Allowable Stress Design

Load Combinations
(1) D
(2) D + L
(3) D + (Lr or S or R)
(4) D + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
(5) D + (0.6W or 0.7E)
(6a) D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
(6b) D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.7E) + 0.75S
(7) 0.6D + 0.6W It shall be permitted to replace 0.6D with
0.9D in combination (8) for the design of
(8) 0.6D + 0.7E Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls
Allowable Stress Design 1

Flexural Members - Allowable Stress Design

b
m fm
kd

kd

C=fm(b)(kd)/2
d

jd

Grout
h

As
s fs nAs=nbd
Masonry Unit T=Asfs
b Transformed
Strains Stresses Section
As Es
Assumptions:  n
1. Plane sections remain plane bd Em
2. Stress-strain relationship for masonry
Notation:
is linear in compression
Lower case: calculated stress, fs
3. All masonry in tension is neglected Upper case: allowable stress, Fs
4. Perfect bond between steel and grout Fb is allowable compressive stress to
5. Member is straight prismatic section resist flexure only. Notes use Fm for
allowable compressive stress to resist
combinations of flexure and axial load.
Allowable Stress Design 2
 Allowable Stress Design
b To find neutral axis, equate moments of areas about neutral axis.

(bkd )( 12 kd )  (nbd )(d  kd )

kd

k
k  ( n  ) 2  2 n  n  j  1
nAs=nbd 3
Transformed
Section Allowable stresses (8.3.3.1, 8.3.4.2.2)
M Allowable masonry stress = 0.45f′m
Steel stress: fs 
As jd Allowable steel stress:
2M 20 ksi Grade 40 steel
Masonry stress: f m  32 ksi Grade 60 steel
b(kd )( jd )
30 ksi Wire joint reinforcement
Allowable moment:
F
Steel: M s  As Fs jd Masonry: M m  b(kd ) m ( jd )
2
Allowable Stress Design 3

Example - Masonry Beam

Given: M=340k-in; Grade 60 steel, f’m=2000psi; 8 in CMU; Type S mortar;
4 course high beam (d=28 in.); #6 rebar
Required: Is section adequate?
Solution:

Fm =
Fs =
Em = 900f’m = 1.80 x 106 psi
Es = 29 x 106 psi
n = Es/Em =
ρ = As/bd =
nρ =

k  (n ) 2  2n  n 
k
j  1 
3

Allowable Stress Design 4

 Example - Masonry Beam, cont
k=0.227 j=0.924
M
fs  
As jd

2M
fm  
b(kd )( jd )

What is maximum moment beam could carry?

 
M s  As Fs jd  0.44in 2 32ksi 0.924 28in   364kip  in

M m  bkd   jd   7.625in0.227 28in  900 psi 0.92428in   564kip  in

Fm
2 2
Mall = 364 kip-in
Allowable Stress Design 6

Masonry Beam - Parametric Study

d=20inch b=7.625inch

Allowable Stress Design 8

 Reinforced Flexure: ASD vs. SD

ASD Design Procedure

1. Assume value of j (or k). Typically j is between 0.85 and 0.95.
M
2. Determine a trial value of As. As 
Choose reinforcement. Fs jd

3. Determine k and j. k  ( n  ) 2  2 n  n j  1 k / 3

M 2M
4. Determine steel stress and masonry stress. fs  fm 
As jd b(kd )( jd )
5. Compare calculated stresses to allowable stresses.

6. If masonry stress controls design, consider other options (such as change

of member size, or change of f’m). Reinforcement is not being used
efficiently.

A complete design procedure will be presented later.

Allowable Stress Design 10
 ASD: Design Method
Calculate
d M
 d  2M   As 
2

kd  3      k
2
  2  3Fmb  Fs d 1  
 3

Is k ≥ kbal? Fm As Fs n
kbal   
For Grade 60 steel Fs Fs b
Fm 
kbal = 0.312 n NO

YES kd 2   2  2d  

Fm (kd )b Iterate. Use (kd)2 as new
P guess and repeat.
As  2
1 
nFm   1 Allowable reinforcement
k  tension stress controls
Allowable masonry
compression stress
controls
11

Example: Beam
Given: 10 ft. opening; superimposed dead load of 1.5 kip/ft; live load of
1.5 kip/ft; 24 in. high; Grade 60 steel; Type S masonry cement mortar; 8 in.
CMU; f’m = 2000 psi
Required: Design beam
Solution:

