant present in turmeric
a) Assertion is correct, Reason is wrong b) Assertion is wrong, Reason is correct
c) Both are correct d) Both are wrong
9. Find out the correctly matched pair.
a) Rubber - Shorea robusta b) Dye - Lawsonia inermis c) Timber - Cyperus papyrus d) Pulp - Hevea brasiliensis
10. Observe the following statements and pick out the right option from the following:
Statement I – Perfumes are manufactured from essential oils.
Statement II – Essential oils are formed at different parts of the plants.
a) Statement I is correct b) Statement II is correct c) Both statements are correct d) Both statements are wrong
11. Observe the following statements and pick out the right option from the following:
Statement I: The drug sources of Siddha include plants, animal parts, ores and minerals.
Statement II: Minerals are used for preparing drugs with long shelf-life.
a) Statement I is correct b) Statement II is correct c) Both statements are correct d) Both statements are wrong
12. The active principle trans-tetra hydro canabial is present in
a) Opium b) Curcuma c) Marijuana d) Andrographis
13. Which one of the following matches is correct?
a) Palmyra - Native of Brazil b) Saccharun - Abundant in Kanyakumari
c) Steveocide - Natural sweetener d) Palmyra sap - Fermented to give ethanol
14. Write the cosmetic uses of Aloe.
1.Used as a skin tonic
2.Used for Cream, lotion, shampoo preparation
3.It is a antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and antiseptic.
15. What is pseudo cereal? Give an example.
(i)The term pseudo-cereal is used to describe foods that are prepared and eaten as a whole grain (except grass
Family plants)
(ii)Example: Chenopodium quinoa.
16. Discuss which wood is better for making furniture.
1.Teak (Tectona grandis) is the one of the best timber in the world.
2.It posses durability against termites and fungi.
3.This wood does not split and crack so it is a carpenter friendly wood.
4.It is used in railway wagon, bridge and ship construction work.
5.So, Teak is the best wood for furniture making.
17. A person got irritation while applying chemical dye. What would be your suggestion for alternative?
1.Chemical dyes are causes skin allergy and skin diseases.
2.Henna is a natural dye extracted from Lawsonia inermis (kUjhzp)
3.It is harmless and no irritation to the skin. So, It is a good alternate source for chemical dyes.
18. Name the humors that are responsible for the health of human beings.
The following three humors are responsible for the health of human beings. Such as..
1.Vatam (thjk;) 2.Pittam (gpj;jk;;) 3.Kapam (fgk;).
19. Give definitions for organic farming?
1.The main concept of the organic farming is Back to the Nature.
2.It is an alternative agricultural system in which plants and crops are cultivated in natural ways.
3.By using biological inputs to maintain the soil fertility.
20. Which is called as the “King of Bitters”? Mention their medicinal importance.
1.Nilavembu (epyNtk;G) is called as The King of Bitters (Andrographis paniculata).
2.It is used to treat liver disorders
3.It is effectively used to treat malaria and dengue fever.
21. Differentiate bio-medicines and botanical medicines.
Bio-Medicines:
Medicinally useful molecules obtained from plants that are marketed as drugs are called Biomedicines.
Botanical Medicines:
Medicinal plants which are marketed as powders or in other modified forms are known as
Botanical medicines.
22. Write the origin and area of cultivation of green gram and red gram.
Common Name Botanical Name Origin Area of Cultivation Uses

