Thermodynamics 1

Test - 3rd Court

Student Exercises Azuaje Paula 4.2 4.5I 4.16I 3-104 Barreto Robert 4.3 4.6I 4.17I 3-106 Colmenares Dixon 4.4
4.7I 4.18I 3-104 Florez Ana 4.9 4.8I 4.19I 3-106 Garcia Jeferson 4.10 4.5I 4. 20I 3 -104 Lozada Jorgelys 4.11
4.6I 4.16I 3-106 Mejia Luis 4.12 4.7I 4.17I 3-104 Morillo Mauricio 4.13 4.8I 4.18I 3-106 Romero Jhon 4.14 4.5I
4.19I 3-104 Silva Victor 4.15 4.6I 4.20I 3 -106 Silvera José 4.2 4.7I 4.18I 3-104 Solorzano Lenier 4.3 4.8I 4.19I
3-106 Vivas Roldan 4.4 4.7I 4.20I 3-104 Allocation (couples) 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50I 2.5 1I 2.52I 2.53
2.54I 2.55 2.56I 2.61 Prof. Jermy Blanco 7 8
THERMODYNAMICS
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

P , bar / 0.96 1.47 2 .18 2.94 3.60 1 0, m/kg 1 : 0.928 T . 0,675 0,503 0,403
0,346 2.511. A frictionless piston-cylinder device initially contains oxygen.
te at 160 psia and a volume of 0.10 ft. If the gas expands to a final volume of 0.20 ft?,
calculate the work done in ft·lbf by the shaft connected to the piston. The outside atmospheric
pressure is 1 atm. Suppose that the processes between the initial and final states are the
following : ( a ) the pressure is constant, (b ) the product PV is constant, ( c ) the product PV is
constant. (d ) Compare the results representing the three paths in the same PV diagram.

(b )
2.521.
A cylinder-piston device contains 0.2 kilograms of air at initial conditions of 0.20 ft and 100
psia. The gas is allowed to expand to a final volume of 0.50 ft. Calculate the work done by the
air in ft·lb; in the following quasi-static processes: ( a ) the pressure is constant, (b ) the
product PV is constant, (c) the product PV is constant. ( d ) Compare the results
representing the three paths in the same P V diagram.
( a ) Represent on a Pu diagram and graphically estimate the work required in
kJ/kg. Assume that the process equation satisfies the polytropic relation P1* = c .
Use the first and last Pu data sets
Now use the
to determine the values of the constants n and c. ( 0)
polytropic relationship to determine by
a numerical integration the work necessary, in k J/ kg, and compare
I know with section a. 2.58. The following data has been taken during a
compression process
Quasi-static argon in a cylinder-piston device:
2.53.
P , bar
12,0
2,5
3,0
/ 3,5 |
0,352
| 40 |
45
0,320
0,294
| 5.0
0.2 7 3 writ Wir

V, nr
0,525
0,448
0,393
During a quasi-static process in a cylinder-piston device the pressure is related to the
volume by P = a - b v?, where a = 4.0 bar and b = 450 bar/m. (a ) Derive a
symbolic equation for Wen as a function of the magni
tudes a, b , V, and V. (b ) Calculate the work necessary in Nm to expand the gas from
0.060 to 0.080 m?. ( C ) Determine the values of P in bar at 0.06, 0.07 and
0.08 m2 and represent
Show the path of the process on the P V diagram.
2.541. During a process, the pressure inside a cylinder-piston device
It varies with the volume according to the relationship P = a1-3 + b where a = 49.1 Ibft'
bar and b = 341 lb/ft?. (a ) Derive a symbolic equation for Wen as a function of
the magni
tudes a, b , Vi and Vz. (b ) Calculate the work necessary in ft·lb to compress the gas
from
0.30 to 0.20 ft. (C) Determine the values of P in psia at 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 ft and
Represent the path of the process in the P V diagram.
( a ) Represent on a Pı diagram and graphically estimate the work required in kJ/kg.
(b ) Suppose that the process equation satisfies the polytro relation
pica P V" = c. Use the first and last PV data sets
to determine the values of the constants n and c. (c ) Now use the polytropic relation
to determine by
a numerical integration the necessary work, in kJ, and compare
with section a . 2.591. The following data has been taken during a compression
process
Quasi-static carbon monoxide in a cylinder-piston device:
www.

