BMATE201 – Module 3 – Laplace Transform

3.1 Laplace Transform of elementary functions

Definition:

Let 𝑓(𝑡) be a real valued function defined for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ ∞.

∞
Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) is given by 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡.

Laplace transform of some standard functions:

𝑎 𝑎
1. 𝐿(𝑎) = ,𝑠 > 0 5. 𝐿(sin 𝑎𝑡) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2 , 𝑠 > 0
𝑠
1 𝑠
2. 𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) = 𝑠−𝑎 , 𝑠 > 𝑎 6. 𝐿(cos 𝑎𝑡) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2 , 𝑠 > 0
1 𝑎
3. 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) = 𝑠+𝑎 , 𝑠 > 0 7. 𝐿(sinh 𝑎𝑡) = 𝑠2 −𝑎2 , 𝑠 > 𝑎
𝑛! 𝑠
, 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, … 8. 𝐿(cosh 𝑎𝑡) = 𝑠2 −𝑎2 , 𝑠 > 𝑎
𝑛) 𝑠𝑛+1
4. 𝐿(𝑡 ={
Γ(𝑛 + 1), 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

Proof:
∞ ∞
1. 𝐿(𝑎) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑎 𝑎
= 𝑎( ) = − 𝑠 (𝑒 −∞ − 1) =
−𝑠 0 𝑠

∞ ∞
2. 𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 1 1
= ( −(𝑠−𝑎) ) = − 𝑠−𝑎 (𝑒 −∞ − 1) = 𝑠−𝑎
0

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1
 ∞ ∞
3. 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 1 1
= ( −(𝑠+𝑎) ) = − 𝑠+𝑎 (𝑒 −∞ − 1) = 𝑠+𝑎
0

∞
4. 𝐿(𝑡 𝑛 ) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥, 𝑠𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
∞ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 1 ∞ Γ(𝑛+1)
𝐿(𝑡 𝑛 ) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 ( 𝑠 ) = 𝑠𝑛+1 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑠 𝑠𝑛+1
n!
If 𝑛 is a positive integer, Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛! And hence 𝐿(𝑡 𝑛 ) = 𝑠𝑛+1

𝑒 𝑎𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 1 1 1 1
5. 𝐿(sinh 𝑎𝑡) = 𝐿 ( ) = 2 𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) = 2 (𝑠−𝑎 − 𝑠+𝑎)
2
1 𝑠+𝑎−𝑠+𝑎 1 2𝑎 𝑎
= 2( ) = 2 (𝑠2 −𝑎2) = 𝑠2 −𝑎2
𝑠2 −𝑎2

𝑒 𝑎𝑡 +𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 1 1 1 1
6. 𝐿(cosh 𝑎𝑡) = 𝐿 ( ) = 2 𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) = 2 (𝑠−𝑎 + 𝑠+𝑎)
2
1 𝑠+𝑎+𝑠−𝑎 1 2𝑠 𝑠
= 2( ) = 2 (𝑠2 −𝑎2) = 𝑠2 −𝑎2
𝑠2 −𝑎2

𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡 1 1 1 1
7. 𝐿(sin 𝑎𝑡) = 𝐿 ( ) = 2𝑖 𝐿(𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡 ) = 2𝑖 (𝑠−𝑖𝑎 − 𝑠+𝑖𝑎)
2𝑖
1 𝑠+𝑖𝑎−𝑠+𝑖𝑎 1 2𝑖𝑎 𝑎
= 2𝑖 ( ) = 2𝑖 (𝑠2 −𝑎2) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2
𝑠2 +𝑎2

𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡 1 1 1 1
8. 𝐿(cos 𝑎𝑡) = 𝐿 ( ) = 2 𝐿(𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡 ) = 2 (𝑠−𝑖𝑎 + 𝑠+𝑖𝑎)
2
1 𝑠+𝑖𝑎+𝑠−𝑖𝑎 1 2𝑠 𝑠
= 2( ) = 2 (𝑠2 −𝑎2 ) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2
𝑠2 +𝑎2

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2
Laplace transform of elementary functions:
1. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕𝟑 − 𝟒𝒆𝟑𝒕 + 𝟓𝒆−𝒕 .
𝐿(𝑡 3 − 4𝑒 3𝑡 + 5𝑒 −𝑡 ) = 𝐿(𝑡 3 ) + 𝐿(−4𝑒 3𝑡 ) + 𝐿(5𝑒 −𝑡 )
= 𝐿(𝑡 3 ) − 4𝐿(𝑒 3𝑡 ) + 5𝐿(𝑒 −𝑡 )
3! 4 5
= 𝑠4 − 𝑠−3 + 𝑠+1

2. Find the Laplace transform of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕

𝐿(cos 3𝑡 + 2𝑡 ) = 𝐿(cos 3𝑡) + 𝐿(2𝑡 )
𝑡
= 𝐿(cos 3𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑒 log 2 )
= 𝐿(cos 3𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑒 𝑡 log 2 )
𝑠 4
= 𝑠2 +9 − 𝑠−log 2

3. Find the Laplace transform of 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟒𝒕 + 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒕

𝐿(3 cosh 4𝑡 + 4 sin 3𝑡 ) = 𝐿(3 cosh 4𝑡 ) + 𝐿(4 sin 3𝑡 )
= 3𝐿(cosh 4𝑡 ) + 4𝐿( sin 3𝑡 )
𝑠 3
= 3. 𝑠2 +16 + 4. 𝑠2 +9
3𝑠 12
= 𝑠2 +16 + 𝑠2 +9

4. Find the Laplace transform of 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝒂𝒕

2
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 +𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
𝐿(cosh2 𝑎𝑡) = 𝐿 ( )
2
1
= 4 𝐿(𝑒 2𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑡 + 2)
1
= 4 {𝐿(𝑒 2𝑎𝑡 ) + 𝐿(𝑒 −2𝑎𝑡 ) + 𝐿(2)}
1 1 1 2
= 4 (𝑠−2𝑎 + 𝑠+2𝑎 + 𝑠 )

5. Find the Laplace transform of 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟑 𝒕

3
𝑒 𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑡
𝐿(sinh3 𝑡) = 𝐿 ( )
2
1
= 8 𝐿(𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 − 2)