5.2.1.3: Length of bearing of beams shall be a minimum of 4 in.; typically

assumed to be 8 in.
5.2.1.1.1 Span length of members not built integrally with supports shall be taken
as the clear span plus depth of member, but need not exceed distance between
center of supports.
• Span = 10 ft + 2(4 in.) = 10.67 ft
5.2.1.2 Compression face of beams shall be laterally supported at a maximum
spacing of:
• 32 multiplied by the beam thickness. 32(7.625 in.) = 244 in. = 20.3 ft
• 120b2/d. 120(7.625 in.)2 / (20 in.) = 349 in. = 29.1 ft

12
 Example: Beam
Load
Weight of fully grouted
w  D  L  1.5  k
ft
 0.083 k
ft 2

2 ft   1.5 kft   3.17 kft
normal weight: 83 psf

M
wL2 3.17

 k
ft
10.67 ft 2
 45.1k  ft
Moment
8 8

Determine kd Assume compression controls

d d 
kd  3    
2
2M   20in
  3  20in 
 
2


245.1k  ft  12ftin 
  9.32in.
 

2  2  3Fbb   2  2  30.900ksi 7.625in  
   

Check if compression controls k

kd 9.32in
  0.466  0.312 Compression
d 20in controls

Es Es 29000ksi
Calculate modular ratio, n n    16.1
Em 900 f m 9002.0ksi 

13

Example: Beam
Fb (kd )b 0.900ksi9.31in 7.625in 
Find As
Area of steel As  2  2  1.94in 2
1   1 
nFb   1 16.10.900ksi   1
k   0.466 

Use 2 - #9 (As = 2.00 in2)

Bars placed in bottom U-shaped unit, or knockout bond beam unit.

14
 Example: Beam
Design for DL = 1 k/ft, LL = 1 k/ft

Shear at reaction V
wL 1.0

 k
ft
 0.083 k
ft 2

2 ft   1.0 kft 10.67 ft 
 11.56k
2 2
 20in.  1 ft Section 8.3.5.4
d/2 from face of support   4in. 12in.  1.17 ft
 2  allows design for
shear at d/2 from
 5.33 ft  1.17 ft  face of supports.
Design shear force V  11.56k    9.02k
 5.33 ft 
V 9.02k Suggest that d be
Shear stress fv    59.2 psi
Anv 7.625in.20in. used, not dv.

Fvm 
1   M  
 4.0  1.75   f m   0.25
2   Vd  
P 1
 2.25 f m  
Allowable masonry  An 2
shear stress 1
 
 2.25 2000 psi  50.3 psi
2

15

Example: Beam

Check max shear stress Fv  2 f m  2 2000 psi  89.4 psi > 59.2psi OK

Req’d steel stress 59.2 psi  50.3 psi  8.9 psi

AFd f As
Fvs  0.5 v s   Av  vs n
Determine Av for a  n 
A s 0 .5 Fs d
spacing of 8 in. 8.9 psi 7.625in.20in.8in.
Av   0.034in 2
0.532000 psi 20in.

Use #3 stirrups

Determine d so that no shear reinforcement would be required.

V 9.02k Use a 32 in. deep beam if possible;
d   23.5in.
bFvm 7.625in.50.3 psi  will slightly increase dead load.

16
 Summary: ASD vs. SD

Dead Load (k/ft) Required As (in2)

Live Load (k/ft)
(superimposed) ASD SD
0.34 0.26
0.5 0.5
0.34 ( = 1.5 ksi) 0.26 ( = 1.5 ksi)

0.64 0.50
1.0 1.0
0.65 ( = 1.5 ksi) 0.52 ( = 1.5 ksi)

1.94 0.77
1.5 1.5
5.09 ( = 1.5 ksi) 0.80 ( = 1.5 ksi)

ASD: Allowable tension controls for 0.5 k/ft and 1 k/ft.

