MAHY-109 (N)Indian Independence Part-2

Section A (200 -300 words)

1. Write a short note on Nehru Report (1928).

2. Discuss the contribution of Swaraj Party to Indian National movement

3. "The Government of India Act of 1919 is a landmark in the history of constitutional

development in India". Discuss

4 Why was the civil disobedience movement started

4. Discuss the impact of World War-II on the course of Indian Freedom Struggle.

6.Examine critically the causes of discontent among the peasanory during the period 1919-
1935.

Section B (500 -800 words)

7. Examine the objective and main features of Non-Cooperation movement. Why did
Gandhiji suspended the movement

8 Examine the factors that led to the making of the Quit India movement in 1942.

9 Discuss the origin and growth of Indian National Army and its significance.
 MAHY-109 (N)Indian Independence Part-2

Section A (200 -300 words)

1 Write a short note on Nehru Report (1928).

Ans:
The Nehru Report of 1928 was a significant document in India's struggle for independence.
Named after its principal author, Motilal Nehru, it was a response to the British government's
invitation to Indian leaders to draft a constitution for India. The report was prepared by a
committee headed by Motilal Nehru and included other prominent leaders like Tej Bahadur Sapru,
Ali Imam, and others.

Key features of the Nehru Report included:

Dominion Status: The report demanded self-government for India within the British
Commonwealth, akin to dominion status enjoyed by Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

Federal Structure: It proposed a federal structure for India with a strong central government and
provincial autonomy. This model aimed to accommodate the diverse interests and identities within
India.

Fundamental Rights: The report advocated for fundamental rights for Indian citizens, including the
right to freedom of speech, expression, religion, and assembly.

Electoral System: It recommended a system of joint electorates with reserved seats for religious
minorities to safeguard their interests.

Rejection of Separate Electorates: The Nehru Report rejected the idea of separate electorates for
religious communities, which had been a contentious issue during the British rule.

Although the Nehru Report was a significant step towards drafting a constitution for India, it faced
criticism from various quarters. Some criticized it for not adequately representing the interests of
Muslims and other minorities. In response to these criticisms, the Muslim League presented its
own demands in the form of the Fourteen Points, reflecting the growing communal tensions in
Indian politics.

Despite its limitations, the Nehru Report laid the groundwork for future constitutional
developments in India and served as a starting point for discussions on India's political future. It
highlighted the aspirations of Indian leaders for self-rule and paved the way for the eventual
framing of the Indian Constitution after independence.

2. Discuss the contribution of Swaraj Party to Indian National movement

Ans:
The Swaraj Party, founded in 1923 by Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das (C.R. Das), made
significant contributions to the Indian National Movement during the crucial period of the 1920s.
Here are some of their key contributions:

Participation in Legislative Councils: The Swaraj Party decided to contest elections to the
provincial legislative councils, which were introduced under the Government of India Act of 1919.
This marked a departure from the non-cooperation movement's boycott of British institutions.

Critique of Non-Cooperation Movement: The Swaraj Party emerged as a vocal critic of

Mahatma Gandhi's non-cooperation movement after the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922, where
violence broke out, leading Gandhi to call off the movement.

Constructive Work: While criticizing non-cooperation, the Swaraj Party engaged in constructive
work within the legislative councils.
Promotion of Swadeshi and Khadi: Although they were critical of Gandhi's methods, the Swaraj
Party did not abandon the principles of swadeshi (self-reliance) and khadi (home-spun cloth).

Advocacy for Responsible Government: The Swaraj Party demanded responsible government
in the provinces, where elected representatives would have real power and be accountable to the
people. They worked towards achieving this goal through their participation in the legislative
councils and by advocating for constitutional reforms.
Formation of the Simon Commission: In 1928, when the British government appointed the
Simon Commission to review the working of the Government of India Act of 1919 and to suggest
reforms, the Swaraj Party boycotted it.

Despite facing challenges and criticism from various quarters, the Swaraj Party played a crucial
role in keeping the flame of the freedom struggle alive during a period of political transition and
uncertainty. Their approach of combining parliamentary politics with nationalist aspirations
contributed to shaping the trajectory of the Indian National Movement in the years leading up to
independence.