1
= 8 {𝐿(𝑒 2𝑡 ) + 𝐿(𝑒 −2𝑡 ) − 𝐿(2)}

1 1 1 2
= 8 (𝑠−2 + 𝑠+2 − 𝑠 )

6. Find the Laplace transform of 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒂𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒃𝒕

1+cos 2𝑎𝑡 1−cos 2𝑏𝑡
𝐿(cos 2 𝑎𝑡 + sin2 𝑏𝑡) = 𝐿 ( + )
2 2

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3
 1
= 2 𝐿(1 + cos 2𝑎𝑡 + 1 − cos 2𝑏𝑡)
1
= 2 𝐿(2 + cos 2𝑎𝑡 − cos 2𝑏𝑡)
1
= 2 {𝐿(2) + 𝐿(cos 2𝑎𝑡) − 𝐿(cos 2𝑏𝑡)}
1 2 𝑠 𝑠
= 2 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 +4𝑎2 − 𝑠2 +4𝑏2)

7. Find the Laplace transform of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒂𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃𝒕

1
𝐿(cos 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑏𝑡) = 𝐿 {2 [cos(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑡 + cos(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑡]}
1
= 2 {𝐿[cos(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑡] + 𝐿[cos(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑡]}
1 𝑠 𝑠
= 2 {𝑠2 +(𝑎+𝑏)2 + 𝑠2 +(𝑎−𝑏)2}

8. Find the Laplace transform of 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑 𝟑𝒕

cos 3𝑥 = 4 cos 3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
4 cos 3 𝑥 = cos 3𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥
1
𝐿(cos 3 3𝑡) = 𝐿 {4 (cos 9𝑡 + 3 cos 3𝑡)}
1
= 4 𝐿{cos 9𝑡 + 3 cos 3𝑡}
1 3
= 𝐿(cos 9𝑡) + 𝐿(cos 3𝑡)
4 4
1 𝑠 3 𝑠
= 4 (𝑠2 +81) + 4 (𝑠2 +9)
𝟐, 𝟎<𝒕<𝟑
9. If 𝒇(𝒕) = { then find 𝑳{𝒇(𝒕)]
𝒕, 𝒕>𝟑
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
3 ∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2𝑑𝑡 + ∫3 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
3 ∞
= 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫3 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
3 ∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 2( ) + (𝑡. − 1. )
−𝑠 0 −𝑠 𝑠2 3
∞
𝑒 −3𝑠 1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 2( + 𝑠 ) − (𝑡. + )
−𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2 3
2 2 3 1
= (−𝑠 𝑒 −3𝑠 + 𝑠 ) − (0 + 0 − 𝑠 𝑒 −3𝑠 + 𝑠2 𝑒 −3𝑠 )
2 2 3 1
= 𝑠 + 𝑒 −3𝑠 (− 𝑠 + 𝑠 + 𝑠2 )
2 1 1
= 𝑠 + 𝑒 −3𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 )

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4
 𝟏, 𝟎<𝒕≤𝟏
10. If 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝒕 , 𝟏 < 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐 then find 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]
𝟎, 𝒕>𝟐
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
1 2 ∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (1) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (0) 𝑑𝑡
1 2
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫1 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 2
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= [ −𝑠 ] + [𝑡 ( −𝑠 ) − (1) ( )]
0 𝑠2 1

1 𝑡 1 2
= − (𝑒 −𝑠 − 1) − [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ( + 2 )]
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 1
𝑒 −𝑠 1 2 1 1 1
=− + 𝑠 − 𝑒 −2𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 ) + 𝑒 −𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 )
𝑠

𝑒 −𝑠 1 2 1 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠
=− + 𝑠 − 𝑒 −2𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 ) + +
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2

1 𝑒 −𝑠 2 1
=𝑠+ − 𝑒 −2𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 )
𝑠2

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 5
 3.2 Properties of Laplace Transforms

Property 1: 𝑳[𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]𝒔→𝒔+𝒂 and 𝑳[𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]𝒔→𝒔−𝒂

1. Find Laplace transform of 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒕𝟑
𝐿(𝑒 2𝑡 𝑡 3 ) = [𝐿(𝑡 3 )]𝑠→𝑠−2
3!
= [𝑠 4 ]
𝑠→𝑠−2
6
= (𝑠−2)4

2. Find Laplace transform of 𝒆𝟑𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒕

1−cos 2𝑡
𝐿[sin2 𝑡] = 𝐿 ( )
2
1
= 2 𝐿(1 − cos 2𝑡)
1 1 𝑠
= 2 (𝑠 − 𝑠2 +4)

1 1 𝑠
𝐿(𝑒 3𝑡 sin2 𝑡) = 2 [𝑠 − 𝑠2 +4]
𝑠→𝑠−3

1 1 𝑠
= 2 [𝑠−3 − (𝑠−3)2 +4]

3. Find Laplace transform of 𝒆−𝟒𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒕

1
𝐿(cos 5𝑡 cos 3𝑡) = 2 𝐿[cos(5𝑡 + 3𝑡) + cos(5𝑡 − 3𝑡)]
1
= 2 [𝐿(cos 8𝑡 + cos 2𝑡)]
1 𝑠 𝑠
= 2 [𝑠2 +64 + 𝑠2 +4]

1 𝑠 𝑠
𝐿(𝑒 −4𝑡 cos 5𝑡 cos 3𝑡) = 2 [𝑠2 +64 + 𝑠2 +4]
𝑠→𝑠+4

1 𝑠+4 𝑠+4
= 2 [(𝑠+4)2+64 − (𝑠+4)2 +4]

4. Find the Laplace transform of 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒕

𝑒 2𝑡 +𝑒 −2𝑡
𝐿[cosh 2𝑡 cos 2𝑡] = 𝐿 [( ) cos 2𝑡]
2
1
= 2 𝐿[𝑒 2𝑡 cos 2𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 cos 2𝑡]
1 1
= 2 𝐿[cos 2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠−2 + 2 𝐿[cos 2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+2
1 𝑠 𝑠
= 2 [(𝑠2 +4) + (𝑠2 +4) ]
𝑠→𝑠−2 𝑠→𝑠+2
1 𝑠−2 𝑠+2
= 2 [(𝑠−2)2+4 + (𝑠+2)2 +4]