P , psia
15,0
26,0
50,0
62,05

: 0 , ft/lb
13.80
9,13
7,00
5.58
4,75
2.55. A cylinder-piston device contains 0.12 kg of carbon dioxide at 27°C, 1.0
bar and 0.040 my. The gas is compressed isothermally to 0.020 m". The PVT equation of
state of the gas is given by P V =MRT |1 + (A V), where R=0.140 kJ/kg · K, Vestá in m'and a is a
(b ) Using an integral, the
constant. Determine ( a ) The value of the constant a in m".
work done on the gas in kilojoules . (c) Finally, represent the process on a P V
diagram.
( a ) Represent them in a Po diagram and graphically estimate the work
necessary jo in ft·lb./1bm (b ) Assume that the process equation satisfies the polytro
relation
pica P!" = c. Use the first and last data sets Pu to determine the values of the
constants nyc. (c ) Now use the polytropic relationship to determine by
a numerical integration the necessary work, in ft·lb Abm and com
stop with part a. 2.601. The following data has been taken during a compression
process
Quasi-static helium in a cylinder-piston device:
2.561. A gas is compressed in a cylinder-piston device from 15 psia and
0.50 ft' to a final state of 60 psia. The process equation relating P and V is P =
av-'+ b , where a = 25 psia - ft", P is in psia and V is in ft. Determine (a ) The
value of the constant b in psia. ( b ) Using an integral, the work done on the gas in
ft·lb. (C ) Finally, represent the process on a PV diagram. wwwww

2.57. The following data have been taken during a quasi-static compression process of
carbon monoxide in a cylinder-piston device:
P, psia Vi ft*
20,0
0,540
25,0
0,460
30,0
0,404
35,0
0,362
40,0
0,329
45,0 | 50,
0 4 0.303 0.2 8 1 - inimestele tunities and can lisaminerini THE FIRST LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS 8 0
T ER MODYNAMICS