1.Red gram or South Andhra, Karnataka, 1.Used in Sambar Prepartion.
Pigeon Pea Cajanus cajan India Maharashtra 2.Used as a Snacks
(Jtiu)
2.Green Gram Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, 1.Used in Pongal Prepartion.
(ghrpg;gUg;G) Vigna radiata India Madhya Pradesh 2.Used as a Snacks
3.Used as a Cosmetics
23. What are Millets? What are its types? Give example for each type.
1.It is a variety of very small seeds originally cultivated by ancient peoples of Africa and Asia.
2.Types and examples of Millets: Finger Millet - Ragi, Foxtail Millet - Thinai, Kodo Millet - Varagu.
24. If a person drinks a cup of coffee daily it will help him for his health. Is this correct?
If it is correct, list out the benefits.
(i)Yes, it is correct. Caffeine enhances release of acetylcholine in brain. Which is turn enchances efficiency.
(ii)It may reduce the risk of liver diseases, cancer and type 2 diabetes.
So, drinking a cup of coffee in our daily life it will be helpful for our health.
25. Enumerate the uses of turmeric.
1.Turmeric is used in colouring agent in food industry and pharmacy.
2.It is important constituent of curry powders.
3.It is also used for dyeing leather, fibre, paper and toys.
4.Curcumin is extracted from turmeric. It is a anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-viral medicine.
5.It is a very good anti-oxidant which help to fight various kinds of cancer.
26. What is TSM? How does it classified and what does it focuses on?
Meaning of TSM:
TSM means Traditional system of Medicines. India has a rich medicinal heritage.
Classification of TSM:
In India TSM is classified into two types such as…
(i) Institutionalized or Documented method (ii) Non-institutionalized or Oral method
Focus of TSM:
The TSM focus on healthy life style and healthy diet for maintaining good health and disease reversal.
27. Write the uses of nuts you have studied.
1.Cashews nuts are commonly used in sweets and curries.
2.Roasted and raw kernels are used as snacks.
28. Give an account on the role of Jasminum in perfuming.
1.Jasmine flowers have been used since ancient times in India for worship.
2.It is a fumigant as well as making perfumed hair oils, cosmetics and soaps.
3.It has anti-depression qualities.
4.It is popular in air freshner.
5.It is used in talcum powders, shampoos and deodorants.
29. Give an account of active principle and medicinal values of any two plants you have studied.
Common Name Botanical Family Active principle Medicinal value
Name
1.Keezhanelli Phyllanthus Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthin 1.Cure Jaundice
(fPohney;yp) amarus 2.Effective against
Hepatitis B virus
2.Nilavembu Andrographis Acanthaceae Andrographolides 1.Used to treat liver disorders
(King of Bitters) paniculata 2.Used to treat malaria and
(epyNtk;G) dengue fever.
30. Write the economic importance of rice.

1.Rice is the easily digestible and calorie rich food
2.Rice is a staple food in Southern and North East India.
3.Various rice product such as flaked rice (Aval), puffed rice (Pori) are used as a breakfast in India.
4.Rice bran oil is used in various industries.
5.Husks are used as a fuel and good source for making cattle feed and fertilizer.
31. Which TSM is widely practiced and culturally accepted in Tamil Nadu? - explain.
Siddha is the most popular, widely practiced and culturally accepted system in Tamil Nadu.
Siddha system of medicine:
1.It is based on the texts written by 18 Siddhars.
2.Siddha is principally based on Panchabudha (gQ;rG+jj;jj;Jtk;) philosophy.
3.This system working based on Vatam, Pittam and Kapam (thjk;,gpj;jk;,fgk;).
4.The drug sources of Siddha is Plants and Animal parts.
5.800 different herbs are used as a drug for this system.
32. What are psychoactive drugs? Add a note Marijuana and Opium.
Some of the plants alter and individual‟s perceptions of mind by producing hallucination are know as
psychoactive drugs.
Psychoactive Drugs
S.No. Common Botanical Family Origin Area of Uses
Name Name Cultivation
1. Opium poppy Papaver Papaveraceae South Madhya Pradesh, 1.Pain killer
(mgpd;/frfrh) somniferum Eastern Uttar Pradesh 2.Used in
(Morphine) Europe Surgery
1.Reduce
2. Cannabis or Cannabis sativa Cannabiaceae China Madhya Pradesh, hypertension
Marijuana (Trans- Uttar Pradesh 2.Treating in
(fQ;rhnrb) tetrahydrocanab Glucoma and
inal –THC) Chemotherapy
33. What are the King and Queen of spices? Explain about them and their uses.
Spices
S.No. Common Name Botanical Family Origin Area of Uses
Name Cultivation
1. Used in
1. Black Pepper Sauces and
(King of Spices and Piper nigrum Piperaceae Western Kerala, Soup
Black Gold of India) Ghats Karnataka, preparation
(fUkpsF) Tamil Nadu, 2.Pickle and
Curry powder
manufacturing
1.Bakery and
2. Cardamom Elettaria Zingiberaceae Sri Lanka Western Beverage
(Queen of Spices) cardamomum Ghats industry
(Vyf;fha;) 2.Mouth
freshener
34. How will you prepare an organic pesticide for your home garden with the vegetables available from
Your kitchen?
Preparation of organic pesticide:
Hot chilles 120 gm and Garlic/Onion 110gm
Blend the Vegetables together ot form a thick paste
Add vegetable paste with 500 warm water
Pour the solution into a glass container
Leave it undisturbed for 24 hours
Pour the Pesticide into spray bottle
Spary the pesticide into infected plants for every 4 to 5 days
After 3 to 4 treatments pest will be eliminated.

