Chapter 3

Integration

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LESSON 11: Integration
TIME FRAME: 5 hours

LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of the lesson, the learner shall be able to:

1. Illustrate the antiderivative of a function;

2. Compute the general antiderivative of polynomial functions;
3. Compute the general antiderivative of root functions;
4. Compute the general antiderivative of exponential functions; and,
5. Compute the general antiderivative of trigonometric functions.

LESSON OUTLINE:

1. Antiderivatives of functions
2. Antiderivatives of polynomial and root functions
3. Antiderivatives of integrals yielding exponential and logarithmic functions
4. Antiderivatives of trigonometric functions

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 TOPIC 11.1: Illustration of an Antiderivative of a Function

DEVELOPMENT OF THE LESSON

(A) ACTIVITY

Matching Type. Match the functions in Column A with their corresponding derivatives in
Column B.

Column A Column B

1. F (x) = x3 + 2x2 + x a. f (x) = 4x3 + 3x2

2. F (x) = x3 + x2 + x b. f (x) = 9x2 + 3
3. F (x) = x4 + 3x3 + 1 c. f (x) = 3x2 + 2x + 1
4. F (x) = x4 + x3 + 2 d. f (x) = 9x2 3
5. F (x) = x2 + 2x + 1 e. f (x) = 2x + 2
6. F (x) = x2 2x + 1 f. f (x) = 2x 2
7. F (x) = 3x3 + 3x + 1 g. f (x) = 3x2 + 4x + 1
8. F (x) = 3x3 3x + 1 h. f (x) = 4x3 + 9x2

(B) INTRODUCTION

In the previous discussions, we learned how to find the derivatives of different functions.
Now, we will introduce the inverse of differentiation. We shall call this process antidiffer-
entiation. A natural question then arises:

Given a function f , can we find a function F whose derivative is f ?

Definition 5. A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if

F 0 (x) = f (x) for every value of x in I.

Teaching Tip
The teacher must go back to the activity and explain to the students that the func-
tions in Column A are indeed antiderivatives of the their corresponding derivatives
in Column B.

193
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(C) LESSON PROPER

ANTIDERIVATIVES OR INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

We will now give examples of antiderivatives of functions.

EXAMPLE 1:
(a) An antiderivative of f (x) = 12x2 +2x is F (x) = 4x3 +x2 . As we can see, the derivative
of F is given by F 0 (x) = 12x2 + 2x = f (x).
(b) An antiderivative of g(x) = cos x is G(x) = sin x because G0 (x) = cos x = g(x).

Remark 1: The antiderivative F of a function f is not unique.

EXAMPLE 2:
(a) Other antiderivatives of f (x) = 12x2 + 2x are F1 (x) = 4x3 + x2 1 and F2 (x) =
4x3 + x2 + 1. In fact, any function of the form F (x) = 4x3 + x2 + C, where C 2 R is
an antiderivative of f (x). Observe that F 0 (x) = 12x2 + 2x + 0 = 12x2 + 2x = f (x).
(b) Other antiderivatives of g(x) = cos x are G1 (x) = sin x + ⇡ and G2 (x) = sin x 1. In
fact, any function G(x) = sin x + C, where C 2 R is an antiderivative of g(x).

Theorem 10. If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I, then every antiderivative of

f on I is given by F (x) + C, where C is an arbitrary constant.

Remark 2: Using the theorem above, we can conclude that if F1 and F2 are antiderivatives
of f , then F2 (x) = F1 (x) + C. That is, F1 and F2 differ only by a constant.

Terminologies and Notations:

• Antidifferentation is the process of finding the antiderivative.

Z
• The symbol , also called the integral sign, denotes the operation of antid-
ifferentiation.

• The function f is called the integrand .

Z
• If F is an antiderivative of f , we write f (x) dx = F (x) + C.
Z
• The symbols and dx go hand-in-hand and dx helps us identify the variable
of integration.

• The expression F (x)+C is called the general antiderivative of f . Meanwhile,

each antiderivative of f is called a particular antiderivative of f .

194
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 (D) EXERCISES

1. Determine the general antiderivatives of the following functions:

a. f (x) = 6x5 x4 + 2x2 3
b. f (x) = 3
c. g(x) = x3 3x2 3x 1
?d. h(x) = sin x + cos x sec2 x Answer: H(x) = cos x + sin x tan x + C
2. Matching type: Match the functions in Column A with their corresponding antideriva-
tives in Column B.