17

Partially Grouted Walls - Allowable Stress

b
kd

b’
s
d

tf

As

A. Neutral axis in flange; design and analysis for solid section

B. Neutral axis in web
b t f  b   t f b  b t f 
2
b  b t
k 2 
1     n   2 n     n  1   f
2

b d  b  d b b d  b  b  d

f  2kd  t f  t f  3kd  2t f 
M  C f j f d  C w jw d C f  m  bt f j f  1  
2  kd 3d  2kd  t f 


fm = Fm if masonry controlling fm  kd  t f  2t f  kd
fm = Fsk/(n(1-k)) if steel controlling Cw   b(kd  t f ) jw  1 
2  kd  3d

Allowable Stress Design 18

 Partially Grouted Walls - Example
Given: 8 in CMU wall; 12 ft high; Grade 60 steel, f’m=2000 psi; Lateral
wind load of 42 psf (factored)
Required: Reinforcing (place in center of wall)
Solution: wh 2 0.642lb / ft 2 12 ft 
2
M   454lb  ft / ft  5443lb  in / ft
8 8
t 7.625in M 5.443kip  in / ft
d   3.81in As    0.050in 2 / ft
2 2 Fs jd 32ksi(0.9)(3.81in)

Try #4 @48 in (0.050in2/ft) Solve as solid section

 = 0.00109
Fm = 0.45(2000psi) = 900 psi k = 0.171
Fs = 32000 psi kd = 0.651 in < tf = 1.25 in OK
Em = 1.80 x 106 psi j = 0.943
Es = 29 x 106 psi fm = 387 psi OK
n= Es/Em = 16.1 fs = 30.3 ksi OK

Use #4 @ 48 inches

Allowable Stress Design 19

Flexural and Axially Loaded Elements

Allowable Compressive Force (8.3.4.2.1)

  h 2 
Pa  0.25 f m An  0.65 Ast Fs 1  
h
   99
  140r   r

2
 70r 
Pa  0.25 f m An  0.65 Ast Fs 
h
  99
 h  r

Ast is area of laterally tied steel

Allowable Stress Design 20

 Interaction Diagram
• Assume strain/stress distribution
• For k > kbal Set masonry strain, find steel strain
• Masonry strain = Fm/Em = 0.0005 for CMU
• For k < kbal Set steel strain, find masonry strain
• Steel strain = Fs/Es = 0.00110 for Grade 60
• Compute forces in masonry and steel
• Sum forces; sum moments about centerline

Fm 0.45 f m
Fm Em 900 f m
kbal     0.312
Fm  Fs / n Fm  Fs 0.45 f m  32ksi
Em E s 900 f m 29000ksi

Grade 60 steel

Allowable Stress Design 21

Example – 8 in. CMU Bearing Wall

Given: 12 ft high CMU bearing wall, Type S masonry cement mortar; Grade 60
steel in center of wall; #4 @ 48 in.; partial grout; f’m = 2000 psi
Required: Interaction diagram in terms of capacity per foot

Pure Moment: n = 16.1 ρ = 0.00109 nρ = 0.0176

Find k k  ( n ) 2  2 n  n  0.01762  20.0176  0.0176  0.171

Find j k 0.171
j  1  1  0.943
3 3
M s  As Fs jd  0.05 inft 32ksi 0.9433.81in.  5.75 k ftin
2
Find Ms

Find Mm
M m  bkd 
Fm
2
 
 jd   12 inft 0.1713.81in  0.90ksi 0.9433.81in 
2
 12.65 k ftin
k  ft
Allowable M M  5.75 k-in
ft
 0.479 ft

Allowable Stress Design 22

 Example – 8 in. CMU Bearing Wall
Pure Axial: 4.3.2 Radius of gyration Radius of gyration shall be computed
using average net cross-sectional area of the member considered.

NCMA TEK 14-1B Section Properties of

Concrete Masonry Walls
r = 2.66 in. An = 40.7in2/ft In = 332.0 in4/ft

h 144in
Find h/r   54.1  99
r 2.66in

Find Pa   h 2  P  17.2 k
Pa  0.25 f m An  0.65 Ast Fs 1     ft
  140r  

   
2
  54.1  2 
 0.252.0ksi  40.7 inft  0 1      17.2
  140  
k
ft

Allowable Stress Design 23

Example – 8 in. CMU Bearing Wall, ASD

0.900 ksi Strain
0.0005
Balanced: 32 ksi
Stress 1.19 in 0.00110
kd < 1.25 in.
N.A. in face shell 3.82 in

Find Cm Cm 
1
2
1
2
 
f m kd b  0.900ksi 1.19in  12 inft  6.43 kft

Find T  2

T  f s As  32ksi  0.05 inft  1.6 k
ft
P  4.83 kft
k  ft
M  1.83
Find P P  Cm -T  6.43  1.60 k
ft
 4.83 k
ft
ft