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One Mark Answers:
1. b) Both (i) and (ii) are correct
2. a) Assertion is correct, Reason is wrong
3. d) Brazil
4. a) A is correct, B is wrong
5. a) Lamiaceae
6. a) Tropical African region
7. d) G.barbadense
8. c) Both are correct
9. b) Dye - Lawsonia inermis
10. c) Both statements are correct
11. c) Both statements are correct
12. c) Marijuana
13. c) Steveocide - Natural sweetener
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1.Major Cereals
S.No. Common Name Botanical Name Origin Area of Cultivation Uses
1.Flaked rice (Aval)
1. Rice or Paddy Oryza sativa South China, India, 2.Puffed or
(ney;) East Asia Thailand Parched rice (Pori)
3.Rice bran oil
4.Husks
Fertile Punjab, Haryana, 1.Bakery Products
2. Wheat Triticum aestivum Crescent Rajasthan 2.Parota
(NfhJik) Region 3.Alcoholic Beverages
2.Millets (Siru Thaniyangal)

S.No. Common Name Botanical Name Origin Uses
1.Staple food
1. Finger Millet – Ragi Elusine coracana East Africa 2.Nutrient drink
(Nfo;tuF) 3.Fermented beverages
1.Birds, Pigs, Cattle Feed
2. Sorghum (Nrhsk;) Sorghum vulgare Africa 2.Alcoholic Beverages
3.Minor Millets
S.No. Common Name Botanical Name Origin Uses
1.Strengthening of Heart
1. Foxtail Millet (jpiz) Setaria italica China 2.Improves eye sight
1.Reduce obesity
2. Kodo Millet (tuF) Paspalum scrobiculatum West Africa 2.Reduce Blood sugar and
Blood Pressure.
4.Pulses
S.No. Common Name Botanical Name Origin Area of Cultivation Uses
Karnataka, 1.Used as a Food
1. Black gram Vigna mungo India Uttar Pradesh, 2.Flour used in Indian
(cSe;J) Chattisgarh curries
Andhra, 1.Used in Sambar
2. Red gram or Cajanus cajan South Karnataka, Prepartion.
Pigeon Pea India Maharashtra 2.Used as a Snacks
(Jtiu)
Tamil Nadu, 1.Used in Pongal
3. Green Gram Vigna radiata India Karnataka, Prepartion.
(ghrpg;gUg;G) Madhya Pradesh 2.Used as a Snacks
3.Used as a Cosmetics
5.Vegetables
S.No. Common Name Botanical Family Origin Area of Cultivation Uses
Name
1. Lady‟s finger or Abelmoschus Malvaceae Africa Vellore, Coimbatore, Used as a
Okra esculentus Dharmapuri Vegetable
(ntz;ilf;fha;)
6.Fruits
Name Cultivation
1. Mango (khq;fha;) Mangifera Anacardiaceae Southern Salem, 1.Edible Fruit
(National fruit of India) indica Asia Krishnagiri, 2.Soft drink
Dharmapuri 3.Pickle
7.Nuts
Name Cultivation
1. Cashew nut Anacardium Anacardiaceae Brazil Kerala, 1.Sweet and
(Ke;jpup) occidentale Karnataka, Currie
Tamil Nadu Preparation
2.Snacks
8.Sugars
1. Sugarcane Saccharum All the districts 1.White sugar
(fUk;G) officinarum Poaceae New Guinea, except 2.Ethanol
(S.spontaneum – India Kanyakumari Preparation
India) and Nilgiris
2. Palmyra Borassus Arecaceae Asia, Africa Tamil Nadu 1.Palm sugar
(gid) flabellifer 2.Health drink
(state tree of 3.Toddy
Tamil Nadu)
9.Oil Seeds
Name Cultivation
1.Snacks
1. Groundnut or Arachis Fabaceae Brazil Andhara, 2.Cooking oil
Peanut hypogaea Gujarat, 3.Soap and
(Ntu;ff
; liy) Rajasthan Lubricant
manufacturing
1.Snacks
2. Sesame or Gingelly Sesamum Pedaliaceae Africa West Bengal, 2.Cooking oil
(ey;nyz;nza;) indicum Madhya 3.Soap and
Pradesh Lubricant
manufacturing
10.Beverages
Name Cultivation
Karnataka, 1.Cure liver
1. Coffee Coffea Rubiaceae Ethiopia Tamil Nadu, diseases