3. The Government of India Act of 1919 is a landmark in the history of constitutional

development in India". Discuss
Ans:
The Government of India Act of 1919, also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, indeed
marked a significant milestone in the constitutional development of India. Here's why it's
considered a landmark:

Introduction of Diarchy: One of the most notable features of the 1919 Act was the introduction
of the diarchy system in the provinces. Under this system, certain responsibilities of the provincial
government were divided into two categories: transferred and reserved.

Expansion of Legislative Councils: The Act expanded the legislative councils at both the
central and provincial levels. While the central legislative council was enlarged to include more
elected Indian members, the provincial councils saw increased Indian representation, albeit
through limited franchise. .

Separate Electorates: The Act retained the provision of separate electorates for Muslims, Sikhs,
and other minorities, which had been introduced earlier under the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909.

Introduction of Public Service Commission: The Act established a Public Service Commission
to oversee the recruitment and appointments to the Indian Civil Services

Devolution of Power: While not providing for full self-government, the Act marked a significant
step
towards devolving power from the British government to Indian representatives.

Reaction and Criticism: Despite its progressive elements, the Act faced criticism from Indian
nationalists for not going far enough in granting self-government. The retention of British control
over key areas of administration and the limited franchise were particularly contentious issues.

Overall, the Government of India Act of 1919 laid the foundation for future constitutional
developments in India. It represented a significant shift towards greater Indian involvement in
governance and set the stage for further reforms leading ultimately to independence. While it fell
short of nationalist aspirations for full self-rule, it was a crucial step in the evolution of India's
constitutional framework.

4 Why was the civil disobedience movement started

Ans 4
The Civil Disobedience Movement was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi in response to various
factors and grievances faced by the Indian population under British colonial rule:
Failure of Previous Methods: Gandhi, along with other leaders, had experimented with various
forms of nonviolent resistance and constructive programs like non-cooperation and the Khilafat
Movement. However, these movements did not achieve the desired results of significant political
concessions from the British government.

Salt Tax and Salt Satyagraha: One of the immediate triggers for the Civil Disobedience
Movement was the Salt Tax imposed by the British government, which heavily burdened the poor
and affected virtually every Indian household
Economic Hardships: The Great Depression of the 1930s exacerbated economic hardships in
India, leading to widespread unemployment, poverty, and agrarian distress. Indians were
increasingly disillusioned with British economic policies that favored British industries at the
expense of Indian interests.

Demand for Swaraj (Self-Rule): The Indian National Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, had
long been advocating for swaraj or self-rule. The Civil Disobedience Movement was a means to
intensify the struggle for independence and to mobilize the masses towards achieving this goal.

Repression and Unrest: The British response to earlier protests, such as the Simon Commission
and the Round Table Conferences, had been perceived as dismissive and inadequate. This,
coupled with instances of police brutality and repression against Indian nationalists, fueled
resentment and anger among the populace.

In summary, the Civil Disobedience Movement was started as a response to a combination of

economic, political, and social grievances, and it represented a concerted effort by Indian
nationalists, led by Gandhi, to challenge British colonial rule and advance the cause of Indian
independence through nonviolent means.

5. Discuss the impact of World War-II on the course of Indian Freedom Struggle.
Ans:
World War II had a profound impact on the course of the Indian Freedom Struggle, affecting both
the strategies of the Indian nationalist movement and the attitudes of the British colonial
administration. Here are some key aspects of its impact:

Opportunity for Nationalist Mobilization: The outbreak of World War II provided an opportunity
for Indian nationalists to press their demands for independence by exploiting Britain's need for
Indian support in the war effort. Leaders like Subhas Chandra Bose saw the war as an
opportunity to launch an armed struggle against British rule

Congress' Quit India Movement: In August 1942, the Indian National Congress launched the
Quit India Movement, demanding an end to British rule in India. The movement aimed to
capitalize on Britain's preoccupation with the war and to force the British to grant independence.