Column A Column B

a. F (x) = 3x3 x
a. f (x) = 3x2 + 2x + 1
b. F (x) = x3
+ x2 + x
b. f (x) = 9x2 1 1 3
c. F (x) = 2x2 x
c. f (x) = x2 2 3
1
d. f (x) = (x + 1)(x 1) d. F (x) = 2x2 + x3
3
1
e. f (x) = x(4 x) e. F (x) = x3 2x + 1
3
f. f (x) = x(x 4) 1
f. F (x) = x3 x + 1
3

195
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TOPIC 11.2: Antiderivatives of Algebraic Functions

DEVELOPMENT OF THE LESSON

(A) INTRODUCTION

As previously discussed, the process of antidifferentiation is just the inverse process of find-
ing the derivatives of functions. We have shown in the previous lesson that a function can
have a family of antiderivatives.

We will look at antiderivatives of different types of functions. Particularly, we will find the
antiderivatives of polynomial functions, rational functions and radical functions.

(B) LESSON PROPER

Let us recall first the following differentiation formulas:

(a) Dx (x) = 1.
(b) Dx (xn ) = nxn 1, where n is any real number.
(c) Dx [a(f (x))] = aDx [f (x)].
(d) Dx [f (x) ± g(x)] = Dx [f (x)] ± Dx [g(x)].
The above formulas lead to the following theorem which are used in obtaining the an-
tiderivatives of functions. We apply them to integrate polynomials, rational functions and
radical functions.

Theorem 11. (Theorems on Antidifferentiation)

Z
(a) dx = x + C.

(b) If n is any real number and n 6= 1, then

xn+1
Z
xn dx = + C.
n+1

(c) If a is any constant and f is a function, then

Z Z
af (x) dx = a f (x) dx.

(d) If f and g are functions defined on the same interval,

Z Z Z
[f (x) ± g(x)] dx = f (x) dx ± g(x) dx.

196
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 Teaching Tip
1 p
• Remind the students that expressions of the form p and q xp are integrated
x
using the formula (b) of Theorem 11, since they can be rewritten into x p and
xp/q respectively.

• In
Z case a student asks, please reiterate in class that the case when n = 1 for
xn dx will be discussed later.

EXAMPLE 1: Determine the following antiderivatives:

Z Z
1. 3 dx 5. 12x2 + 2x dx
Z
2. x6 dx Z ⇣
p⌘
6. t 2t 3 t dt
1
Z
3. 6
dx
Z x
p x2 + 1
Z
4. 4 u du 7. dx
x2

Solution. We will use the Theorems on Antidifferentiation to determine the antiderivatives.

Z Z
1. Using (a) and (c) of the theorem, we have 3 dx = 3 dx = 3x + C.

x6+1 x7
Z
2. Using (b) of the theorem, we have x6 dx = +C = + C.
6+1 7
3. Using (b) of the theorem, we have

1 x 6+1 x 5 1
Z Z
6
dx = x dx = + C = +C = + C.
x6 6+1 5 5x5

4. Using (b) and (c) of the theorem, we have

1 3 3
p 4u 2 +1 4u 2 8u 2
Z Z
1
4 u du = 4 u du = 1
2 +C = 3 +C = + C.
2 +1 2
3

5. Using (b), (c) and (d) of the theorem, we have

12x3 2x2
Z ⇣ ⌘ Z Z
2 2
12x + 2x dx = 12 x dx + 2 x dx = + + C = 4x3 + x2 + C.
3 2

6. Using (b), (c) and (d), we have

5
p⌘ 2t3 6t 2
Z ⇣ Z ⇣ ⌘ Z Z
3 3
t 2t 3 t dt = 2t2 3t 2 dt = 2 t2 dt 3 t 2 dt = + C.
3 5

7. Using (a), (b) and (d), we have

Z 2 1
x +1 x 1
Z ⇣ ⌘
2
dx = 1+x dx = x + +C =x + C.
x2 1 x

197
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 .