(fh/gp) arabica Kerala 2.Reduce the
risk of type 2
diabetes
11.Spices
Name Cultivation
1.Bakery and
1. Cardamom Elettaria Zingiberaceae Sri Lanka Western Beverage
(Queen of Spices) cardamomum Ghats industry
(Vyf;fha;) 2.Mouth
freshener
1. Used in
2. Black Pepper Sauces and
(King of Spices and Piper nigrum Piperaceae Western Kerala, Soup
Black Gold of India) Ghats Karnataka, preparation
(fUkpsF) Tamil Nadu, 2.Pickle and
Curry powder
manufacturing
1.Cosmetics,
Curry powder
3. Turmeric (kQ;rs;) Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Southern Tamil Nadu manufacturing
Asia (Erode) 2.Anti-fungal,
Bacterial,
Viral
activities
1.Sauces,
4. Chillies 1.Capsicum Solanaceae South India Curry powder
(Red Pepper or annum America manufacturing
Cayenne Pepper) (Cayenne 2.Good source
(kpsfha;) Pepper) of Vitamin
2.Capsicum A,C,E.
frutescens
12.Condiment
Name Cultivation
1.Sauces,
1. Tamarind (Gsp) Tamarindus Fabaceae Tropical India, Curry powder
(Dates of India) indica Africa Myanmar manufacturing
2.Edible fruit
13.Fibres
Name Cultivation
Tamil Nadu, 1.Textile fibre
1. Cotton Gossypium Malvaceae Old world, Andhra, 2.Used in
(gUj;jp) spp. New world Maharashtra Hospitals
2. Jute (rzy;) Corchorus Malvaceae Africa India, 1.Textile fibre
spp Bangladesh 2. Used in
sacks and bag
manufacturing
14.Timber
Name Cultivation
1.Timber
1. Teak (Njf;F) Tectona Lamiaceae South Kerala, 2.Used in
grandis East Assam, Door, Ship,
Asia Tamil Nadu Boat, Toy‟s
manufacturing
15.Latex
Name Cultivation
1.Eraser, Belt,
1. Rubber (,ug;gu;) Hevea Euphorbiaceae Brazil Kerala, Rubber-band
brasiliensis Tamil Nadu manufacturing
2.Tyre and
Footwear
Production.
16.Pulp Wood
Name Cultivation
Paper and
1. Pulp (kuf;$o;) Cyperus Cyperaceae Egypt China Cardboard
(Melia azadirachta, papyrus (Discovered manufacturing
Neolamarkia chinensis, the Paper)
Casuarina spp,
Eucalyptus spp)
17.Dyes
Name Cultivation
1.Colouring
1. Henna (kUjhzp) Lawsonia Lythraceae North Gujarat, material
inermis Africa, Rajasthan, 2.Dye used
South Madya for skin, hair,
West Pradesh nail colouring.
Asia
18.Cosmetics
Name Cultivation
1.Skin tonic
1. Aloe Aloe vera Asphodelaceae Sudan Tamil Nadu, 2.Cream,
(Nrhw;Wf;fw;whio) Andhra, lotion,
Gujarat, shampoo
Rajasthan preparation
19.Perfumes
Name Cultivation
1.Fumigant
1. Jasmine (ky;ypif) Jasminum Oleaceae North- Madurai, 2.Hair oil,
grandiflorum Western Thovalai cosmetics,
Himalayas (Kanyakumari and soap
district) manufacturing
20.Medicinal Plants
Name Cultivation
1.Cure
Jaundice
1. Keezhanelli Phyllanthus Phyllanthaceae Tropical India 2.Effective
(fPohney;yp) amarus America against
(Phyllanthin) Hepatitis B
virus
1.Used to
2. Nilavembu Andrographis Acanthaceae India, India treat liver
(King of Bitters) paniculata Sri Lanka disorders
(epyNtk;G) (Andrographo 2.Used to
lides) treat malaria
and dengue
fever.
21.Psychoactive Drugs
1. Opium poppy Papaver Papaveraceae South Madhya Pradesh, 1.Pain killer
(mgpd;/frfrh) somniferum Eastern Uttar Pradesh 2.Used in
(Morphine) Europe Surgery
1.Reduce
2. Cannabis or Cannabis sativa Cannabiaceae China Madhya Pradesh, hypertension
Marijuana (Trans- Uttar Pradesh 2.Treating in
(fQ;rhnrb) tetrahydrocanab Glucoma and
inal –THC) Chemotherapy
22. Other Common Medicinal Plants