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 6
 𝒅𝒏
Property 2: 𝑳[𝒕𝒏 𝒇(𝒕)] = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒅𝒔𝒏 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]

5. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒂𝒕

𝑑
𝐿[𝑡 cos 𝑎𝑡] = − 𝑑𝑠 𝐿[cos 𝑎𝑡]
𝑑 𝑠
= − 𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2 +𝑎2)
(𝑠2 +𝑎2 ).1−2𝑠.𝑠
= −( (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2
)
𝑠2 −𝑎2
= (𝑠2 +𝑎2)2

6. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕

𝑑2
𝐿[𝑡 2 sin 𝑡] = 𝑑𝑠2 𝐿[sin 𝑡]
𝑑2 1
= 𝑑𝑠2 (𝑠2 +1)
𝑑 −2𝑠
= 𝑑𝑠 ((𝑠2 +1)2)
2
(𝑠2 +1) (−2)−𝑠.2(𝑠2 +1).2𝑠
= −2 [ (𝑠2 +1)4
]

2(𝑠2 +1)
= − (𝑠2 +1)4 [𝑠 2 + 1 − 4𝑠 2 ]
2
= − (𝑠2+1)3 [1 − 3𝑠 2 ]
6𝑠2 −2
= (𝑠2 +1)3

7. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕 𝒆−𝟒𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒕

𝑑
𝐿[𝑡 sin 4𝑡] = − 𝑑𝑠 𝐿[sin 4𝑡]
𝑑 4 𝐿[𝑡𝑒 −4𝑡 sin 4𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑡 sin 4𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+4
= − 𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2 +16)
8𝑠
= [(𝑠2 +16)2]
4.2𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+4
= − (− (𝑠2 +16)2)
8(𝑠+4)
8𝑠
= ((𝑠2 +4)2 +16)2
= (𝑠2
+16)2

8. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕

1
𝐿[sin 3𝑡 cos 𝑡 ] = 2 𝐿[sin(3𝑡 + 𝑡) + sin(3𝑡 − 𝑡)]
1 1 4 2
= 2 𝐿[sin 4𝑡 + sin 2𝑡] = 2 (𝑠2 +16 + 𝑠2 +4)
𝑑 1 4 2
𝐿[𝑡 sin 3𝑡 cos 𝑡 ] = − 𝑑𝑠 2 (𝑠2 +16 + 𝑠2 +4)
1 4.2𝑠 2.2𝑠
= − 2 (− (𝑠2 +16)2 − (𝑠2 +4)2)
4𝑠 2𝑠
= (𝑠2 +16)2 + (𝑠2 +4)2

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 7
 𝒇(𝒕) ∞
Property 3: 𝑳 [ ] = ∫𝒔 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] 𝒅𝒔
𝒕
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒕
9. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕
sin 𝑎𝑡 ∞ 𝑠
𝐿( )= ∫𝑠 𝐿[sin 𝑎𝑡] 𝑑𝑠 = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 𝑎
𝑡
∞ 𝑎 𝜋 𝑠
= ∫𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = 2 − tan−1 𝑎
𝑠2 +𝑎2
𝑠
𝑠 ∞ = cot −1 𝑎
= [tan−1 𝑎]
𝑠
𝒆−𝒂𝒕 −𝒆−𝒃𝒕
10. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 𝑎 ∞
𝐿[ ] 1+
𝑠
𝑡 = [log ( )]
𝑏
1+
∞ 𝑠 𝑠
= ∫𝑠 𝐿[𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ] 𝑑𝑠
𝑎
1+
𝑠
∞ 1 1 = log 1 − log ( 𝑏 )
= ∫𝑠 (𝑠+𝑎 − 𝑠+𝑏) 𝑑𝑠 1+
𝑠
𝑠+𝑎
= [log(𝑠 + 𝑎) − log(𝑠 + 𝑏)]∞
𝑠 = 0 − log 𝑠+𝑏
𝑠+𝑎 ∞ 𝑠+𝑏
= [log 𝑠+𝑏 ] = log 𝑠+𝑎
𝑠
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒕−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒕
11. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕

cos 𝑎𝑡−cos 𝑏𝑡
𝐿[ ]
𝑡

∞
= ∫𝑠 𝐿[cos 𝑎𝑡 − cos 𝑏𝑡] 𝑑𝑠

∞ 𝑠 𝑠
=∫𝑠 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 − 𝑠2 +𝑏2) 𝑑𝑠

1
= 2 [log(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) − log(𝑠 2 + 𝑏 2 )]∞
𝑠

∞
𝑠2 +𝑎2
= [log 𝑠2 +𝑏2 ]
𝑠

𝑎2
∞
1+ 2
𝑠
= [log ( 𝑏2
)]
1+ 2
𝑠 𝑠
𝑎2
1+ 2
𝑠
= log 1 − log ( 𝑏2
)
1+ 2
𝑠

𝑠2 +𝑎2
= 0 − log 𝑠2 +𝑏2
𝑠2 +𝑏2
= log 𝑠2 +𝑎2

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 8
 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒕
12. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕
1−cos 𝑎𝑡 ∞
𝐿[ ]= ∫𝑠 𝐿[1 − cos 𝑎𝑡] 𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞ 1 𝑠
= ∫𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑠2 +𝑎2) 𝑑𝑠
1 ∞
= [log 𝑠 − 2 log(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )]
𝑠
∞
= [log 𝑠 − log √𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ]𝑠
𝑠 ∞
= log [√𝑠2 2
]
+𝑎 𝑠
∞
1
= log [ 2
]
√1+𝑎2
𝑠
𝑠
1
= log 1 − log 2
√1+𝑎2
𝑠

𝑠
= 0 − log √𝑠2
+𝑎2

√𝑠2 +𝑎2
= log 𝑠

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 9
 3.3 Laplace transform of periodic functions
Definition:
A function 𝑓(𝑡) is said to be periodic if 𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑛𝑇) = 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑇 > 0.
Example:
sin(𝑡 + 2𝑛𝜋) = sin 𝑡 , cos (𝑡 + 2𝑛𝜋) = cos 𝑡
Laplace transform of periodic function:
1 𝑇
If 𝑓(𝑡) is a periodic function of period T, 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

Note:
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
= tanh 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 = (𝑒 2 ) (𝑒 2 )

1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 = (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )
Problems:
1. Find the Laplace transform of the periodic function 𝒇(𝒕) defined by
𝟏, 𝟎 < 𝒕 < 𝒂
𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝟎, 𝒂 < 𝒕 < 𝟐𝒂
1 𝑎
𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 { −𝑠 }
0
1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
= 𝑠(1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )(1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )
1
= 𝑠(1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )

2. If 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒕𝟐 , 𝟎 < 𝒕 < 𝟐 and 𝒇(𝒕 + 𝟐) = 𝒇(𝒕), 𝒕 > 𝟐 find 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] .