Teaching Tip
• A common mistake in antidifferentiation is distributing the integral sign over
a product or a quotient. Please reiterate that
Z
f (x) dx
f (x)
Z Z Z Z
f (x)g(x) dx 6= f (x) dx · g(x) dx and dx 6= Z .
g(x)
g(x) dx

• In antidifferentiation, it is better to rewrite a product or a quotient into a sum

or difference. This technique was done in the last two items of the previous
example.

(C) EXERCISES
Z Z p
x2 dx
3
1. 10. x2 dx
Z Z p
2. (x3 + 2x2 ) dx 11.
4
x4 dx
Z ✓ ◆
3 4 2
Z p
3. x + 3x + 1 dx 5
4 12. x10 dx
Z
4. x 2 dx
Z
Z 13. (u2 + u + 1) du
5. (x 3 + x 2 + x 1 ) dx Z ✓ ◆
1 4
Z 14. v + v2 + v dv
4
6. x 100 dx
w3 + w2 + w
Z
15. dw
Z
7. (3x 2 + x + 2) dx w3
Z
Z p
8. 1, 000 dx 16. 4 y dy

p p p
Z Z
1
9. 3
x dx 17. t2 3
t+ t t 2 dt

198
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 TOPIC 11.3: Antiderivatives of Functions Yielding Exponential
Functions and Logarithmic Functions

DEVELOPMENT OF THE LESSON

(A) INTRODUCTION

We will introduce the antiderivatives of two important functions namely, the exponential
function
f (x) = ex

and the function yielding the logarithmic function

f (x) = ln x.

We will present first the basic formulas, then their examples once we have already dis-
cussed integration by substitution. The technique of integration by substitution will help
us integrate complicated functions yielding exponential and logarithmic functions.

(B) LESSON PROPER

In this lesson, we will present the basic formulas for integrating functions that yield expo-
nential and logarithmic functions. Let us first recall the following differentiation formulas:

(a) Dx (ex ) = ex .

(b) Dx (ax ) = ax ln a.
1
(c) Dx (ln x) = .
x
Because antidifferentiation is the inverse operation of differentiation, the following theorem
should be immediate.

Theorem 12. (Theorems on integrals yielding the exponential and logarithmic

functions)
Z
(a) ex dx = ex + C.

ax
Z
(b) ax dx =+ C. Here, a > 0 with a 6= 1.
ln a
1
Z Z
1
(c) x dx = dx = ln |x| + C.
x

199
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 These statements in the theorem make sense since, as we had discussed in differen-
tiation, the derivative of
F (x) = ex + C

is
f (x) = F 0 (x) = ex + 0 = ex .

Also, the derivative of

G(x) = ax

is
g(x) = G0 (x) = ax ln a.
p
For the next function, we first recall that |x| = x2 . So, using Chain Rule, the
derivative of
p
H(x) = ln |x| + C = ln x2 + C

is
1 1 1
h(x) = H 0 (x) = p p (2x + 0) = .
2
x 2 x 2 x
Note that we used y = ln |x| because it has a larger domain than y = ln x, as ln x is
defined only on positive real numbers.

EXAMPLE 1: Find the integrals of the following functions.

Z Z
(a) x x
(e + 2 ) dx (c) 3x+1 dx

2
Z Z
(b) x
3 dx (d) dx
x

Solution. We will use the theorem to determine the integrals.

(a) Using (a) and (b) of theorem, we have
2x
Z Z Z
(ex + 2x ) dx = (ex ) dx + (2x ) dx = ex + + C.
ln 2
(b) Using (b) of the theorem, we have
3x
Z
3x dx = + C.
ln 3
(c) Using (b) of the theorem, we have
3x
Z Z Z
x+1
3 dx = (3 )(3 ) dx = 3 (3x ) dx = 3
x 1
+ C.
ln 3
(d) Using (c) of the theorem, we get
2 1
Z Z
dx = 2 dx = 2 ln |x| + C.
x x

200
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 .