S.No. Common Botanical Family Plant part used Uses
Name Name
1. Holy basil Ocimum Lamiaceae Leaves, Root 1.Antiseptic
(Jsrp) tenuiflorum 2.Used in bronchitis
3.Used in Malarial fever
2. Indian Phyllanthus Phyllanthaceae Fruit 1.Reduce fever and cough
goosberry emblica 2.Anti-agening properties
(ney;yp) 3.Rejuvenator
3. Indian Acalypha Euphorbiaceae Leaves 1.Cure skin diseases
Acalypha indica 2.Cure infected wounds and
(Fg;igNkdp) bedsores
4. Vilvam Aegle Rutaceae Fruit 1.Kill intestinal Parasites
(tpy;tk;) marmelos 2.unripe fruit used to treat
stomach indigestion
5. Veldt grape Cissus Vitaceae Stem, Root 1.Used to treat Bone fracture
(gpuz;il) quadrangularis 2.Cure asthma and stomach
trouble
Additional questions:
1.Ayurveda system of medicine:
1.Ayurveda supposed to have originated from Brahma (gpuk;kh).
2.It is documented by Charaka, Sushruta, Vagbhata.
3.This system also working based on Vatam, Pittam and Kapam (thjk;,gpj;jk;,fgk;).
4.This system uses more herbs and few animal parts as a drug.
5.Himalayan plants are used as a plant source and 500 different herbs are used as a drug for this system.
2.Folk system of medicine:
1.It is a oral traditional system of Medicine.
2.It is practiced by Rural and Tribal people of India.
3.This system is used by ethnic communities. 8000 Plant species have been documented.
4.The drug plants are documented by Research project on Ethnobiolgy.
5.Irulas, Malayalis, Kurumbas, Paliyans and Kaanis these tribal communities of Tamil Nadu practiced folk
system of medicine.
3.Entrepreneurial Botany:
1.Entrepreneurial Botany is a study of how new businesses are created using plant resources.
2.Entrepreneurship is now a popular topic for higher secondary students.
3.Vast opportunities are there for the Botany students.
4.Converting Botanical knowledge into a business idea.
5.Mushroom cultivation, Single cell protein (SCP), Orgainc farming, Medicinal and aromatic plant cultivation
are the few examples of entrepreneurship.
4. Organic farming:
1.The main concept of the organic farming is Back to the Nature.
2.It is an alternative agricultural system in which plants and crops are cultivated in natural ways by using
biological inputs to maintain the soil fertility.
3.Before green revolution Indian farmers are practiced organic farming.
4.orgainc farming is the good source for the sustainable agriculture.
5.Biofertilizers and micro-organisms are used for organic farming.
I.Organic Pesticide:
1.Pest like aphids, spider and mites can cause serious damage to flowers, fruits and vegetables.
2.These creatures attack the garden in swarms and drain the life of the crop.
3.Many chemical pesticides prove unsafe for human and the environment.
4.It turns fruits and vegetables are unsafe for consumption.
5.There are many homemade, organic options to turn to war against pests.
II.Bio-pest repellent:
Pest repellent and insecticides are made form leaves of Azadirachta indica (Neem-Ntk;G)
Preparation of Bio-pest repellent:
Neem leaves
Chop the leaves
Put in a 50 liter container
Fill half of the water
Close the container
Leave it for 3 days to brew
Filter and remove the Leaves
Add 100 ml of cooking oil and same amount of soap water
Filtrate can be sprayed on the plants to repel pests.
*********************************************************************************************
Lesson 10. Plants Common name, Botanical name and Family
S.No. Common Name Botanical Name Family
1. Rice or Paddy Oryza sativa Poaceae
2. Wheat Triticum aestivum Poaceae
3. Finger Millet – Ragi Elusine coracana Poaceae
4. Sorghum Sorghum vulgare Poaceae