2.68. A gas at 100 kPa and 0.80 m (state I) is compressed to one-fifth of its initial volume
(state 2) along a path given by PV = constant . Heat is then added at constant pressure
until the initial volume is reached (state 3). Finally, the gas is cooled at constant volume to
state 1. ( a ) Represent the process on a PV diagram. (b ) Calculate the net work of the
cycle in kilojoules.
2.691. A gas at 75 psia and 0.20 ft (state 1) expands to five times its initial volume (state
2) along the path PV = constant. After reaching state 2, heat is added at constant volume until
the initial pressure is reached (state 3). Finally, the gas is cooled at constant pressure to state
1. ( a ) Represent the process on a PV diagram. ( b) Calculate the net work of the cycle in ft.
Ib.
2.70. In a diesel engine, air is compressed according to the relationship PV1.3 = A,
where A is a constant. At the beginning of compression the state is 100 kPa and 1,300
cm and in the final state the volume is 80 cm. (
a ) Represent the path of the process in the PV plane.
(h ) Calculate the work necessary to compress the air in kilojoules
assuming there is no friction. (c) Calculate the work necessary if a friction force is
present
of 160 N, the atmospheric pressure outside the device is 100 kPa and the area of the piston is
80 cm?.
(a) Represent on a P V diagram and graphically estimate the necessary work in
ft·lbf (b ) Assume that the process equation satisfies the polytro relation
pica PV " - c. Use the first and last P V data sets
to determine the values of the constants n and c. (c ) Now use the relation
polytropic to determine by
a numerical integration the work necessary, in ft lbr, and compare
I know with section a. 2.61. In a cylinder-piston device, a gas is compressed from
0.860 to
0.172 m. The variation of pressure with volume is given by P 0.945/V - 8.607 x 10-2 / V?,
where P is in bar and Ven m?. ( a ) Calculate the work necessary on the shaft. ( b ) If an
atinospheric pressure of 1 bar acts on the other side of the piston, calculate the work necessary on the shaft
in kilojoules. 2.621. In a cylinder-piston device, a gas expands from 1.5 to 15 ft".
The
equation of the process relating P and Ves P = 257/V - 3 3, 7/12, where P is in lb . /in' and Ven
ft. ( a ) Calculate the work done by the gas in ft·lbf. (b ) If an atmospheric pressure acts on the
other side of the piston
of 14.7 psia, calculate the work extracted in the cje in ft·lbin 2 . 63 . A
vertical piston-cylinder device contain air that is compressed
by a frictionless piston weighing 3,000 N. During a time interval , a paddle wheel located inside the
cylinder does work on the gas of 6,800 N·m. If the heat given off by the gas is 8.7 kJ and the change in
internal energy of the gas is -1.0 kJ, determine the distance traveled by the piston in meters.
The area of the plunger is 50 cm' and the
atmospheric pressure acting outside the piston is 0.95 bar. 2.64. a device
vertical piston-cylinder contains helium confined by a
frictionless piston of mass 150 kg. During a 3 min interval, a resistor inside the cylinder receives a current of 8 A
from an external 6 V battery. If the heat given off by the gas is 5.80 kJ and the
change in internal energy of the gas is 2.40 kJ, determine the distance traveled by the piston
in centimeters . The area of the plunger is 30.0 cm", the atmospheric pressure acting on the outside of
the plunger is 960 mbar, and
2.651. A vertical piston-cylinder device
the local gravity is 9.60 m/s".
contains air that is compressed
by a frictionless piston weighing 684 lb. During a certain interval of time, a paddle wheel
located inside the cylinder does work on the gas of 5,000 ft·lbf. If the heat given
off by the gas is 8.3 k) and the change in internal energy of the gas is -1.0 Btu,
determine the distance traveled by the piston in feet. Plunger area is 8 inches*
and the atmospheric pressure acting on the outside of the plunger is 14.5
psia. 2.661. A cylinder-piston device contains argon continued by a
piston
frictionless 330 lb. of dough. During an interval of 2 min, a resistor located inside the cylinder receives
a current of 6 A from an external 12 V battery. If the heat given off by the gas is 5.30
Btu and the change in internal energy of the gas is 2 .50 Btu, determine the distance
traveled by the plunger in inches. The area of the plunger is 5.0 in., the atmospheric
pressure acting on the outside of the plunger is 14.4 psia, and the
local gravity is 31.0 ft/s“. 2.67. A gas expands polytropically from 650 kPa and 0.020
m to a
final volume of 0.080 m. Calculate the work done in kilojoules in the case where n
= 1.3.
2.711. In a diesel engine, air is compressed according to the relationship P V1.3
= A, where A
It is a constant. At the beginning of compression the state is 14.5 psia and 80 in.? and
in the final state the volume is 5 in?. (a) Represent the path of the process in the P V
plane. (b ) Calculate the work necessary to compress the air in ft·lbę assuming that
there is no friction. ( c) Calculate the work necessary if a friction force is present
of 48 lb, the atmospheric pressure outside the device is 14.6 psia and the area of the
plunger is 15 in ' .
2.72. A cylinder-piston device contains argon initially occupying a volume of
0.8610 m". During a quasi-static change of state up to a volume of 0.04284 m the
process equation is P =0.8610 /V - 1.8085 x 10-?/V?, where P is in bar and V in cubic
meters. (a ) Determine the units of the constant 0.8610 of the equation. (b ) Represent
the process on a PV diagram, more or less to scale. (c ) Calculate the value, in kilojoules, of
the work communicated to the gas. (d)
Calculate the work necessary if a friction force of 180 N is present, the atmospheric
pressure outside the device is i bar, and the area of the piston is 100 cm'.
2.731. A cylinder-piston device initially contains air, occupying a volume of 0.15 fr.
 During a quasi-static change of state up to a volume of 3.0 ft the process equation is P
= 43.94/V - 0.0340/V?, where P is in bar and V is in cubic meters. ( a ) Determine
the units of the magnitude 43.94 of the equation. ( b) Represent the process
on a P V diagram, more or less to scale. (c) Calculate the value, in ft·lb;, of the
work communicated to the gas. (d) Calculate the work required if a frictional force of
40 lbf is present , the atmospheric pressure outside the device is 14.6 psia, and
the area of the plunger is 16 in ? .
160 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