We will take more integrals yielding the exponential and logarithmic functions once
we discuss integration by substitution. For instance, we will try to see how we can
evaluate the following:

1
Z Z Z
(a) e3x dx (b) 24x dx (c) dx.
2x 1

(C) EXERCISES
Solve the following integrals:
Z Z
(1) 2ex dx (4) 5x+2 dx

2
Z Z
(2) (2ex + 4x ) dx (5) dx
x
Z Z
(3) 2(5x ) dx (6) 3x 1 dx

201
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TOPIC 11.4: Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions

DEVELOPMENT OF THE LESSON

(A) INTRODUCTION

We already know how to differentiate the trigonometric functions. As we said, the process
of finding the antiderivatives of functions is the inverse of such a process. At this point, we
will find the antiderivatives of trigonometric functions.

(B) LESSON PROPER

Let us first recall the following differentiation formulas of the different trigonometric func-
tions:

(a) Dx (sin x) = cos x (d) Dx (sec x) = sec x tan x

(b) Dx (cos x) = sin x (e) Dx (cot x) = csc2 x
(c) Dx (tan x) = sec2 x (f) Dx (csc x) = cot x csc x.

We now present the formulas for the antiderivatives of trigonometric functions.

Theorem 13. (Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions)

Z Z
(a) sin x dx = cos x + C (d) csc2 x dx = cot x + C
Z Z
(b) cos x dx = sin x + C (e) sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
Z Z
(c) sec2 x dx = tan x + C (f ) csc x cot x dx = csc x + C

EXAMPLE 1: Determine the antiderivatives of the following: ‌

Z Z
(a) (cos x sin x) dx (c) tan2 v dv

sin x
Z Z
(b) cot2 x dx (d) dx
cos2 x

Solution. We will use the theorem on antiderivatives of trigonometric functions.

(a) Using (a) and (b) of the theorem, we have
Z Z Z
(cos x sin x) dx = cos x dx sin x dx

= sin x ( cos x) + C = sin x + cos x + C.

202
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 (b) Since we know that cot2 x = csc2 1, then
Z Z ⇣ ⌘ Z Z
2
cot x dx = csc x 1 dx = csc2 x
2
dx = cot2 x + C.

(c) Since tan2 v = sec2 v 1, we have

Z Z ⇣ ⌘ Z Z
2
tan v dv = sec v 1 dv = sec2 v dv
2
dv = tan v v + C.

sin x sin x 1
Z Z Z
(d) dx = dx = tan x sec x dx = sec x + C.
cos2 x cos x cos x
.
Z Z
Note that we have just presented sin x dx and cos x dx. One can then ask the
following:
Z Z
(a) tan x dx =? (c) sec x dx =?
Z Z
(b) cot x dx =? (d) csc x dx =?

We will derive these integrals once we discuss the technique of integration by sub-
stitution.

(C) EXERCISES
Evaluate the following integrals:
Z Z
1. tan2 x dx 6. (sin u + u) du
Z Z
2. cot2 x dx 7. (1 cos v) dv
cos x
Z
1
Z
3. 2 dx ?8. dy
Z sin x sec y tan y
cos x . Answer: cos y + C
4. dx
sin2 x 1
Z
Z  ?9. dx
sin x 2
sin x cos2 x
5. + x dx . Answer: cot x + tan x + C
cos2 x

203
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LESSON 12: Techniques of Antidifferentiation
TIME FRAME: 7 hours

LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of the lesson, the learner shall be able to:

1. Compute the antiderivative of a function using the substitution rule; and

2. Compute the antiderivative of a function using a table of integrals (including those whose
antiderivatives involve logarithmic and inverse trigonometric functions).

LESSON OUTLINE:

1. Antidifferentiation by substitution
2. Table of Integrals

204
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 TOPIC 12.1: Antidifferentiation by Substitution and by Table of
Integrals

DEVELOPMENT OF THE LESSON

(A) INTRODUCTION

Antidifferentiation is more challenging than differentiation. To find the derivative of a

given function, there are well-established rules that are always applicable to differentiable
functions. For antidifferentiation, the antiderivatives given in the previous lesson may not
suffice to integrate a given function.

A prerequisite is knowledge of the basic antidifferentiation formulas. Some formulas are

easily derived, but most of them need to be memorized.

No hard and fast rules can be given as to which method applies in a given situation.
In college, several techniques such as integration by parts, partial fractions, trigonometric
subtitution will be introduced. This lesson focuses on the most basic technique - antidiffer-
entiation by substitution - which is the inverse of the Chain Rule in differentiation.