Find M  1.19in  k  ft
M  6.43 kft  3.81in    22.0 k ftin  1.83 ft
 3 

Allowable Stress Design 25

 Example – 8 in. CMU Bearing Wall, ASD
1800ksi(0.000391) =
0.704 ksi 0.000391 Strain
Below 32 ksi
Balanced:
kd = 1.00 in. Stress 1.00 in 0.00110
3.82 in

Find Cm Cm 
1
2
f m kd b  0.704ksi 1.00in  12 inft  4.22
1
2
  k
ft

Find T 
T  f s As  32ksi  0.05 inft  1.6
2
 k
ft
P  2.62 k
ft
k  ft
M  1.22
Find P P  Cm -T  4.22  1.60  kft  2.62 k
ft
ft

Find M  1.00in  k  ft
M  4.22 k
 3.81in    14.7 k ftin  1.22 ft
ft
 3 

Allowable Stress Design 26

Example – 8 in. CMU Bearing Wall, ASD

0.900 ksi
0.338 ksi 0.0005 Strain
Above 13.1 ksi
Balanced: 1.25 in
kd = 2.00 in. Stress 2.00 in 0.00045
2.00 in
Neutral axis 3.82 in
is in web

Face Cm1 
0.900  0.338ksi 1.25in 12 in   9.28 k
Shell 2 ft ft

Web Cm 2 
1
2
 
0.338ksi0.75in  2 inft  0.25 k
ft

Steel 
T  13.1ksi  0.05 inft  0.66
2
 k
ft

Allowable Stress Design 27

 Example – 8 in. CMU Bearing Wall, ASD
Centroid
0.25 k/ft
9.28 k/ft h1  2h2 b
x
h1  h2 3
0.66k/ft
0.53 in h1
b h2
1.5 in
1.25+0.75/3=1.5in. x
P  8.87 k
ft
P  Cm1  Cm 2-T  9.28  0.25  0.66 kft  8.87 k
ft M  2.58
k  ft
ft

M  9.28 k
ft
3.81in  0.53in   0.25 kft 3.81in  1.5in   31.0 k ftin  2.58 k ftft

Allowable Stress Design 28

Interaction Diagram: ASD

Allowable Stress Design 29

 Approximate Interaction Diagram

Three Point
Approximation

Three point approximation

• Zero axial load; moment
capacity
• kd = flange thickness
• Zero moment; axial capacity

Allowable Stress Design 30

Allowable Stress - Design Procedure

Calculate
   t kd 
M   P  
2
d  d  2( P(d  t / 2)  M ) 
kd  3    
2 2 3Fmb  2 3 
 
M M
As 
Is k ≥ kbal? Fm  k
kbal  Fs d 1  
For Grade 60 steel
Fm 
Fs  3
kbal = 0.312 n NO
 
P  As Fs n
YES
Fs b
Fm (kd )b
P
As  2 kd 2   2  2d  
1 
nFm   1
k  Iterate. Use (kd)2 as new
guess and repeat.
Compression controls
Tension controls
Allowable Stress Design 31
 Derivation of Design Equations
Sum forces:
1
kd b  f m  As f s  P
2

t   t 
Sum moments:
1
kd b  f m  sp  kd   As f s  d  sp   M
2  2 3   2 

If the masonry stress controls, set fm = Fm, and substitute for Asfs in
moment equations using sum of forces.
t   
kd b Fb  sp  kd    1 kd b Fb  P  d  sp
1 t
  M
2  2 3  2  2 

This is quadratic equation in kd, which can be solved to obtain:

  Fm (kd )b
 d  2( P(d  t sp / 2)  M )  P
2
 d
kd  3     As  2
2 2 3Fmb  1 
  nFm   1
k 

Allowable Stress Design 32

Derivation of Design Equations

If the steel stress controls, set fs = Fs, and find fm in terms of Fs.
m kd
Find a ratio of strains: 
 s d  kd
kd kd f s f kd
f m  Em m  Em  s  Em  s
d  kd d  kd E s n d  kd

Substitute into sum of forces, and solve for Asfs.