3- 9 8 Determine the specific volume of nitrogen gas at 10 MPa and 150

K, using a ) the ideal gas equation and b ) the generalized compressibility chart. Compare
these results with the experimental value of 0.002388 m 2 / kg, and determine the error
made in each case. Answer s : a) 0.004452 m3/kg, 86.4 percent; b ) 0.002404 m3/kg,
0.7 percent.
3-108 During a warm summer day at the beach, when the air temperature is
30°C, someone says that the water vapor
pressure in the air is 5.2 kPa . Is what he
says reasonable ?3-109 On a certain day,
the temperature and relative humidity of
the air over a large swimming pool are
determined to be 20°C and 40 percent, respectively.
Calculate the temperature of the water in the pool
when equilibrium conditions have been
established between it and the water vapor in the
pool.
air.
3-110 During a warm summer day, when the air temperature is 35°C and the
relative humidity is 70 percent , you buy a
"cold" soda at a store. The store owner says the
temperature of the drink is less than 10°C, but
it doesn't feel that cold, and you don't
believe him, because you don't see
condensation on the outside of the can.
Could the store owner be telling the truth ?3-
111E A thermos is half filled with water
and left open to atmospheric air at 70°F and
35 percent relative humidity. Neglecting the
 heat transfer through the wall of the thermos
and the free surface of the water, determine the
temperature of the water when phase
equilibrium is established .
3- 112 There are two identical rooms, one of them at 25 °C and 40 percent relative
humidity, and the other at 20 °C and 55 percent
relative humidity. Keeping in mind that the
amount of moisture is proportional to its
vapor pressure, determine which room
contains the most moisture.
Other equations of state 3-9 9 C
What is the physical meaning of the two constants that appear in the Van der
Waals equation of state? On what basis are they determined ? 3-100 A cylinder-piston
device contains 100 grams of carbon monoxide. Initially, carbon monoxide is at 1,000
kPa and 200 °C. It is then heated until its temperature is
500°C. Determine the final volume of carbon monoxide, considering it a) as an ideal
gas, and b ) as a Be nedict-Webb-Rubin gas. 3-1 0 1 Methane is heated in a
rigid container at 80 kPa and 20 °C to 300 °C. Determine the final pressure of
methane considering it a) an ideal gas and b ) a Benedict-Webb-Rubin gas.
3-102 E Carbon monoxide is
heated in a rigid container, at 14.7 psia
and 70°F, to 800°F. Calculate the final
pressure of carbon monoxide, considering
it as a ) an ideal gas and b ) a Benedict-
Webb-Rubin gas. 3-103E Refrigerant-
134a at 160 psia has a specific volume of
0.3479 ft? / lb m. Determine the temperature
of the refrigerant using a) the ideal gas
equation, b ) theVan der Waals
equation, and c) the refrigerant table .
3-1 0 4 Nitrogen at 150 K has a specific
volume
fic of 0.041 88 4 m / kg. Determine the pressure of nitrogen using a)
the ideal gas equation and b ) the Beattie-Bridgeman equation. Compare your results with
the experimental value of 1,000 kPa. Answers : a ) 1 063 kPa, b ) 1 000.4 kPa 3-105 C
Return to problem 3-104. Use the program
 EES (uo tro) to
compare the pressures obtained with
the ideal gas law and the equation of
Beattie-Bridge man, with the data
provided by EES for nitrogen. Plot the
graph of temperature as a function of
specific volume, for a pressure of 1 000
kPa, with respect to the lines of saturated
liquid and saturated vapor of nitrogen, in
the interval of 110 K< T < 150 K. 3-106 1
kg of carbon dioxide is compressed
from 1 MPa and 200 °C to 3 MPa, in a
cylinder-piston device , adjusted to
execute a polytropic process for
which PV 1.2 = constant. Determine
the final temperature, considering
that carbon dioxide is a) an ideal
gas and b) a Van der Waals gas .