5. Foxtail Millet Setaria italica Poaceae
6. Kodo Millet Paspalum scrobiculatum Poaceae
7. Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum Poaceae
Saccharum spontaneum
8. Black gram Vigna mungo Fabaceae
9. Red gram or Pigeon Pea Cajanus cajan Fabaceae
10. Green Gram Vigna radiata Fabaceae
11. Groundnut or Peanut Arachis hypogaea Fabaceae
12. Tamarind Tamarindus indica Fabaceae
13. Lady‟s finger or Okra Abelmoschus esculentus Malvaceae
14. Cotton Gossypiumspp. Malvaceae
15. Jute Corchorus spp. Malvaceae
16. Rubber Hevea brasiliensis Euphorbiaceae
17. Keezhanelli Phyllanthus amarus Euphorbiaceae
18. Indian Acalypha Acalypha indica Euphorbiaceae
19. Mango Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae
20. Cashew nut Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae
21. Cardamom Elettaria cardamomum Zingiberaceae
22. Turmeric Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae
23. Teak Tectona grandis Lamiaceae
24. Holy basil Ocimum tenuiflorum Lamiaceae
25. Chilly Capsicum annum Solanaceae
Capsicum frutescens
26. Palmyra Borassus flabellifer Arecaceae
27. Sesame or Gingelly Sesamum indicum Pedaliaceae
28. Coffee Coffea arabica Rubiaceae
29. Black Pepper Piper nigrum Piperaceae
30. Pulp Cyperus papyrus Cyperaceae
31. Indian lilac Melia azadirachta Meliaceae
32. Henna Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae
33. Aloe Aloe vera Asphodelaceae
34. Jasmine Jasminum grandiflorum Oleaceae
35. Nilavembu Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae
36. Opium poppy Papaver somniferum Papaveraceae
37. Cannabis or Marijuana Cannabis sativa Cannabiaceae
38. Indian goosberry Phyllanthus emblica Phyllanthaceae
39. Vilvam Aegle marmelos Rutaceae
40. Veldt grape Cissus quadrangularis Vitaceae
ghlk;:10. jhtuq;fspd; ,Unrhw; ngau;fSk;, FLk;gg; ngau;fSk;
t.vz; nghJg; ngau; jhtutpay; ngau; FLk;gk;
1. ney; Xiurh rl;ilth NghNarp
2. NfhJik bupl;bfk; V];btk; NghNarp
3. Nfo;tuF vy;Yrpd; Nfhuf;fhdh NghNarp
4. Nrhsk; nrhu;fk; ty;Nfu; NghNarp
5. jpid rpl;Nlupah ,lhypf;fh NghNarp
6. tuF g];ghyk; ];FNuhgpFNyl;lk; NghNarp
7. fUk;G rf;fhuk; m/gprpdhuk; NghNarp
rf;fhuk; ];ghd;Nldpak;
8. cSj;J tpf;dh Kq;Nfh /NgNgrp
9. Jtiu f[hd]; f[d; /NgNgrp
10. ghrpg;gUg;G tpf;dh NubNal;lh /NgNgrp
11. Ntu;ff; liy muhfp]; i`Ngh[pah /NgNgrp
12. Gsp lhnkupd;l]; ,z;bfh /NgNgrp
13. ntz;ilf;fha; vngy;kh];f]; v];Fnyz;l]; khy;Ntrp
14. gUj;jp fh]pgpak; rpw;wpdk; khy;Ntrp
15. rzy; fhu;Nfhu]; rpw;wpdk; khy;Ntrp
16. ,ug;;gu `Ptpah gpNurpypad;]p]; A+/Nghu;gpNarp
17. fPohney;yp gpy;yhe;j]; mkhu]; A+/Nghu;gpNarp
18. Fg;igNkdp mf;fhyp/gh ,z;bfh A+/Nghu;gpNarp
19. kh khQ;rp/nghu ,z;bfh mdfhu;bNarp
20. Ke;jpup mdfhu;bak; Mf;]pnlz;Nly; mdfhu;bNarp
21. Vyf;fha; vypl;lupah fhu;NlhNkhk; [pd;[pngNurp
22. kQ;rs; Fu;Fkh yhq;fh [pd;[pngNurp
23. Njf;F nlf;Nlhdh fpuhz;b]; NykpNarp
24. Jsrp Mrpkk; nlDap/GNshuk; NykpNarp
25. kpsfha; Nfg;rpfk; md;Dtk; nrhyhNdrp
Nfg;rpfk; /g;&l;bnrd;];
26. gid nghuhr]; /gpshngy;yp/ngu; mupNfrp
27. vs; nr]hkk; ,z;bfk; nglhypNa]p
28. fh/gp fh/gpah muhgpfh &gpNarp
29. fUkpsF igg;gu; ief;uk; igg;gNurp
30. kuf;$o; irngu]; Ngg;giu]; irngNu]p
31. kUjhzp yhNrhdpah ,ndu;kp]; iyj;Nurp
32. Nrhw;Wf;fw;whio mNyh tPuh m];NghnlNyrp
33. ky;ypif [];kpdk; fpuhz;b/GNshuk; XypNarp
34. epyNtk;G Mz;l;Nuhfpuhgp]; ghdpFNyl;lh mf;fhe;Njrp
35. mgpd; (m) frfrh gg;ghtu; rhk;dpnguk; gg;ghtNurp
36. fQ;rhnrb fd;dhgp]; rl;ilth fd;dhgpNarp
37. ney;yp /gpy;yhe;j]; vk;;gpspfh /gpy;yhe;Njrp
38. tpy;tk; Vfpy; khu;kpyh]; &l;Nlrp
39. gpuz;il rpr]; Fthl;uhq;Fyhup]; itl;Nlrp
40. kiyNtk;G kPypah mrbuf;lh kPypNarp
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tho;f tsKld;… tho;f eyKld;…