Bifurcation of Indian Politics: The war exacerbated divisions within the Indian nationalist
movement. While the Indian National Congress led by Gandhi and Nehru pursued a policy of
nonviolent non-cooperation

Impact on British Colonial Policy: The war weakened Britain's economic and military position,
leading to a reassessment of colonial policies. The British realized the importance of Indian
support for the war effort and made promises of post-war reforms

Role of Indian Soldiers: Over two million Indian soldiers fought in various theaters of World War
II, making significant contributions to the Allied victory. Indian soldiers' participation in the war
effort increased Indian self-confidence and reinforced demands for independence

International Diplomacy: The war brought India onto the international stage, with Indian leaders
seeking support for their cause from other nations. Gandhi's Quit India Movement and the INA's
activities attracted attention worldwide

6.Examine critically the causes of discontent among the peasanory during the period 1919-
1935.

Ans6:
During the period from 1919 to 1935, several factors contributed to discontent among the
peasantry in India. These causes stemmed from economic, social, and political grievances,
exacerbating the already precarious conditions of rural life. Here's a critical examination of some
of these causes:

Land Revenue Policies: The burden of land revenue was a significant source of discontent
among the peasantry. British land revenue policies often favored landlords and revenue
collectors, leading to high rates of taxation and arbitrary assessments. The rigid revenue
collection system sometimes resulted in excessive demands, forcing peasants into debt and
impoverishment.

Economic Exploitation: Peasants faced economic exploitation from landlords and

moneylenders. Landlords often charged exorbitant rents and subjected peasants to oppressive
tenancy arrangements, while moneylenders charged high-interest rates, trapping peasants in
cycles of debt bondage. The lack of access to credit and resources further marginalized the
peasantry.

Indebtedness and Agrarian Distress: The agrarian economy was characterized by widespread
indebtedness and agrarian distress. Poor agricultural productivity, coupled with unpredictable
weather conditions and natural disasters, led to crop failures and reduced incomes for peasants.

Loss of Common Lands: The enclosure of common lands and forests by the colonial
administration and landlords deprived peasants of vital resources for grazing, firewood, and other
necessities. This loss of access to common property further marginalized the peasantry and
heightened their sense of injustice.

Social Hierarchies and Discrimination: The rural social structure was marked by hierarchies
based on caste and class, with peasants often belonging to marginalized communities.

Political Marginalization: Peasants were largely excluded from the political process and had
limited avenues for voicing their concerns. The colonial administration often ignored peasant
demands and prioritized the interests of landlords and the urban elite.

Section B (500 -800 words)

7 Examine the objective and main features of Non-Cooperation movement. Why did
Gandhiji suspended the movement

Ans 7:
The Non-Cooperation Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, was a significant phase
in India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule. Its objectives and main features
were rooted in the principles of nonviolent resistance and mass mobilization. Here's an
examination of its objectives and key features:
Objectives:

Achieve Swaraj (Self-Rule): The primary objective of the Non-Cooperation Movement was to
attain swaraj or self-rule for India. Mahatma Gandhi envisioned an India free from British colonial
rule and governed by Indians themselves, with equal rights and opportunities for all.

Withdrawal of Cooperation with British Institutions: The movement aimed to undermine

British authority in India by withdrawing cooperation with British institutions, including educational,
administrative, and legal systems. Indians were encouraged to boycott British-run schools,
colleges, and courts, as well as resign from government jobs and titles.

Promote Swadeshi (Self-Reliance): The movement sought to promote swadeshi, or self-

reliance, by boycotting British-made goods and promoting the use of Indian-made products. This
was seen as a means to strengthen the Indian economy and reduce dependence on British
imports.

Unity among Hindus and Muslims: Gandhi emphasized Hindu-Muslim unity as a crucial aspect
of the Non-Cooperation Movement. He aimed to bridge communal divides and forge a united front
against British rule, appealing to the shared aspirations of all Indians for freedom and justice.
Main Features:
Mass Participation: The Non-Cooperation Movement witnessed widespread participation from
people across different regions, communities, and social backgrounds. It mobilized millions of
Indians, including peasants, workers, students, and professionals, in a united struggle against
British rule.

Nonviolent Resistance: Nonviolence was the cornerstone of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Gandhi believed in the power of nonviolent resistance as a means to challenge oppression and
injustice while maintaining moral integrity. The movement advocated for peaceful protests, strikes,
and civil disobedience as methods of resistance.

Boycotts and Demonstrations: The movement involved various forms of boycotts, including
boycotting British institutions, goods, and titles. Indians also staged mass demonstrations,
marches, and protests to express their discontent and demand political concessions from the
British government.