Review Problems 3-113 A rigid

container contains nitrogen gas
at 227 ° C and 100 kPa gauge. The gas
is heated until the gauge pressure is
250 kPa. If the atmospheric pressure is
100 kPa, determine the final
temperature l of the gas, in °C.

Q
= 100
kPa
Nitrog
en
22 7 °C 100
kPa

FIGURE
P3-1 13
 3-1 14 Carbon dioxide gas passes through a tube at 3 MPa and 500 K, at a constant
flow of 0.4 kmo l /s. Determine a) the volume and
mass flow rates , and the density of the
carbon dioxide in that state. If the CO2 is
cooled at constant pressure as it passes
through the tube, so that its temperature drops to
450 K at the exit, determine (b) the volumetric
flow rate at the exit of the tube.
Special topic: pressure
vapor and phase equilibrium 3-107
Imagine a glass of water in an enclosure
which is at 20 °C and 40 percent of
relative air humidity. If the temperature
of water is 15 °C, determine the
vapor pressure a) over the
free surface of the water and b) in a place in the room far from the glass.
3 MP
500K 0.4 kmol/s
CO2 45 0 K

FIGURE
P3-114
161
160
THERMODYNAMICS
THE IDEAL G A S MODELS, COR R E SPONDIENT D EE STATES AND INCOMPRESSIBLE SUBSTANCE

4.7. SUMMARY
The equation of state of the ideal gas is expressed in various ways
PV = N RT Pu= RT PV = MRT where R is the universal gas constant and
R=R/M. Another useful expression for the ideal gas equation is P 0,/T, =
P20/T2. The specific internal energy and enthalpy variations for the ideal gas
model are given by
When analyzing solid or liquid systems , the lack of tabulated property data is often avoided by assuming
that the substance is incompressible . The following relations are also valid when the variation of
the specific volume is neglected.
du ine = cd 47 , (T2 - Ti)
 (ha - h linc C CT; -- T,) + v(P2 - P .) In these relations, C = C , = C ,

A u = 547 - , = 1 cdT
and
A h = ha - h ; =
C , dT
ISSUES
This pair of equations is valid for any ideal gas process . Specific thermal capacities
are solely a function of temperature and are related by
GENERAL INQUIRIES
4.1G. Under what boundary conditions do all gases behave like an ideal gas?
Cp C = R 0 Cp - = R where R = R. when co and C are molar values.
The integration of the equations to obtain A u and A he x generates information
about the variation of the specific thermal capacities with temperature. The specific thermal
capacities of monatomic gases are
2.0 = 12.5 kJ/kmol · K = 2.98 Btu/lbmol · OR
7.0 = 20.8 kJ / kmol · K = 4.97 Btu/Ibmol · R and these values are independent
of temperature. Thus, for a monoatomic gas, A u=C, AT T and Ah = C, AT . For
polyatomic gases, we often have algebraic equations of cmo as a function of temperature.
The use of such functions gives rise to ideal gas tables, where u and h are tabulated at the
appropriate temperature intervals and with an arbitrary reference state.
Another method is to evaluate. A u or A h using an average value ( arithmetic mean) of the
specific heat capacity in the temperature range of interest. In this
case
A u = CMA T and A h = CA T where cam= ( C1,8 + 2)/ 2 between states 1
and
1.1.For C p m an analogous equation is used.
Energy studies of closed systems with ideal gases usually require the simultaneous use of several
basic relations of the ideal gas. These include
1.2. . Explain whether defined pressures and temperatures can be established
as limits of the ideal gas behavior of a given gas. 4.3G. Explain from the molecular point
of view why the internal energy of an ideal gas is a function of temperature only, while
for a real gas u = f(T, v ). 4.4G. Explain, based on the possible forms of molecular
energy of
a molecule, why c of a monatomic ideal gas is independent
4.5G. Can the relationship du = C, dT be applied to a process at
of the temperature. :
constant pressure,
 Or is it restricted to a constant volume process? Explain yourself. 4.6G. Can data from c
be applied instead of data from e for an incompressible substance ? Explain
yourself. 4.7G. Using a Put surface, explain qualitatively why two
Gases at the same pressure and reduced temperature have approximately the same
compressibility factor.