As f s 
1
kd b  f m  P  1 kd b  f s kd   P
2 2  n d  kd 

Now substitute into sum of moments and set fs = Fs.

t   
kd b  Fs  kd  sp  kd    1 kd b  Fs  kd   P  d  sp
1 t
  M
2 n  d  kd  2 3  2 n  d  kd   2 

Allowable Stress Design 33

 Derivation of Design Equations
This is cubic equation in kd:

  t     t  
bFs
kd 3  bdFs kd 2   P d  sp   M kd    P d  sp
 
  M d  0

6n 2n   2     2  

Although there are analytical ways to solve a cubic equation, an

iterative solution might be the easiest. Solve for As from:

As 
1
kd b  1 kd   P
2  n d  kd  Fs

Allowable Stress Design 34

Example - Pilaster Design

Given: Nominal 16 in. wide x 16 in. deep CMU pilaster; f’m=2000 psi;
Grade 60 bar in each corner, center of cell; Effective height = 24 ft; Dead
load of 9.6 kips and snow load of 9.6 kips act at an eccentricity of 5.8 in. (2
in. inside of face); Factored wind load of 26 psf (pressure and suction) and
uplift of 8.1 kips (e=5.8 in.); Pilasters spaced at 16 ft on center; Wall is
assumed to span horizontally between pilasters; No ties.
Required: Determine required reinforcing using allowable stress design.
Solution:
e=5.8 in 2.0 in

Em = 1800ksi
n = 16.1
Vertical Spanning
Inside

x
Load
Lateral Load
w = 0.6(26psf)(16ft)=250 lb/ft

d=11.8 in

Allowable Stress Design 35

 Example - Pilaster Design
Usually load combination with smallest axial load and largest
0.6D + 0.6W lateral load controls. Try 0.6D + 0.6W to determine required
reinforcement and then check other load combinations.

Top of pilaster. P = 0.6(9.6)k-0.6(8.1)k = 0.9kips M = 0.9k(5.8in) = 5.2kip-in

Find location of h M 288in 5.2kip  in
maximum moment x 
2 wh

2

0.250 k 288in  ft
   143.1in
1 ft
12in

5.2k  in 0.0208 ink 288in 

2
M wh 2 M2 (5.2k  in) 2
M max        218.3k  in
2 8 2 wh 2 2 8  
2 0.0208 ink 288in 2

Find axial force at this point. Include weight of pilaster (200 lb/ft).

P  0.9k  0.6 0.20 k

ft
143.1in 1 ft
12in.
 2.3k

Design for P = 2.3 k, M = 218 k-in

Allowable Stress Design 36

Example - Pilaster Design

 2 
d  d  2( P(d  h / 2)  M ) 
kd  3    
2 2 3Fmb 
 
 
 11.8in  2(2.3kip11.8in  15.6in / 2   218kip  in) 
2
11.8in
3      3.00in
 2  2  30.900ksi 15.6in  
 

kd 3.00in k < kbal Tension controls; iterate

k   0.254
d 11.8in

Allowable Stress Design 37

 Example - Pilaster Design

Equation / Value Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Iteration 3

kd (in.) 3.00 3.38 3.40

k 0.254 0.286 0.288
 h kd  15.6 15.3 15.3
M   P   (k-in.)  15.62in 3.00in 
M   2.3k     15.6k  in
2 3   2 3 
M M 0.585 0.593 0.593
As 
 k (in2) As 
218  15.6k  in
 0.585in 2
Fs d 1    0.254 
 3 32ksi11.8in 1  
 3 

P  As Fs n 0.678 0.686 0.686

 
Fs b
(in.)
 
2.3k  0.585in 32ksi16.1  0.678in
2

32ksi15.62in 
3.38 3.40 3.40
kd 2   2  2d   (in.)
kd 2  0.678in 
2
 20.678in 11.8in   0.678in  3.38in

Try 2-#5, 4 total, one in each cell

Allowable Stress Design 38

Example - Pilaster Design

D+0.75(0.6W)+0.75S
P = 15.3k
M = 16.8k-ft
D+S D+0.6W
P = 19.2k P = 7.1k
M = 9.25k-ft M = 19.2k-ft

0.6D+0.6W
P = 2.3k
M = 18.2k-ft

Allowable Stress Design 39

Example – Effect of f’m

f’m = 2000 psi

f’m = 1500 psi

Allowable Stress Design 40

Example – ASD vs. SD

0.6(0.9*SD)

ASD

Allowable Stress Design 41

 Example: Wind Loads ASD
D = 500 lb/ft
Given: 8 in. CMU bearing wall; Grade 60 steel; Type S Lr = 400 lb/ft
masonry cement mortar; f’m=2000psi; roof forces act on W = -360 lb/ft
3 in. wide bearing plate at edge of wall.