There are occasions when it is possible to perform a difficult piece of integration by first
making a substitution. This has the effect of changing the variable and the integrand.
The ability to carry out integration by substitution is a skill that develops with practice
and experience, but sometimes a sensible substitution may not lead to an integral that can
be evaluated. We must then be prepared to try out alternative substitutions.
Z
Suppose we are given an integral of the form f (g(x))·g 0 (x) dx. We can transform this into
another form by changing the independent variable x to u using the substitution u = g(x).
du
In this case, = g 0 (x) dx. Therefore,
dx
Z Z
0
f (g(x))g (x) dx = f (u) du.

This change of variable is one of the most important tools available to us. This technique is
called integration by substitution. It is often important to guess what will be the useful
substitution.

Usually, we make a substitution for a function whose derivative also occurs in the integrand.

205
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(B) LESSON PROPER
Z
EXAMPLE 1: Evaluate (x + 4)5 dx.

Solution. Notice that the integrand is in the fifth power of the expression (x+4). To tackle
this problem, we make a substitution. We let u = x + 4. The point of doing this is to
change the integrand into a much simpler u5 . However, we must take care to substitute
appropriately for the term dx too.

du
Now, since u = x + 4 it follows that = 1 and so du = dx. So, substituting (x + 4) and
dx
dx, we have Z Z
(x + 4) dx = u5 du.
5

u6
The resulting integral can be evaluated immediately to give +C. Recalling that u = x+4,
6
we have
Z Z
5
(x + 4) dx = u5 du

u6
= +C
6
(x + 4)6
= + C.
6
.

An alternative way of finding the antiderivative above is to expand the expression in the
integrand and antidifferentiate the resulting polynomial (of degree 5) term by term. We
will NOT do this. Obviously, the solution above is simpler than the mentioned alternative.
Z
EXAMPLE 2: Evaluate (x5 + 2)9 5x4 dx.

Solution. If we let u = x5 + 2, then du = 5x4 dx, which is precisely the other factor in the
integrand. Thus, in terms of the variable u, this is essentially just a power rule integration.

That is,

Z Z
5 9 4
(x + 2) 5x dx = u9 du, where u = x5 + 2

u10
= +C
10
(x5 + 2)10
= + C.
10
.

206
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 Again, the alternative way is to expand out the expression in the integrand, and integrate
the resulting polynomial (of degree 49) term by term. Again, we would rather NOT do
this.
z2
Z
EXAMPLE 3: Evaluate p dz.
1 + z3
du
Solution. In this example, we let u = 1 + z 3 so that = 3z 2 . If u = 1 + z 3 , then we need
dz
to express z 2 dz in the integrand in terms of du or a constant multiple of du.
du 1
From = 3z 2 it follows that du = 3z 2 dz and z 2 dz = du. Thus,
dz 3

z2 1
Z Z
p dz = p · z 2 dz
1+z 3 1+z 3
1 1
Z
= p · du
u 3
1
Z
1
= u 2 du
3
1
!
1 u2
= 1 + C1
3 2
2 1 C1
= u2 +
3 3
2 1 C1
= (1 + z 3 ) 2 + C where C = .
3 3
.

Teaching Tip
To avoid unnecessary arithmetic on the constant of integration, we will henceforth
write C as a separate summand, and add it only after integrating.

x
Z
EXAMPLE 4: Evaluate p dx.
x2 1
1
Solution. Notice that if u = x2 1, then du = 2x dx. This implies that x dx = du, so we
2
have

x 1 1
Z Z
p dx = 1 · du
x2 1 2
Zu 2

1 1
= u 2 du
2
1
!
1 u2
= 1 +C
2 2
1
= (x2 1) 2 + C.

207
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 .
x3
Z
EXAMPLE 5: Evaluate p dx.
x3 + 5
Solution. Let u = x3 + 5. Then x3 = u 5 and du = 3x2 dx. Thus,
x3 u 5
Z Z
p dx = 1 dx
x3 + 5
✓u
2
◆
u 5
Z
= 1 1 dx
Z u2 u2
1 1
= (u 2 5u 2 ) dx
3 1
u2 5u 2
= 3 1 +C
2 2
2 3 1
= u 2 10u 2 + C
3
2 3 3 1
= (x + 5) 2 10(x3 + 5) 2 + C.
3
.
dx
Z
EXAMPLE 6: Evaluate p
3
.
x ln x
1
Solution. We substitute u = ln x so that du = dx, which occurs in the integrand. Thus,
x

dx 1
Z Z
p = p du
3
x ln x 3
u
Z
1
= u 3 du
2
u3
= 2 +C
3
3 2
= (ln x) 3 + C
2
.