Impact on British Authority: The Non-Cooperation Movement dealt a significant blow to British
authority in India. It disrupted colonial administration, undermined British economic interests, and
challenged the legitimacy of British rule. The widespread participation and nonviolent nature of
the movement garnered international attention and sympathy for the Indian cause.

Repression and Sacrifice: The British responded to the Non-Cooperation Movement with
repression, arrests, and violence. Many Indian leaders and activists were imprisoned, and several
lost their lives in clashes with the authorities. Despite facing hardships and sacrifices, the
movement continued to inspire resilience and determination among the Indian people.

Legacy and Lessons: While the Non-Cooperation Movement did not immediately lead to
independence, it laid the groundwork for future struggles and inspired subsequent movements for
freedom. It demonstrated the power of mass mobilization and nonviolent resistance in challenging
colonial oppression and paved the way for India's eventual independence in 1947.

Overall, the Non-Cooperation Movement was a transformative phase in India's struggle for
freedom, characterized by mass participation, nonviolent resistance, and a unified quest for
swaraj. It remains a landmark in the history of India's independence movement and a testament to
the enduring legacy of Gandhi's principles of satyagraha and ahimsa.

Mahatma Gandhi suspended the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922 due to a

combination of factors, including incidents of violence, internal divisions within the Indian National
Congress, and strategic considerations. Here's why he made this decision:

Chauri Chaura Incident: The suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement was prompted by
the violent events that occurred in Chauri Chaura, a village in Uttar Pradesh. During a protest, a
group of demonstrators clashed with the police, resulting in the death of several policemen. In
retaliation, the police opened fire on the crowd, leading to further casualties. Subsequently, the
angered protesters set fire to a police station, resulting in the death of 22 policemen. Concerns
over Violence: Gandhi was deeply committed to the principle of nonviolence and believed that
any violence committed in the name of the movement undermined its moral integrity and
effectiveness.

Internal Divisions: The Non-Cooperation Movement had exposed internal divisions within the
Indian National Congress, particularly between the moderates and the more radical elements led
by Gandhi. The suspension of the movement allowed for a period of introspection and
reconciliation within the Congress party, as leaders debated the future course of action.

Reevaluation of Strategy: Gandhi used the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement as

an opportunity to reassess the strategy and tactics of the independence movement. He believed
that a period of constructive work and preparation was necessary before launching another mass
movement.

Legal and Political Pressure: The British colonial authorities had intensified their crackdown on
the Non-Cooperation Movement, arresting thousands of activists and leaders. The suspension of
the movement allowed for a temporary respite from repression and provided an opportunity for
leaders to regroup and strategize.
Overall, Gandhi's decision to suspend the Non-Cooperation Movement was driven by a
combination of moral, strategic, and practical considerations. While it marked a temporary
setback for the independence movement, it also provided important lessons and paved the way
for future phases of the struggle for freedom.

8 Examine the factors that led to the making of the Quit India movement in 1942.

Ans 8:
The Quit India Movement of 1942 was a significant turning point in India's struggle for
independence, marked by widespread mass participation and a resolute demand for immediate
freedom from British colonial rule. Several factors contributed to the making of the Quit India
Movement:

Failure of Cripps Mission: The Cripps Mission, led by Sir Stafford Cripps in 1942, was sent to
India by the British government to negotiate with Indian leaders and address Indian political
demands in exchange for Indian support in World War II. However, the proposals put forward by
the Cripps Mission fell short of Indian nationalist aspirations, as they did not guarantee immediate
self-government or promise full independence after the war. This disappointment among Indian
leaders and the general populace fueled resentment against British rule and heightened the
demand for complete independence.

Discontent Among Indians: By 1942, there was widespread discontent among Indians due to
the economic hardships caused by the war, as well as frustrations with British colonial policies
and repression. The war had exacerbated socio-economic inequalities and led to food shortages,
inflation, and other hardships, further fueling anti-British sentiments.

Inspiration from International Events: The global context of World War II played a significant
role in shaping the Quit India Movement. Indians drew inspiration from the anti-fascist struggles in
Europe and the principles of democracy and self-determination espoused by Allied powers. They
questioned the contradiction of fighting for freedom and democracy abroad while being denied the
same rights in their own country under British rule.