1 𝑇
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
1 2
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
2
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑠 [𝑡 2 ( −𝑠 ) − 2𝑡 ( )]
𝑠2 0
1
= 𝑠3 (1−𝑒 −2𝑠 ) [1 − (2𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 1)𝑒 −2𝑠 ]

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 10
 𝟏, 𝟎 < 𝒕 < 𝑻
3. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = {
−𝟏, 𝑻 < 𝒕 < 𝟐𝑻
1 𝑇 2𝑇
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 {∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫𝑇 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡}
𝑇 2𝑇
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 { [ −𝑠 ] − [ −𝑠 ] }
0 𝑇
𝑇 2𝑇
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 { [ −𝑠 ] + [ −𝑠 ] }
0 𝑇
1 1
= 𝑠 (1−𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 ) (−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 + 1 + 𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 − 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 )
2
1 (1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 )
=𝑠 (1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 )(1+𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 )

1 1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇
=𝑠 1+𝑒 −𝑠𝑇
𝑠𝑇 𝑠𝑇
−
1 𝑒 2 −𝑒 2 1 𝑠𝑇
=𝑠 ( 𝑠𝑇 𝑠𝑇 ) = 𝑠 tanh ( 2 )
−
𝑒 2 +𝑒 2

4. A periodic function 𝒇(𝒕) of period 𝟐𝒂, 𝒕 > 𝟎 is defined by 𝒇(𝒕) =

𝑬, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 < 𝒂
{ Find 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)].
−𝑬, 𝒂 < 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝒂
1 2𝑎
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)
1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 0
𝑑𝑡
1 𝑎 2𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 {∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐸 𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (−𝐸) 𝑑𝑡}
𝑎 2𝑎
𝐸 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 { [ −𝑠 ] + [ −𝑠 ] }
0 𝑎
𝐸 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 +1+𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
= . ( )
𝑠 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠
𝐸 (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2
= 𝑠 (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )(1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )
𝐸 1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
= (1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )
𝑠

𝐸 𝑒 𝑎𝑠/2 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑠/2
= (𝑒 𝑎𝑠/2+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠/2 )
𝑠
𝐸 𝑎𝑠
= 𝑠 tanh ( 2 )

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 11
 𝟑𝒕, 𝟎 < 𝒕 < 𝟐
5. For a periodic function 𝒇(𝒕) of period 4 defined by 𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝟔, 𝟐 < 𝒕 < 𝟒
find 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)].

1 2 4
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −4𝑠 {∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 6 𝑑𝑡}

2 4
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −4𝑠 {3 [𝑡 −1 ] + 6 [ −𝑠 ] }
−𝑠 𝑠2 0 2

1 3 6
= 1−𝑒 −4𝑠 {𝑠2 [−𝑠𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ] − 𝑠 [𝑒 −4𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 ]}

1 3 6
= 1−𝑒 −4𝑠 {𝑠2 [−𝑠𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ]20 − 𝑠 [𝑒 −4𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 ]}

1 3 6
= 1−𝑒 −4𝑠 {𝑠2 [−2𝑠𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑠 + 1] − 𝑠 [𝑒 −4𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 ]}

1
= 𝑠2 (1−𝑒 −4𝑠 ) {−6𝑠𝑒 −2𝑠 − 3𝑒 −2𝑠 + 3 − 6𝑠𝑒 −4𝑠 + 6𝑠𝑒 −2𝑠 }

3 1−𝑒 −2𝑠 −2𝑠𝑒 −4𝑠

= 𝑠2 ( )
1−𝑒 −4𝑠

𝒕 , 𝟎≤𝒕≤𝒂
6. If 𝒇(𝒕) = { , 𝒇(𝒕 + 𝟐𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒕), Then show that
𝟐𝒂 − 𝒕, 𝒂 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝒂
𝟏 𝒂𝒔
𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝒔𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 ( 𝟐 )
Proof:
1 2𝑎
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1 𝑎 2𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 {∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (2𝑎 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡}
𝑎 2𝑎
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 {(𝑡. − 1. ) + ((2𝑎 − 𝑡) − (−1) ) }
−𝑠 𝑠2 0 −𝑠 𝑠2 𝑎
1 1
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 . 𝑠2 {(−𝑠𝑡. 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 )𝑎0 + (−𝑠(2𝑎 − 𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 )2𝑎
𝑎 }

1 1
= 12−(𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2 . 𝑠2 {−𝑎𝑠𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 + 0 + 1 − 0 + 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 + 𝑎𝑠𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 }
1 1
= (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )(1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ) . 𝑠2 {1 − 2𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 + 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 }
(1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2 1
= (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )(1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ) . 𝑠2
1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 1
= 1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 . 𝑠2

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 12
 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑠
− −
𝑒 2 𝑒 2 −𝑒 2 1
= −
𝑎𝑠 . 𝑎𝑠
−
𝑎𝑠 . 𝑠2
𝑒 2 𝑒 2 +𝑒 2
1 𝑎𝑠
= 𝑠2 tanh 2

Note:
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2 +𝑏2 (𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥)
𝝅
𝟐𝝅
𝑬 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝝎
7. A periodic function of period is defined by 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝝎
𝟎 , ≤𝒕≤
𝝎 𝝎
𝑬𝝎
Prove that 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = −
𝝅𝒔 , where 𝑬 and 𝝎 are constants.
(𝒔𝟐 +𝝎𝟐 )(𝟏−𝒆 𝝎 )