2.67 ft
Required: Reinforcement
Solution:
Estimate reinforcement
0.6 0.032 16
~ 0.62
8 8

32 psf
16 ft
As,req’d = 0.065 in2/ft
Try #4 @ 40 in. (0.06 in2/ft) Cross-section
of top of wall

Determine eccentricity
e = 7.625in/2 – 1.0 in.
= 2.81 in.

Allowable Stress Design 42

Example: Wind Loads ASD

Check 0.6D+0.6W
Find force at top of wall    
Pf  0.6 0.5 kft  0.6  0.36 kft  0.084 kft

P  0.084 kft  0.60.040ksf 2.67 ft  8 ft   0.340k / ft

Find force at
midheight

Find moment
M top 0.084 k
2.81in. 1 ft
 0.60.032ksf  2.67 ft 
2
 0.049 k ftft
at top of wall ft 12in
2
wh 2 M top 0.60.032ksf 16 ft   0.049 ft
1k  ft
Find moment 2

at midheight M     0.590 k ftft

8 2 8 2

Load Comb. Pf (kip/ft) P (kip/ft) Mtop (k-ft/ft) M (k-ft/ft) As (in2)

0.6D+0.6W 0.084 0.340 -0.049 0.590 0.051
D+0.6W 0.284 0.711 -0.002 0.613 0.040

Use #4@ 40 in. (0.06 in2/ft)

17% more steel than required; with SD #4@40 in. is 14% more steel than required.

Allowable Stress Design 43

 Example: Wind Loads ASD
Sample Calculations: 0.6D+0.6W
 2 
1. kbal = 0.312; kdbal = 1.19in. d d  2M 
kd  3    
2. Assume masonry controls. 2  2  3Fmb 
 
Determine kd.
Since 0.355 in. < 1.18 in.

 3
3.81in.
2 
 3.81in.  2 0.590 ft 
k  ft 12in. 
ft 
tension controls.
3. Iterate to find As.
 2

 
 2



30.900 ksi  
12 in 
ft 
 0.355in.

Equation / Value Iteration 1 Iteration 2

kd (in.) 0.355 0.707
M   Pt sp / 2  kd / 3 (k-ft/ft) 0.1047 0.1013
M M
As  (in2/ft) 0.049 0.051
Fs d 1  k / 3

 
P  As Fs n
Fs b
(in.) 0.0804

kd 2   2  2d   (in.) 0.707

Allowable Stress Design 44

Shear - Allowable Stress Design

Fv  Fvm  Fvs  g

1   M   P
Fvm   4.0  1.75   f m   0.25
2  
 Vd v    An

AFd
Fvs  0.5 v s 
 Anv s 

Maximum Fv is: 
Fv  3 f m  g  ( M / Vd v )  0.25

Fv  2 f m  g ( M / Vd v )  1.0

Interpolate for values of M/(Vdv) 2  M  

Fv    5  2  f m  g
between 0.25 and 1.0  3  Vd v  
Allowable Stress Design 45
 Shear – Special Shear Walls

1   M   P
Fvm   4.0  1.75   f m   0.25
4  
 Vd v    An

Masonry allowable shear stress

decreased by a factor of 2, from ½ to ¼.
Accounts for degradation of masonry shear strength that occurs in
plastic hinging regions.

Seismic design load required to be increased by 1.5 for shear

Maximum reinforcement: Shear walls having

• M/(Vd) ≥ 1 and For distributed
• P > 0.05f′mAn nf m reinforcement, ρ is the
 max  total area of tension
 f  reinforcement divided
2 f y  n  y 
 f m  by bd.

Allowable Stress Design 46

Example
Given: 10 ft high x 16 ft long 8 in. CMU shear wall; Grade 60 steel, Type
S mortar; = 2000 psi; superimposed dead load of 1 kip/ft. In-plane
seismic load (from ASCE 7-10) of 100 kips. SDS = 0.4
Required: Design the shear wall; ordinary reinforced shear wall
Solution: Check using 0.6D+0.7E load combination.
• Try #6 in each of last 3 cells; #6 @40in.