We recall the theorem we stated in the previous lesson.

Theorem 14. (Theorems on integrals yielding the exponential and logarithmic

functions)
Z
1. ex dx = ex + C.
ax
Z
2. ax dx = + C. Here, a > 0 with a 6= 1.
ln a
1
Z Z
1
3. x dx = dx = ln |x| + C.
x

208
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 As we said before, we will have more integrals yielding the exponential and logarithmic
functions once we have discussed integration by substitution.

EXAMPLE 7: Evaluate the following integrals.

Z
(a) e3x dx
Z
(b) 24x dx

1
Z
(c) dx
2x 1
Solution. .
du
(a) We let u = 3x. Then du = 3dx. Hence, dx = . So,
3
du 1 1 1
Z Z Z
3x u
e dx = e = eu du = eu + C = e3x + C.
3 3 3 3

du
(b) Here, we let u = 4x and so du = 4dx. Thus, dx = . Hence, we have
4
du 1 1 2u 1 4x
Z Z Z
4x u
2 dx = 2 = 2u du = +C = 2 + C.
4 4 4 ln 2 4 ln 2

du
(c) Suppose we let u = 2x 1. Then du = 2dx. Hence, dx = . We have
2
1 1 du 1 1 1 1
Z Z Z
dx = = du = ln |u| + C = ln |2x 1| + C.
2x 1 u 2 2 u 2 2

.
Z
EXAMPLE 8: Evaluate cos(4x + 3) dx.

Solution. Observe that if we make the substitution u = 4x + 3, the integrand will contain
a much simpler form, cos u, which we can easily integrate. So, if u = 4x + 3, then du = 4 dx
1
and dx = du. So,
4

1
Z Z
cos(4x + 3) dx = cos u · du
4
1
Z
= cos u du
4
1
= sin u + C
4
1
= sin(4x + 3) + C.
4
.

209
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 Z
EXAMPLE 9: Evaluate the integral sin x cos x dx.

Solution. Note that if we let u = sin x, its derivative is du = cos x dx which is the other
factor in the integrand and our integral becomes
Z Z
sin x cos x dx = u du

u2
= + C1
2
sin2 x
= + C1 .
2
.

Alternative solution to the problem: If we let u = cos x, then du = sin x dx which is also
the other factor in the integrand. Even if the integral

cos2 x
Z
sin x cos x dx = + C2
2

looks different from the above answer, we can easily show that the two answers are indeed
equal with by using the trigonometric identity sin2 x+cos2 x = 1. In this case, C2 = C1 + 21 .
Z
EXAMPLE 10: Evaluate the integral esin x cos x dx.

Solution. We let u = sin x so that the other factor in the integrand cos x dx = du. Thus,
the integral becomes

Z Z
esin x cos x dx = eu du
= eu + C
= esin x + C.

Z Z
Recall that we had earlier presented the integrals sin x dx and cos x dx. Now that
we already know integration by substitution, we can now present the integrals of other
trigonometric functions: tan x, cot x, sec x, and csc x.
sin x
Z
First, let us use substitution technique to find tan x dx. Note that tan x = . Hence,
cos x
sin x
Z Z
tan x dx = dx.
cos x

210
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electronic or mechanical including photocopying – without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. First Edition, 2017.
 Now, if we let u = cos x, then du = sin x dx. Hence, we have
sin x
Z Z
tan x dx = dx
cos x
1
Z
= ( du)
u
1
Z
= du
u
= ln |u| + C
= ln | cos x| + C.