Proof:
1 𝑇 2𝜋
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , 𝑇 = 𝜔
𝜋
1
=
−
2𝜋𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝜔
1−𝑒 𝜔
𝜋
1
=
−
2𝜋𝑠 ∫0𝜔 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐸 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1−𝑒 𝜔
𝜋
𝐸
=
−
2𝜋𝑠 ∫0𝜔 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1−𝑒 𝜔
𝜋
𝐸 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝜔
= 2𝜋𝑠 [𝑠2 +𝜔2 (−𝑠 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡)]
− 0
1−𝑒 𝜔
𝜋
𝐸 1
= 𝑠2 +𝜔2 . 2𝜋𝑠 [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (−𝑠 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡)]0𝜔
−
1−𝑒 𝜔
𝑠𝜋
𝐸 1
= 𝑠2 +𝜔2 . 2𝜋𝑠 [𝑒 − 𝜔 (0 + 𝜔) − 𝑒 0 (0 − 𝜔)]
−
1−𝑒 𝜔
𝑠𝜋
𝐸𝜔
= 2𝜋𝑠 . [𝑒 − 𝜔 + 1]
(𝑠2 +𝜔 2 )(1−𝑒 − 𝜔 )

𝜋𝑠
−
𝐸𝜔(1+𝑒 𝜔 )
= 𝜋𝑠 𝜋𝑠
(𝑠2 +𝜔 2 )(1−𝑒 − 𝜔 )(1+𝑒 − 𝜔 )

𝐸𝜔
= 𝜋𝑠
(𝑠2 +𝜔 2 )(1−𝑒 − 𝜔 )

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 13
 3.4 Laplace transform of unit step function

Introduction:

❖ Unit step function: Unit step function of Heaviside function is given by

0, 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎
𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) = {
1, 𝑡 > 𝑎
❖ Application:
𝑓1 (𝑡), 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎
(1) If 𝑓(𝑡) = { then 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)
𝑓2 (𝑡), 𝑡 > 𝑎
𝑓1 (𝑡), 𝑡≤𝑎
(2) If 𝑓(𝑡) = {𝑓2 (𝑡), 𝑎 < 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏 then
𝑓3 (𝑡), 𝑡>𝑏
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) + [𝑓3 (𝑡) − 𝑓2 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑏)
❖ Laplace transform of unit step function:

𝐿[𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐿(1)

❖ Important results:

𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑎)]

𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡 + 𝑎)] = 𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)]

1. Find the Laplace transform of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝝅)

𝐿[sin 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)] = 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin(𝑡 + 𝜋)]
= −𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿(sin 𝑡)
𝑒 −𝜋𝑠
= − 1+𝑠2

2. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒆−𝒕 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟐)

𝐿[𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 2)] = 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝐿[𝑒 −(𝑡+2) ]
= 𝑒 −2 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑡 )
𝑒 −2𝑠
= 𝑒 2 (𝑠+1)
𝝅
3. Find the Laplace transform of (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕)𝒖 (𝒕 − 𝟐 )
𝜋 𝜋𝑠 𝜋 𝜋
𝐿 [(sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡)𝑢 (𝑡 − )] = 𝑒 − 2 𝐿 [sin (𝑡 + ) + cos (𝑡 + )]
2 2 2
𝜋𝑠
= 𝑒 − 2 𝐿[cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡]

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 14
 𝜋𝑠 𝜋𝑠
𝑠 1 𝑠−1
= 𝑒 − 2 (𝑠2 +1 − 𝑠2 +1) = 𝑒 − 2 (𝑠2 +1)

4. Find the Laplace transform of (𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏)𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟑)

𝐿[(𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 − 1)𝑢(𝑡 − 3)] = 𝑒 −3𝑠 𝐿[(𝑡 + 3)2 + 2(𝑡 + 3) − 1]

= 𝑒 −3𝑠 𝐿[𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 + 14]

2 8 14
= 𝑒 −3𝑠 (𝑠3 + 𝑠2 + )
𝑠

5. Find the Laplace transform of 𝑳[(𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕 + 𝟏) 𝒖(𝒕 + 𝟏)]

𝐿[(𝑡 2 + 𝑡 + 1)𝑢(𝑡 + 1)] = 𝑒 𝑠 𝐿[(𝑡 − 1)2 + (𝑡 − 1) + 1]
= 𝑒 𝑠 𝐿(𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 + 1 + 𝑡 − 1 + 1)
= 𝑒 𝑠 𝐿(𝑡 2 − 𝑡 + 1)
2 1 1
= 𝑒 𝑠 (𝑠 3 − 𝑠 2 + 𝑠 )

6. Express the following in terms of unit step function and hence find the Laplace
𝒕, 𝒕 ≤ 𝟒
transform: 𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝟓, 𝒕 > 𝟒
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)
= 𝑡 + (5 − 𝑡)𝑢(𝑡 − 4)
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑡) + 𝐿[(5 − 𝑡)𝑢(𝑡 − 4)]
= 𝐿(𝑡) + 𝑒 −4𝑠 𝐿{5 − (𝑡 + 4)}
1
= 𝑠2 + 𝑒 −4𝑠 𝐿(1 − 𝑡)
1 1 1
= 𝑠2 + 𝑒 −4𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑠2 )

7. Express the following in terms of unit step function and hence find the Laplace
𝒕𝟐 , 𝟏 < 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐
transform: 𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝟒𝒕, 𝒕>𝟐

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)

= 𝑡 2 + (4𝑡 − 𝑡 2 )𝑢(𝑡 − 2)
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑡 2 ) + 𝐿[(4𝑡 − 𝑡 2 )𝑢(𝑡 − 2)]
= 𝐿(𝑡 2 ) + 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝐿{4(𝑡 + 2) − (𝑡 + 2)2 }
2
= 𝑠3 − 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝐿(4 − 𝑡 2 )

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 15
 2 4 2
= 𝑠3 + 𝑒 −2𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑠3 )

8. Express the following in terms of unit step function and hence find the Laplace
𝝅 − 𝒕, 𝟎 < 𝒕 ≤ 𝝅
transform: 𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 , 𝒕>𝝅
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)
= (𝜋 − 𝑡) + [sin 𝑡 − (𝜋 − 𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝜋 − 𝑡) + 𝐿{[sin 𝑡 − (𝜋 − 𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)]}
= 𝐿(𝜋 − 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin(𝑡 + 𝜋) − (𝜋 − (𝑡 + 𝜋))]
= 𝐿(𝜋 − 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin(𝑡 + 𝜋) + 𝑡]
= 𝐿(𝜋 − 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[−sin 𝑡 + 𝑡]
𝜋 1 1 1
= − 2 + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 (− 2 + 2)
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 +1 𝑠