Leadership of Mahatma Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi's leadership and moral authority were
instrumental in mobilizing Indians for the Quit India Movement. Gandhi's call for "Do or Die"
(Karenge Ya Marenge) galvanized the masses and instilled a spirit of determination and sacrifice
among the people. His message of nonviolent resistance resonated with millions of Indians,
inspiring them to join the movement despite the risks of repression and violence.

Youth and Student Participation: The Quit India Movement saw significant participation from
students and youth, who were disillusioned with British rule and inspired by the ideals of freedom
and nationalism. Youth organizations like the All India Students Federation (AISF) played a key
role in organizing protests, strikes, and acts of civil disobedience, contributing to the momentum
of the movement.

Repression and Response to Repression: The British response to the Quit India Movement
was swift and severe, with mass arrests, police brutality, and crackdowns on protests and
demonstrations. However, instead of suppressing the movement, the repression fueled popular
anger and resistance, leading to widespread unrest and acts of defiance against British authority.

In summary, the Quit India Movement of 1942 was the culmination of various factors, including
political disillusionment, economic grievances, international influences, leadership, and popular
mobilization. It represented a decisive moment in India's struggle for independence, marking a
mass uprising against British colonial rule and paving the way for the eventual attainment of
freedom in 1947.
The Quit India Movement of 1942 emerged as a culmination of several factors that galvanized
Indian society against British colonial rule. Firstly, there was widespread disillusionment with
British promises of political reform, exemplified by the failure of the Cripps Mission to offer
meaningful concessions towards Indian self-rule. This disappointment heightened anti-British
sentiments, fostering a growing desire for immediate independence.
Economic grievances also played a significant role. The socio-economic disruptions caused by
World War II led to inflation, shortages, and economic hardships, exacerbating discontent among
the Indian populace. Moreover, the war effort imposed burdensome taxes and requisitioned
resources from India, worsening the plight of the people and fueling resentment towards British
rule.

The inspiration from international events and ideologies was another influential factor. Indians
drew inspiration from anti-fascist struggles in Europe and the principles of democracy and self-
determination championed by Allied powers. This global context highlighted the contradiction of
fighting for freedom abroad while being denied the same rights under British colonialism at home,
motivating Indians to demand immediate independence.
Mahatma Gandhi's leadership and moral authority were pivotal in mobilizing the masses for the
Quit India Movement. Gandhi's call for "Do or Die" (Karenge Ya Marenge) resonated deeply with
Indians, instilling a spirit of determination and sacrifice. His message of nonviolent resistance
galvanized millions to join the movement, despite the risks of repression and violence.
The participation of youth and students also significantly contributed to the momentum of the Quit
India Movement. Disillusioned with British rule and inspired by nationalist ideals, young Indians
played a prominent role in organizing protests, strikes, and acts of civil disobedience, amplifying
the movement's reach and impact.
Finally, the British response to the Quit India Movement, characterized by mass arrests, police
brutality, and crackdowns on dissent, fueled popular anger and resistance. Instead of quelling the
movement, repression further united Indians against colonial rule, intensifying the struggle for
independence.

In essence, the Quit India Movement of 1942 emerged from a convergence of political, economic,
ideological, and social factors, culminating in a mass uprising against British colonialism and
laying the groundwork for India's eventual independence in 1947.

The Quit India Movement of 1942 was a watershed moment in India's struggle for independence,
marked by mass mobilization, demand for immediate freedom, and leadership of Mahatma
Gandhi. Its significance lies in its radical departure from gradualism, showcasing unity of purpose,
inspiring subsequent generations, and garnering international attention. Despite facing severe
repression, the movement left a lasting legacy, strengthening the resolve of Indians to continue
the fight until independence was achieved in 1947. It remains a symbol of the power of mass
movements and nonviolent resistance in challenging colonial oppression and advancing the
cause of freedom and self-determination.

9 Discuss the origin and growth of Indian National Army and its significance.

Ans 9:
The Indian National Army (INA), formed during World War II, was a pivotal force in India's struggle
for independence. Led by Subhas Chandra Bose, the INA aimed to liberate India from British
colonial rule by harnessing the military strength of Indian soldiers. Recruiting primarily from Indian
prisoners of war captured by the Japanese in Southeast Asia and Indian expatriates, the INA
participated in military campaigns alongside Japanese forces.