IDEAL GAS EQUATION

Po = R T d u = C, d T d h = C , dT 6, - 4=R Additionally, the graphical

representation of the process on a Pv diagram is useful as an aid in problem solving. In
this case it is necessary to know how the constant temperature lines are placed in this
diagram.
When superheat data are lacking, the PuT ratio of a gas can be approximated by
P u = ZR T
4.1. A balloon is filled with methane (CH2) at 20 °C and 1 bar, until the volume is
26.4 mi?

(a ) Calculate the mass of gas inside the balloon, in kilograms. ( b ) Determine the volume, in
cubic meters, if the balloon rises
up to a height at which its state is 0.84 bar and 0°C. 4.2 In a 50 L tank there is
carbon monoxide at 210 kPa and
127°C. ( a ) Determine the mass of the gas, in kilograms. (b ) There is an escape of 0.02
kg of gas and the temperature drops to 2 7 °C. Calculate the gauge pressure of the
gas remaining in the tank in kilopascals, if the barometric pressure is 98.8 kPa.
1,500 kg of propane (C2Hz) needs to be stored in a gas tank at 42 °C and 450
kPa. (a) Calculate the volume of the tank, in cubic meters. (b ) Subsequently, 500 kg of
gas are added, but the temperature remains constant. Calculate the final pressure in
kilopascals.
where Z is the comp resibility factor . The Z values correlate quite well as a function of the
reduced pressure P = P/P and the reduced temperature T, = T/Tc.Generalized Z
diagrams are available over a wide range of pressures and temperatures based on
the principle of corresponding states and experimental data.
THERMODYNAMICS
162
THE MODELS OF IDEAL GAS , CORRESPONDING STATES AND INCOMPRESSIBLE SUBSTANCE 163

4.4. The air inside a car tire, with a volume of

0.042 m. has reached 360 kPa at 40 °C. After cooling to 20 °C, you would like the
pressure was 300 kPa. Calculate the volume of air
that must be removed, in cubic meters, if measured at 20oC and 100 kPa.
4-51. A balloon is filled with helium at 70 F and 30.0 in Hg until the volume
reaches 900 ft. ( a ) Calculate the mass of the gas, in pounds-mass, if it behaves as an ideal gas. (b )
Determine the volume, in cubic feet, if the balloon is raised to a height at which it is 28.0 inHg.
yOF 4.61. It is necessary to store 100 lb of methane (CH.) in a gas tank
at 160°F and 250 psia. Calculate the volume of the tank, in cubic feet.
4.71. In a 15 ft rigid tank? a pound of helium is introduced. If the
temperature is 70°F and the barometric pressure is 30.5 inHg, determine
4-81. In a 7.5 ft rigid tank,
is the reading, in psi, of a pressure gauge attached to the tank.
one pound-mass of argon is introduced at
26 psia. If argon behaves as an ideal gas, ( a ) calculate the temperature in degrees
Fahrenheit. (b ) If 0.10 lb. of gas, calculate the

pressure at the same temperature, in psia. 4.9. Half a kilogram of helium is placed
in a 0.5 m rigid tank. Yeah
the temperature is 112 °C and the barometric pressure is 1.0 bar, determine