9. Express the following in terms of unit step function and hence find the Laplace
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕, 𝟎 < 𝒕 ≤ 𝝅
transform: 𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 , 𝒕>𝝅

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)

= cos 𝑡 + [sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿(cos 𝑡) + 𝐿{[sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)]}
= 𝐿(cos 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin(𝑡 + 𝜋) − cos(𝑡 + 𝜋)]
= 𝐿(cos 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[− sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡]
𝑠 1 𝑠
= 𝑠2 +1 + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 (− 𝑠2 +1 + 𝑠2 +1)

10. Express the following in terms of unit step function and hence find the Laplace
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 , 𝟎 < 𝒕 ≤ 𝝅
transform: 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝟏, 𝝅 < 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 , 𝒕 > 𝟐𝝅
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) + [𝑓3 (𝑡) − 𝑓2 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑏)
= cos 𝑡 + [1 − cos 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋) + [sin 𝑡 − 1]𝑢(𝑡 − 2𝜋)
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = L(cos 𝑡) + 𝐿{[1 − cos 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)} + 𝐿{[sin 𝑡 − 1]𝑢(𝑡 − 2𝜋)}
= 𝐿(cos 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[1 − cos(𝑡 + 𝜋)] + 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin(𝑡 + 2𝜋) − 1]
= 𝐿(cos 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[1 + cos 𝑡] + 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin 𝑡 − 1]
𝑠 1 𝑠 1 1
= 𝑠2 +1 + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 +1) + 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 (𝑠2 +1 − 𝑠 )

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 16
11. Express the following in terms of unit step function and hence find the Laplace
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 , 𝟎<𝒕≤𝝅
transform: 𝒇(𝒕) = {𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒕 , 𝝅 < 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒕 , 𝒕 > 𝟐𝝅

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) + [𝑓3 (𝑡) − 𝑓2 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑏)

= sin 𝑡 + [sin 2𝑡 − sin 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋) + [sin 3𝑡 − sin 2𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 2𝜋)
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = L(sin 𝑡) + 𝐿{[sin 2𝑡 − sin 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)} + 𝐿{[sin 3𝑡 − sin 2𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 2𝜋)}
= L(sin 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin 2(𝑡 + 𝜋) − sin(𝑡 + 𝜋)] + 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin 3(𝑡 + 𝜋) −
sin 2(𝑡 + 𝜋)]
= 𝐿(sin 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin 2𝑡 + sin 𝑡] + 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 𝐿[− sin 3𝑡 − sin 2𝑡]
1 2 1 1 1
= 𝑠2 +1 + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 (𝑠2 +22 + 𝑠2 +1) + 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 (− 𝑠2 +32 − 𝑠2 +22)

12. Express the following in terms of unit step function and hence find the Laplace
𝟏, 𝟎<𝒕≤𝟏
transform: 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝒕, 𝟏<𝒕≤𝟐
𝒕𝟐 , 𝒕>𝟐
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) + [𝑓3 (𝑡) − 𝑓2 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑏)
= 1 + [𝑡 − 1]𝑢(𝑡 − 1) + [𝑡 2 − 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 2)
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[1 + (𝑡 − 1)𝑢(𝑡 − 1) + (𝑡 2 − 𝑡)𝑢(𝑡 − 2)]
= 𝐿(1) + 𝑒 −𝑠 𝐿(𝑡) + 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝐿((𝑡 + 2)2 − (𝑡 + 2))
1 𝑒 −𝑠
=𝑠+ + 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝐿(𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 − 𝑡 + 4 − 2)
𝑠2
1 𝑒 −𝑠
=𝑠+ + 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝐿(𝑡 2 + 𝑡 + 2)
𝑠2
1 𝑒 −𝑠 2 1 2
=𝑠+ + 𝑒 −2𝑠 (𝑠3 + 𝑠2 + 𝑠 )
𝑠2

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 17
 3.6 Solution of Linear Differential Equations
Introduction:
∞
𝐿[𝑦 ′ (𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑦 ′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑦
∞
= [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑦]∞
0 − ∫0 𝑦 𝑑(𝑒
−𝑠𝑡 )

∞
= [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑦]∞
0 − ∫0 𝑦 (−𝑠)𝑒
−𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡

= 0 − 𝑦(0) + 𝑠𝐿(𝑦)
Laplace Transform of the derivatives:
𝐿[𝑦 ′ (𝑡)] = 𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)
𝐿[𝑦"(𝑡)] = 𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)
𝐿[𝑦′′′(𝑡)] = 𝑠 3 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠 2 𝑦(0) − 𝑠𝑦′(0) − 𝑦"(0)
Working rule:
❖ Express the given differential equation using 𝑦 ′ (𝑡), 𝑦"(𝑡) and 𝑦′′′(𝑡)
❖ Take Laplace transform on both sides.
❖ Apply Laplace transform of the derivatives formula.
❖ Substitute the initial conditions.
❖ Obtain 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] as a function of 𝑠.
❖ Obtain 𝑓(𝑡) using inverse Laplace transform.

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 18
 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
1. Solve the initial value problem + 𝟒 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒕 , 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟎, 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕𝟐
by using Laplace transforms.

𝑦" + 4𝑦′ + 4𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,
𝐿(𝑦" + 4𝑦′ + 4𝑦) = 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑡 )
1
𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦′(0) + 4[𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)] + 4𝐿(𝑦) = 𝑠+1

Put 𝑦(0) = 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

1
(𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 4)𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠+1
1
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠+1)(𝑠+2)2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= 𝑠+1 + 𝑠+2 + (𝑠+2)2

1 = 𝐴(𝑠 + 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐶(𝑠 + 1)

Put 𝑠 = −1, 1 = 𝐴
Put 𝑠 = −2, 1 = −𝐶, 𝐶 = −1
Equating 𝑠 2 terms, 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵, 𝐵 = −𝐴 = −1.
1 1 1
𝐿(𝑦) = − − (𝑠+2)2
𝑠+1 𝑠+2

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

1 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 (𝑠+1 − 𝑠+2 − (𝑠+2)2)
1 1 1
= 𝐿−1 (𝑠+1) − 𝐿−1 (𝑠+2) − 𝐿−1 ((𝑠+2)2)

= 𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 − 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡
= 𝑒 −𝑡 − (1 + 𝑡)𝑒 −2𝑡
This is the required solution.