tho;tJ xUKiw… tho;j;jl;Lk; jiyKiw…

12Th BIO-BOTANY BOOK BACK ANSWERS

“ngw;w gps;is iftpl;lhYk;…

“cotd; fzf;Fg;ghu;j;jhy; czT fpilf;fhJ

growth of pollen tube in the style

direction of pollen tube towards the micropyle of the ovule

discharge of male gametes

syngamy and triple fusion

Natural Reproduction Artificial Reproduction

1.Root 2.Stem 3.Leaf

1.Adventitious Buds 1.Rhizome 1.Epiphyllous Buds

1.Conventional Methods 2.Modern Method

1.Cutting 2.Grafting 3.Layering

1.Leaf Cutting 1.Bud Grafting 1.Mount Layering

Self Pollination(Autogamy) Cross Pollination(Allogamy)

1.Geitonogamy (Monoecious) 2.Xenogamy

1.Cleistogamy 2.Homogamy 3.Incomplete Dichogamy

Dicliny or Unisexuality Monocliny or Bisexuality

Abiotic Agents Biotic Agents

1.Anemophily (Wind) 1.Zoophily (Animals)

Gametes: (T) (t)

30. Differentiate incomplete dominance and codominance.

Parental generation: White fruit X Yellow fruit

Gametes: (Wg) (wG)

F1 Generation: White fruit

Parental generation: Dark red X white

Gametes: (R1R2) (r1r2)

F1 generation: Medium red

F2 generation: R1r1R2r2 X R1r1R2r2

R1R2 R1r2 r1R2 r1r2

F1- Dark green leaved

F1- Pale green leaved

I.One mark Answers:-

Parent Purple flower X Red flower

Gametes: (PL) (pl)

F1 generation: Purple flower long pollen

Test cross: PpLl X pl

Observed ration: 7:1:1:7

Expected ration: 1:1:1:1

Gametes: n=2x=14 n=x=7

I.One mark Answers:-

10. (I) (II) (III) (IV)

Fox, Snake (T3)

Birds, Elephant, Deer (T2)

Rabbit, Mouse (250 +250)

I.One mark Answers:-

Common Name Botanical Name Origin Area of Cultivation Uses

30. Write the economic importance of rice.

Blend the Vegetables together ot form a thick paste

Add vegetable paste with 500 warm water

Pour the solution into a glass container

Leave it undisturbed for 24 hours

Pour the Pesticide into spray bottle

Spary the pesticide into infected plants for every 4 to 5 days

After 3 to 4 treatments pest will be eliminated.

2.Millets (Siru Thaniyangal)

22. Other Common Medicinal Plants

Chop the leaves