Design of Doubly and Flanged RC Sections-1

Design of Doubly and
Flanged RC Sections
By the end of this session, you will

be able to:
 Analyse doubly and flanged
reinforced concrete sections.
 Calculate area of steel
reinforcement for doubly
reinforced concrete sections.
 Calculate area of steel
reinforcement for flanged RC
sections (T and L sections).
Doubly Reinforced Sections
 The neutral axis depth is limited

to 0.6d to ensure that the design
is for under reinforced case.
 The ultimate moment Mu of
resistance of concrete can be
obtained from (x/d=0.6):
M u  0.207 f ck bd 2
 If Mu is less than the applied

design moment MED, the
concrete will have insufficient
strength in compression to
generate this moment.
 The required compressive

strength can be achieved by
increasing the dimensions of the
beam particularly its overall
depth or the class of concrete.
 However, this may not always be
possible due to limitations on the
head-room required in the
structure, and in such cases, it
will be necessary to provide
reinforcement in the compression
zone.
 The compression reinforcement

will be designed to resist the
moment in excess of Mu.
 This will ensure that the
compressive stresses in concrete
does not exceed the allowable
value and ensure an under-
reinforced failure mode.
b
M ED  M u  M ' d'
As
As  As1  As 2
x
d
As  As1  As'
h
As
M u  0.207 f ck bd 2
x  0.6d
x=0.6d
z  0.759d
d
h
Mu A s1
As1 
0.87 f yk z
A'
M  M ED  M u
' s
M ED  M u
d-d '
A  As 2 
'
0.87 f yk  d  d ' 
s
A
s2
 If the neutral axis is assumed at
0.6d, then the moment in excess
of Mu will be resisted by the
compression and tension
reinforcement.
 The area of compression
reinforcement is calculated from:
M ED  M u
A 
'
0.87 f yk  d  d 
s '
A 
'   ck
k  k '
f bd 2
0.87 f yk  d  d ' 
s
d’ = depth of compression steel from

compression face.
d = effective depth
k = MED/(bd2fck)
MED = design applied moment
k’= 0.207
 The area of tension reinforcement can
be calculated from:
Mu
As   As'
0.87 f yk z
where z is the lever arm

corresponding to the case of Mu:

z  0.5d 1.0  1.0  (3.53)(0.207) 
z  0.759d
 In the above derivation, compression
steel is assumed to be yielded (fyk).
However, if this is not the case, the
actual stresses should be used.
Ex1: The design applied moment
M for a rectangular section of
width b 250 mm and effective
depth d 700 mm is 300 kNm. If
fck = 30 N/mm2 and fyk= 500
N/mm2, calculate the steel
reinforcement to resist the
applied moment. If the design
applied moment M is increased
to 900 kNm, what is the
amount of reinforcement
required for this case?
Flanged Beams
 Most RC beams are cast integral

with and support a continuous
floor slab. Part of the slab
adjacent to the beam is counted
if acting in compression to form
T- or L- beams.
 If the flange is in tension, it will
be cracked and the beam acts as
a rectangular section with only
web width active.
 The effective width beff of flanged
beams is given in EC2 as:
beff  bw   beff ,i
or the actual flange width if less
where:
beff ,i  0.2bi  0.1lo  0.2lo

bw= width of beam web,
bi = actual flange width from one side
of the beam,
lo = distance between points of zero
moment in the beam,
lo = effective span (simply supported)
= 0.7 effective span (continuous
beam).
Design of flanged sections
 The design procedure depends on

whether the concrete flange is in
tension or compression; i.e. the
design moment is hogging or
sagging.
 If the design moment causing
tension in the concrete flange, the
section should be design as a
rectangular section in a similar way
as explained earlier. However,
when the flange is in compression,
the concrete flange contribution
should be considered as explained
below.
 The design procedure for flanged

section when concrete flange in
compression, depends on where
the neutral axis lies. The neutral
axis may lie in flange or web.
 The neutral axis may be initially
assumed within the flange. Then,
the section could be designed as
a rectangular section of width
equal to the flange width.
 The values of x and z may be obtained

as before for rectangular sections. The
depth of the neutral axis, x, should be
checked against the beam flange
depth hf .
 If x<hf /0.8, where hf is the flange
depth, then the neutral axis is in the
flange. And the calculation already
made is correct.
 Otherwise, the neutral axis lies below
the flange (x>hf /0.8) and the section
may be analysed from first principles.
Design of flanged section due to
moment M ED
No Does tension occur Yes

in flange?
Assume N.A. in flange; Design as a rectangular section;

Design as a rectanglar section; width of section = width of web = bw
section width = flange width = b
eff
Calculate k, z, x
x > h f /0.8 No
Yes
Design from first principle MED

Calculate As =
0.87fy kz
beff
h
f
h d
As
bw
 Ex. 2: For the T section shown below,
design the area of steel required to
resist a bending moment of 250 kNm
for the ultimate limit state? Assume
flange is in compression, fck =
40N/mm2 and fyk=500 N/mm2.

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Design of Doubly and

By the end of this session, you will

 The neutral axis depth is limited

 If Mu is less than the applied

 The required compressive

 The compression reinforcement

d’ = depth of compression steel from

where z is the lever arm

 Most RC beams are cast integral

beff ,i  0.2bi  0.1lo  0.2lo

 The design procedure depends on

 The design procedure for flanged

 The values of x and z may be obtained

No Does tension occur Yes

Assume N.A. in flange; Design as a rectangular section;

Design from first principle MED

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