Equivalently, ln | cos x| + C = ln | cos x| 1

= ln | sec x| + C.
Z
Similarly, we can use substitution technique to show cot x dx = ln | sin x| + C. Here, we
cos x
use cot x = and choose u = sin x.
sin x
Z
Let us now find sec x dx. The usual trick is to multiply the numerator and the denomi-
nator by sec x + tan x.
sec x + tan x 1
Z Z Z
sec x dx = (sec x) dx = (sec x tan x + sec2 x) dx.
sec x + tan x sec x + tan x
Now, if we let u = sec x + tan x, then du = sec x tan x + sec2 x. Thus, we have
1
Z Z
sec x dx = (sec x tan x + sec2 x) dx.
sec x + tan x
1
Z
= du
u
= ln |u| + C
= ln | sec x + tan x| + C.
Z
Similarly, we can show csc x dx = ln | csc x cot x| + C.
Hence, we have the following formulas:
Z
1. tan x dx = ln | cos x| + C = ln | sec u| + C.
Z
2. cot x dx = ln | sin x| + C.
Z
3. sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C.
Z
4. csc x dx = ln | csc x cot x| + C.

Teaching Tip
It would help the students if the formulas above are written either on a sheet of
manila paper or on the board while the following examples are discussed.

211
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 Z
EXAMPLE 11: Evaluate x4 sec(x5 ) dx.

du
Solution. We let u = x5 . Then du = 5x4 dx. Thus, x4 dx = . We have
5
du
Z Z
4 5
x sec(x ) dx = sec u
5
1
Z
= sec u du
5
1
= ln | sec u + tan u| + C
5
1
= ln | sec x5 + tan x5 | + C.
5
.
x
4 + cos
Z
4
EXAMPLE 12: Evaluate dx.
sin x4

Solution. Let u = x4 . Then du = 1

4 dx and so 4 du = dx. Thus, we have

4 + cos x4 4 + cos u
Z Z
dx = 4du
sin x4 sin u
⇥ 4 cos u ⇤
Z
= 4 + du
sin u sin u
Z 
= 4 4 csc u + cot u du
Z Z
= 4 cot u du + 16 csc u du
= 4 ln | sin u| + 16 ln | csc u cot u| + C
x x x
= 4 ln sin + 16 ln csc cot + C.
4 4 4
.

INTEGRALS OF INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

We now present the formulas for integrals yielding the inverse circular functions.

du
Z
1. p = sin 1 u + C
1 u 2

du
Z
2. = tan 1 u + C
1 + u2
du
Z
3. p = sec 1 u + C
u u 2 1

If the constant 1 in these integrals is replaced by some other positive number, one can use
the following generalizations:

212
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 Let a > 0. Then

Z
dx ⇣x⌘
1
p = sin +C (3.1)
a2 x2 a
dx 1 ⇣x⌘
Z
1
2 2
= tan +C (3.2)
a +x a a
dx 1 ⇣x⌘
Z
p = sec 1 +C (3.3)
x x2 a2 a a

Teaching Tip
Again, it would help the students if the formulas above are written either on a sheet
of manila paper or on the board while the following examples are discussed.

1
Z
EXAMPLE 13: Evaluate p dx.
9 x2
Solution. From Formula (3.1) with a = 3, we write this into
Z
1
Z
1 ⇣x⌘
p dx = p dx = sin 1 + C.
9 x2 32 x 2 3
.
dx
Z
EXAMPLE 14:
9x2 + 36
Solution. Let u = 3x, du = 3 dx. Then from Formula (3.2),

dx 1 du
Z Z
2
= 2
9x + 36 3 u + 36
1 1 ⇣u⌘
= · tan 1 +C
3 6 ✓ 6◆
1 3x
= tan 1 +C
18 6
1 ⇣x⌘
= tan 1 + C.
18 2
.

213
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 dx
Z
EXAMPLE 15: Evaluate p .
x ln x (ln x)2 9
1
Solution. Let u = ln x, du = dx. Then from Formula (3.3),
x

dx du
Z Z
p = p
x ln x (ln x)2 9 u u2 9
1 ⇣u⌘
= sec 1 +C
3 ✓3 ◆
1 ln x
= sec 1 + C.
3 3
.
dx
Z
EXAMPLE 16: p .
9 + 8x x2
Solution. Observe that by completing the squares, and Formula (3.1),

dx dx
Z Z
p = p
9 + 8x x2 9 (x2 8x)
dx
Z
= p
9 (x2 8x + 16 16)
dx
Z
= p .
25 (x 4)2