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 19
 𝒅𝒚
2. Solve the equation + 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕, given that 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟎.
𝒅𝒕

𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,

𝐿(𝑦 ′ ) + 𝐿(𝑦) = 𝐿(sin 𝑡)

1
{𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)} + 𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠2 +1

Put 𝑦(0) = 0
1
(𝑠 + 1)𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠2 +1
1
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠+1)(𝑠2 +1)

𝐴 𝐵𝑠+𝐶
= 𝑠+1 + 𝑠2 +1
1 𝐴 𝐵𝑠+𝐶
= 𝑠+1 +
(𝑠+1)(𝑠2 +1) 𝑠2 +1

1 = 𝐴(𝑠 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶)(𝑠 + 1)

1 1
Put 𝑠 = −1, 𝐴 = 12+1 = 2
1
Equating 𝑠 2 terms, 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = − 2
1
Equating 𝑠 terms, 0 = 𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 2
1 1 1
− 𝑠+
2 2 2
𝐿(𝑦) = +
𝑠+1 𝑠2 +1

1 1 𝑠 1
= 2 {𝑠+1 − 𝑠2 +1 + 𝑠2 +1}

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

1 1 𝑠 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 { − 2 + 2 }
2 𝑠+1 𝑠 +1 𝑠 +1
1
= 2 [𝑒 −𝑡 − cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡]

This is the required solution.

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 20
 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
3. Solve the equation + 𝟓 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟓𝒆𝟐𝒕 , given that 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟐, (𝟎) = 𝟏.
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕

𝑦 ′′ + 5𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = 5𝑒 2𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,
𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } + 5𝐿{𝑦 ′ } + 6𝐿{𝑦} = 5𝐿{𝑒 2𝑡 }
5
{𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} + 5{𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)} + 6𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠−2

Put 𝑦(0) = 2 and 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1,

5
𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 2𝑠 − 1 + 5𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 10 + 6𝐿(𝑦) = 𝑠−2 ,
5
(𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 + 6)𝐿(𝑦) = + 2𝑠 + 11
𝑠−2
5 2𝑠+11
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠−2)(𝑠2 +5𝑠+6)
+ 𝑠2 +5𝑠+6
5 2𝑠+11
= (𝑠−2)(𝑠+2)(𝑠+3) + (𝑠+2)(𝑠+3)

1 1 5 1 1 7 5
= 4 . 𝑠−2 − 4 . 𝑠+2 + 𝑠+3 − 𝑠+2 − 𝑠+3 [By partial fraction]

Taking the inverse Laplace transforms,

1 1 5 1 1 7 5
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 {4 . 𝑠−2 − 4 . 𝑠+2 + 𝑠+3 − 𝑠+2 − 𝑠+3}
1 1 5 1 1 1 1
= 4 𝐿−1 {𝑠−2} − 4 𝐿−1 {𝑠+2} + 𝐿−1 {𝑠+3} − 7𝐿−1 {𝑠+2} − 5𝐿−1 {𝑠+3}
1 5
= 4 𝑒 2𝑡 − 4 𝑒 −2𝑡 + 𝑒 −3𝑡 − 7𝑒 −2𝑡 − 5𝑒 −3𝑡
1 33
= 4 𝑒 2𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 − 4𝑒 −3𝑡
4

This is the required solution.

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 21
 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
4. Solve the IVP − 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 , given that 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟐, 𝒅𝒕 (𝟎) = −𝟏 by
𝒅𝒕𝟐
using Laplace transform.
𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,
𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } − 2𝐿{𝑦 ′ } + 𝐿{𝑦} = 𝐿{𝑒 2𝑡 }
1
{𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} − 2{𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)} + 𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠−2
Put 𝑦(0) = 2, 𝑦 ′ (0) = −1
1
(𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 2𝑠 + 1) − 2 (𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 2) + 𝐿(𝑦) = ,
𝑠−2
1
(𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 + 1)𝐿(𝑦) = 2𝑠 − 5 +
𝑠−2
2𝑠−5 1
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠−1)2 + (𝑠−2)(𝑠−1)2

2(𝑠−1)−3 1 1 1
= + {𝑠−2 − 𝑠−1 − (𝑠−1)2 }, By partial fractions
(𝑠−1)2

1 4 1
= 𝑠−1 − (𝑠−1)2 + 𝑠−2

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

1 4 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 {𝑠−1 − (𝑠−1)2 + 𝑠−2}

= 𝑒 𝑡 − 4𝑡𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡
This is the required solution.

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 22
 5. Using the Laplace transform method, Solve the initial value problem,
𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
− 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒙 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 , 𝒙(𝟎) = 𝟎, (𝟎) = −𝟏.
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕

𝑥 ′′ − 2𝑥 ′ + 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,
𝐿{𝑥 ′′ } − 2𝐿{𝑥 ′ } + 𝐿{𝑥} = 𝐿{𝑒 2𝑡 }
1
{𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑥) − 𝑠𝑥(0) − 𝑥 ′ (0)} − 2{𝑠𝐿(𝑥) − 𝑥(0)} + 𝐿(𝑥) = ,
𝑠−2

Put 𝑥(0) = 0, 𝑥 ′ (0) = −1,

1
𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑥) + 1 − 2𝑠𝐿(𝑥) + 𝐿(𝑥) = 𝑠−2
1
(𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 + 1)𝐿(𝑥) = −1
𝑠−2
1
(𝑠 − 1)2 𝐿(𝑥) = −1
𝑠−2

1 1
𝐿(𝑥) = 2
−
(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 − 1)2
1 1 1 1
= 𝑠−2 − 𝑠−1 − (𝑠−1)2 − (𝑠−1)2 [By partial fractions]
1 1 2
𝐿(𝑥) = 𝑠−2 − 𝑠−1 − (𝑠−1)2

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

1 1 1
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 {𝑠−2} − 𝐿−1 {𝑠−1} − 2𝐿−1 {(𝑠−1)2}

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡 − 2𝑡𝑒 𝑡 .
This is the required solution.