Although the INA faced logistical challenges and ultimately could not achieve its primary objective
of liberating India during the war, its significance endured beyond the conflict. The INA became a
symbol of Indian nationalism and resistance against British colonialism, inspiring millions of
Indians to join the struggle for independence.

The INA's legacy was felt in post-independence India, with its members playing prominent roles in
politics, government, and society. The INA trials in India, where captured INA soldiers were
prosecuted by the British Indian authorities, sparked widespread protests and contributed to the
erosion of British legitimacy in India. Overall, the Indian National Army represented a significant
chapter in India's quest for freedom, embodying the spirit of sacrifice and determination in the
fight against colonial oppression.

The Indian National Army (INA), also known as the Azad Hind Fauj, was formed during World
War II with the aim of liberating India from British colonial rule. Here's an overview of its origin,
growth, and significance:
Origin: The INA was initially founded by Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose in 1942
in Southeast Asia. Bose, disillusioned with the British response to Indian demands for
independence, sought support from Axis powers such as Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan to
create an armed force to fight against British rule in India.

Recruitment: The INA primarily recruited Indian prisoners of war (POWs) captured by the
Japanese in Southeast Asia, as well as Indian expatriates and volunteers living in East Asia.
Many Indian soldiers, primarily from the British Indian Army, were inspired by Bose's leadership
and vision of a free India and joined the INA to fight against colonial oppression.

Growth: The INA expanded rapidly under Bose's leadership, with recruitment drives across
Southeast Asia and the establishment of training camps to train new recruits. By 1944, the INA
had grown into a formidable force, comprising several brigades and divisions, with thousands of
soldiers from diverse backgrounds and regions of India.

Military Campaigns: The INA participated in several military campaigns alongside Japanese
forces in Southeast Asia, including the Burma Campaign and the Imphal-Kohima offensive. While
the INA achieved some successes on the battlefield, particularly in propaganda and psychological
warfare, it faced logistical challenges and ultimately could not achieve its primary objective of
liberating India.

Significance: The significance of the INA lies in its role as a symbol of Indian nationalism and
resistance against British colonial rule. It represented a radical departure from previous modes of
nationalist struggle, advocating armed resistance and direct confrontation with British forces. The
INA also played a crucial role in galvanizing Indian soldiers and civilians, both in Southeast Asia
and in India, to join the struggle for independence.

The Indian National Army (INA) holds immense significance in the history of India's struggle for
independence. Formed during World War II under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose, the
INA aimed to liberate India from British colonial rule by mobilizing Indian soldiers and expatriates
in Southeast Asia.
The INA played a crucial role in galvanizing Indian nationalist sentiments, particularly among
soldiers disillusioned with British rule. Its formation represented a radical departure from previous
modes of nationalist struggle, advocating armed resistance and direct confrontation with British
forces.
While the INA's military campaigns did not achieve their primary objective of liberating India
during the war, its legacy endured beyond the conflict. The INA trials in India, where captured INA
soldiers were prosecuted by the British Indian authorities, sparked widespread protests and
contributed to the erosion of British legitimacy in India.

Furthermore, the INA's significance was felt in post-independence India, with its members playing
prominent roles in politics, government, and society. Their contributions to the freedom struggle
and their sacrifices inspired subsequent generations of Indians and symbolized the spirit of
nationalism and determination in the fight against colonial oppression. Overall, the Indian National
Army remains a potent symbol of India's quest for freedom and self-determination.

Legacy: Although the INA's military campaigns did not result in the liberation of India during
World War II, its legacy endured beyond the war. The INA trials in India, where captured INA
soldiers were prosecuted by the British Indian authorities, sparked widespread protests and
contributed to the erosion of British legitimacy in India. The INA's significance was further
highlighted by the impact of its members on post-independence India, with many former INA
soldiers playing prominent roles in politics, government, and society.

Overall, the Indian National Army's origin, growth, and significance lie in its embodiment of Indian
aspirations for freedom, its challenge to British colonial rule, and its enduring legacy as a symbol
of nationalist resistance and sacrifice.