Weight of wall: [40 psf(12ft)+2(2ft)75psf]10ft = 7800lb

Lightweight units, grout at 40 in. o.c. 40 psf; full grout 75 psf

P = (0.6-0.7(0.2)(SDS))D = (0.6-0.7(0.2)(0.4))(1k/ft(16ft)+7.8k) = 12.9 kips

From interaction diagram OK; stressed to 90% of capacity

Strength Design:
2-#5 at end; #5 @ 40 in.
Allowable Stress Design 47
 Example

Allowable Stress Design 48

Example

Allowable Stress Design 49

 Example

Anv  2.5in192in   9(8in)(7.62in  2.5in)  849in 2

Calculate net area, Anv,
including grouted cells.

Shear ratio M / Vd v   Vh  / Vd v   120in / 192in  0.625

2 M  
 f m  g   5  20.625 2000 psi 0.75  83.8 psi
2
Maximum Fv Fv    5  2 
3 Vd v   3 

V 0.7100000lb 
Shear stress fv    82.4 psi OK
Anv 849in 2

Allowable Stress Design 50

Example
Top of wall P = (0.6-0.7(0.2SDS))D = 0.544(1k/ft)(16ft) = 8.70 kips
(critical location for shear):
1   M   P
Fvm   4.0  1.75   f m   0.25
2  
Determine Fvm  Vd v    An

2

 4.0  1.750.625 2000 psi  0.25
1
 8700lb
849in 2
 67.5 psi

Required steel stress Fvs  f v /  g  Fvm  82.4 psi / 0.75  67.5 psi  42.4 psi

AFd
Use #5 bars in bond beams. Fvs  0.5 v s  
Determine spacing.  An s 
0.5 Av Fs d 0.50.31in 32000 psi 188in 
s   25.9in
f vs An 
42.4 psi 849in 2 
s ≤ min{d/2, 48 in.} = min{94 in., 48 in.} = 48 in.
Code 8.3.5.2.1
Use #5 at 24 in. o.c.

Strength Design: Req’d s = 28.0 in.

Allowable Stress Design 51
 Example: Special Shear Wall

Given: 10 ft high x 16 ft long 8 in. CMU shear wall; Grade 60 steel, Type
S mortar; = 2000 psi; superimposed dead load of 1 kip/ft. In-plane
seismic load (from ASCE 7-10) of 100 kips. SDS = 0.4
Required: Design the shear wall; special reinforced shear wall
Solution: Check using 0.6D+0.7E load combination.
• Design for 1.5V, or 1.5(70 kips) = 105 kips (Section 7.3.2.6.1.2)
• fv = (105 kips)/(849in2) = 123.7 psi
• But, maximum Fv is 83.8 psi
• Fully grout wall

Allowable Stress Design 52

Example: Special Shear Wall

Calculate net area, Anv,
Anv  7.625in.192in.  1464in 2
including grouted cells.

V 1.50.7100000lb 
Shear stress fv    71.7 psi
Anv 1464in 2

Determine Fvm
Fvm 
1
4
 
4.0  1.750.625 2000 psi  0.25 8700lb2  34.0 psi
1464in
(special wall)

Required steel stress f vs  f v  Fvm  71.7  34.0 psi  37.7 psi

Use #5 bars in bond beams. 0.5 Av Fs d 0.50.31in 32000 psi 188in 

s   16.6in
Determine spacing.
Fvs An 
37.7 psi 1494in 2 
Strength Design:
Use #5 @ 16 in. Req’d s = 54.6 in. using 1.25Mn
Req’d s = 31.6 in. using 2.5Vu

Allowable Stress Design 53

 Example: Maximum Reinforcing
Section 8.3.3.4 Maximum Reinforcement
No need to check maximum reinforcement since only need to check if:
• M/(Vdv) ≥ 1 and M/(Vdv) = 0.625
• P > 0.05f′mAn 0.05(2000psi)(1464in2) = 146 kips; P = 12.2 kips

If we needed to check maximum reinforcing, do as follows.

nf m 16.12000 psi 
 max    0.00582
 fy   60000 psi 
2 f y  n   260000 psi 16.1  
 f 
m   2000 psi 

For distributed reinforcement, the reinforcement ratio is obtained as the

total area of tension reinforcement divided by bd. Assume 6 bars in tension.


As


6 0.44in 2   0.00184 OK
bd 7.625in.188in.

Allowable Stress Design 54