is the reading, in bar, of a pressure gauge connected to the tank. 4.10. A is placed
kilogram of nitrogen in a rigid tank of 0.55 m 'a
0.17 M Pa. If nitrogen behaves as an ideal gas, (a ) calculate its temperature in degrees Celsius.
(b ) If a leak of 0.20 kg occurs,
Calculate the new pressure, in megapascals, at the same temperature. 4.11. A rigid tank
with a volume of 3.0 m contains a gas, whose
molar mass is 30 kg/kmol, at 8 bar and 47 °C. The gas escapes from the tank until the
pressure is equal to 3 bar at 27 °C. Calculate the volume, in cubic meters, occupied by the
gas that comes out if it is at 1.0 bar.
and 22 °C.
· 4.12.
A tank contains carbon dioxide at 500 kPa and 40 °C. A leak occurs that is not detected
until the pressure has dropped to 340 kPa. If the temperature of the gas at the time the leak is
detected is 20°C, determine the mass of carbon dioxide that has escaped if the
Initial mass was 15 kg. 4.13. A tank contains helium at 600 kPa and 40 °C.
One kilogram is extracted
of gas, which causes a variation in pressure and temperature up to 340 kPa and 20 °C.
Calculate (11) the volume of the tank, in liters, and
(b ) the initial mass in the tank, in kilograms. 4.14. Two tanks, A and B, are
connected by appropriate pipes
through an initially closed valve. Tank A initially contains 0.3 m of nitrogen at 6 bar and 60°C.
and B has become empty. The valve opens, and nitrogen enters tank B until the pressure in it
reaches 1.5 bar and the temperature is 27 °C. As a consequence, the pressure in tank A drops
to 4 bar, and the temperature changes up to 50 °C. Determine the volume of tank B, in me
cubic threes. 4.15. Two isolated tanks, A and B, are connected by pipes
appropriated by means of an initially closed valve. Tank A contains nitrogen at
1.5 bar and 37 °C in a volume of 0.030 m'. Tank B contains nitrogen at 2.7 bar and 60
°C. The valve opens and
remove the insulation. At equilibrium, the pressure is 2.0 bar and the temperature is
ambient, 27 °C. Calculate the volume of tank B
in cubic meters. 4.161. Two isolated tanks, A and B, are connected by pipes
appropriated by means of an initially closed valve. Reservoir A contains oxygen at 20 psia
and 100°F, occupying a volume of 1.0 ft. Tank B contains oxygen at 40 psia and 140°F. The
valve is opened and the insulation is removed. At equilibrium, the pressure is 32 psia and
the temperature is ambient, 80°F. Calculate the volume of tank B in cubic feet. 4.171. A
rigid tank of volume 10.0 ft contains carbon monoxide
no gas eo so at 80 psia and 110°F. Gas release occurs until the pressure is 50 psia at
80"F. Calculate the volume, in cubic feet, occuI
pted by escaping gas if it is at 14.7 psia and 70°F. 4.181. A deposit
contains carbon dioxide at 80 psia and 100°F. It is produced
-a leak that is not detected until the pressure has dropped to 45 psia. If the temperature of
the gas at the time the leak is detected is 7 0 °F, determine the mass of carbon dioxide that has
escaped, if the
Initial mass was 50 lb, 4.191. A tank contains helium at 8 atm and 100°F. 2 pound-mass
is extracted
of gas, causing the pressure and temperature to vary up to 3.4 atm and 60 °F. Calculate (
a ) the volume of the tank, in cubic feet,
and (b) the initial mass of the tank, in pounds-mass. 4.201. Two tanks, A and B, are
connected by means of appropriate pipes
given through an initially closed valve. Tank A contains 10 ft of nitrogen at 80 psia and 140°F,
and Tank B is vacuumed. The valve opens and nitrogen enters tank B until the pressure in tank B
reaches 20 psia and the temperature is 60°F. As a consequence, the pressure in tank A
drops to 60 psia and the temperature changes to 110°F. Determine the volume of tank B, in
cubic feet.

READING DATA IN THE IDEAL GAS TABLES

4.21. Obtain the following magnitudes with the appropriate tables:
(a) The temperature of the air, in kelvin. whose enthalpy is 300 kJ/kg. ( b )
The value of c, of air at 550 K. ( c ) The temperature of oxygen, in kelvin, whose internal
energy is
289.5 kJ/kg. (d ) The enthalpy of carbon dioxide, in kJ/kg, whose internal
energy
is 206.0 kJ/kg. (e) The change in internal energy of oxygen, using the average specific
thermal capacity between 350 and 500 K, in kJ/kg. 4.22.
Obtain the following magnitudes from the appropriate tables:
(a ) The temperature of nitrogen, in kelvin, whose specific enthalpy
is 405.1 k J /kg. (h) The temperature of carbon dioxide, in kelvin, whose

c value,
is 0.790 kJ/kg. K.
The internal energy of oxygen, in kJ / kg, at 500 K. (d ) Internal energy
of air, in kJ/kg, whose enthalpy is 451.8 kJ/k g. (e) The enthalpy change of
nitrogen, using the thermal capacity
Specific mica averages between 450 and 600 K, in k J/ kg.