Let u = x 4, du = dx. Then

dx du
Z Z
p = p
9 + 8x x2 25 u2
u
= sin 1 + C
5
✓ ◆
1 x 4
= sin + C.
5
.
18x + 3
Z
EXAMPLE 17: dx.
9x2 + 6x + 2
Solution. Let u = 9x2 + 6x + 2, du = (18x + 6) dx. Then

18x + 3 18x + 6 3
Z Z Z
2
dx = 2
dx 2
dx
9x + 6x + 2 9x + 6x + 2 9x + 6x + 2
du dx
Z Z
= 3 2
u 9x + 6x + 1 + 1
dx
Z
= ln |u| 3 .
(3x + 1)2 + 1

214
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electronic or mechanical including photocopying – without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. First Edition, 2017.
 Let v = 3x + 1, dv = 3 dx. Then by Formula (3.2),

18x + 3 3 1
Z Z
2
dx = ln |u| 2
dv
9x + 6x + 2 3 v +1
= ln |u| tan 1 v + C
= ln |9x2 + 6x + 2| tan 1
(3x + 1) + C.

Teaching Tip
End the entire lesson by giving the students a table of all integral formulas intro-
duced.

(C) SUMMARY/TABLE OF INTEGRALS

Z Z
1. dx = x + C 11. csc2 x dx = cot x + C

xn+1
Z Z
2. xn dx = + C, if n 6= 1 12. sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
n+1 Z
Z Z
3. af (x) dx = a f (x) dx 13. csc x cot x dx = csc x + C
Z Z Z Z
4. [f (x)±g(x)] dx = f (x) dx± g(x) dx 14. tan x dx = ln | cos x| + C
Z Z
5. ex dx = ex + C 15. cot x dx = ln | sin x| + C

ax
Z Z
6. ax dx = +C 16. sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C
ln a Z
1
Z Z
7. x 1 dx = dx = ln |x| + C 17. csc x dx = ln | csc x cot x| + C
x
Z Z
dx ⇣x⌘
1
8. sin x dx = cos x + C 18. p = sin+C
a2 x2 a
dx 1 1 x +C
Z Z ⇣ ⌘
9. cos x dx = sin x + C 19. = tan
a2 + x2 a a
dx 1 ⇣x⌘
Z Z
10. sec2 x dx = tan x + C 20. p = sec 1 +C
x x2 a2 a a

(D) EXERCISES

I. Determine the antiderivatives of the following functions:

1. f (x) = (x + 1)100 x3
3. g(x) = p
1 x4
6x2 + 2
2. f (x) = (x2 + x)10 (2x + 1) 4. h(x) = p
x3 + x + 1

215
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electronic or mechanical including photocopying – without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. First Edition, 2017.
 II. Evaluate the following integrals:

x2 x e3x
Z Z
1. dx 16. dx
1 + 3x2 2x3 Z e
x 5
cos x
Z
ex+e dx
x
2. dx 17.
1 + 2 sin x
x2 + 2
Z Z log (sin x)
3 2 + sec x
3. dx 18. dx
x+1 tan x
3x5 2x3 + 5x2 2 1
Z Z
4. dx 19. p dx
x3 + 1 2
Z 1 4x
log4 (x2 ) 1
Z
5. dx 20. p dx
x 2
Z x 25x 4
(log4 x)2 dx
Z
6. dx 21. p
x (1 + x ) 16 (tan 1 x)2
2
1 ex
Z Z
7. p dx 22. dx
x+ x 2x+2 + 2
Z Z e
8
8. (sec 4x cot 4x) dx 23. dx
x 2 6x + 25
Z
6
Z
9. sec x csc x dx 24. p dx
Z (2 x) x2 4x + 3
2x
Z
10. 6x ex dx 25. p dx
2
Z
1 Z 4x x
11. dx x
2e x
xp
1 26. 2+x+1
dx
√ x
5 x e5
x
1
Z Z
12. p dx 27. 2 + 25
dx
x 9x
1
Z Z
13. 7x tan(7x ) dx 28. p
2
dx
x 16x 9
3x [cos (3x ) sin (3x )] 1
Z Z
14. dx 29. dx
sin2 (3x ) e x+e x
1
Z
e4x
Z
15. dx 30. p dx
e4x + 1 (2x 3) 4x(x 3)

216
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