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 23
 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
6. Solve the equation + 𝟒 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒕 with 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟏 = 𝒚′ (𝟎), using
𝒅𝒕𝟐
Laplace
transform.
𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ + 3𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,
𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } + 4𝐿{𝑦 ′ } + 3𝐿{𝑦} = 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 }
1
{𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} + 4{𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)} + 3𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠+1

Put 𝑦(0) = 1 and 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1,

1
𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠 − 1 + 4𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 4 + 3𝐿(𝑦) = 𝑠+1
1
(𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 3)𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠 + 5) +
𝑠+1
1
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 3)𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠 + 5) + 𝑠+1
𝑠+5 1
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠+3)(𝑠+1) + (𝑠+3)(𝑠+1)2

2 1 1 1 1 2
= {𝑠+1 − 𝑠+3} + 4 {𝑠+3 − 𝑠+1 + (𝑠+1)2}, [By partial fractions]
7 1 3 1 1 1
= 4 . 𝑠+1 − 4 . 𝑠+3 + 2 . (𝑠+1)2

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

7 1 3 1 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 4 𝐿−1 {𝑠+1} − 4 𝐿−1 {𝑠+3} + 2 𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)2}
7 3 1
= 4 𝑒 −𝑡 − 4 𝑒 −3𝑡 + 2 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡

This is the required solution.

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 24
 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
7. Solve the equation − 𝟑 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏 − 𝒆𝟐𝒕 given that 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟏, 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟎.
𝒅𝒕𝟐

𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 1 − 𝑒 2𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,
𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } − 3𝐿{𝑦 ′ } + 2𝐿{𝑦} = 𝐿{1} − 𝐿{𝑒 2𝑡 }
1 1
{𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} − 3{𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)} + 2𝐿(𝑦) = −
𝑠 𝑠−2

Put 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

1 1
𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠 − 3𝑠𝐿(𝑦) + 3 + 2𝐿(𝑦) = 𝑠 − 𝑠−2
1 1
(𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 + 2)𝐿(𝑦) = 𝑠 − 3 + −
𝑠 𝑠−2
𝑠−3 1 1
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) + 𝑠(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) − (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2

2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= (𝑠−1 − 𝑠−2) + (2𝑠 − 𝑠−1 + 2(𝑠−2)) − (𝑠−1 − 𝑠−2 + (𝑠−2)2) [By partial
fraction
1 1 1 1
= 2 (𝑠 + 𝑠−2) − (𝑠−2)2

Taking inverse Laplace transform,

1 1 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 2 𝐿−1 (𝑠 + 𝑠−2) − 𝐿−1 {(𝑠−2)2}
1
𝑦(𝑡) = 2 (1 + 𝑒 2𝑡 ) − 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡

This is the required solution.

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 25
 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
8. Solve the IVP, − 𝟑 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒𝒕 + 𝒆𝟑𝒕 , 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟏, 𝒚′ (𝟎) = −𝟏, using the
𝒅𝒕𝟐
Laplace transforms.
𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 4𝑡 + 𝑒 3𝑡
Taking Laplace transform,
𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } − 3𝐿{𝑦 ′ } + 2𝐿{𝑦} = 4𝐿{𝑡} + 𝐿{𝑒 3𝑡 }
4 1
{𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} − 3{𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)} + 2𝐿(𝑦) = 𝑠2 + 𝑠−3

Put 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = −1

4 1
𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠 + 1 − 3𝑠𝐿(𝑦) + 3 + 2𝐿(𝑦) = 𝑠2 + 𝑠−3
4 1
(𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 + 2)𝐿(𝑦) = 𝑠 − 4 + + 𝑠−3
𝑠2
𝑠−4 4 1
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) + 𝑠2 (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) + (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)(𝑠−3)

3 2 3 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1
= (𝑠−1 − 𝑠−2) + (𝑠 + 𝑠2 − 𝑠−1 + 𝑠−2) + (2 . 𝑠−1 − 𝑠−2 + 2 𝑠−3)
1 1 2 1 1 3 2
= − 2 . 𝑠−1 − 𝑠−2 + 2 . 𝑠−3 + 𝑠 + 𝑠2

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

1 1 2 1 1 3 2
𝑦(𝑡) = − 2 𝐿−1 {𝑠−1} − 𝐿−1 {𝑠−2} + 2 𝐿−1 {𝑠−3} + 𝐿−1 {𝑠 } + 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 }
1 1
= − 2 𝑒 𝑡 − 2𝑒 2𝑡 + 2 𝑒 3𝑡 + 3 + 2𝑡

This is the required solution.

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 26
 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
9. Solve + 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕, under the conditions 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝒚′(𝟎) = 𝟎.
𝒅𝒕𝟐

𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,
𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } + 2𝐿{𝑦 ′ } − 3𝐿{𝑦} = 𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡}
1
{𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} + 2{𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)} − 3𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠2 +1

Put 𝑦(0) = 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

1
(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 − 3)𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠2 +1
1
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠+3)(𝑠−1)(𝑠2 +1) ------ (1)

1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑠+𝐸
= 𝑠+3 + 𝑠−1 + 𝑠2 +1
(𝑠+3)(𝑠−1)(𝑠2 +1)

1 = 𝐴(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 2 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑠 + 3)(𝑠 2 + 1) + (𝐶𝑠 + 𝐸)(𝑠 + 3)(𝑠 − 1)

Taking 𝑠 = 1, −3, 0 and −1 respectively,
1 = 8𝐵, 1 = −40𝐴, 1 = −𝐴 + 3𝐵 − 3𝐸, 1 = −4𝐴 + 4𝐵 − 4(𝐸 − 𝐶)
1 1 1 1
These give 𝐴 = − 40 , 𝐵 = 8 , 𝐸 = −5 , 𝐶 = − 10
1 1 1 1 1 𝑠 2
𝐿(𝑦) = − 40 . 𝑠+3 + 8 . 𝑠−1 − 10 (𝑠2 +1 + 𝑠2 +1)

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

1 1 1 1 1 𝑠 2
𝑦(𝑡) = − 40 𝐿−1 {𝑠+3} + 8 𝐿−1 {𝑠−1} − 10 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +1 + 𝑠2 +1)
1 1 1
= − 40 𝑒 −3𝑡 + 8 𝑒 𝑡 − 10 (cos 𝑡 + 2 sin 𝑡)

This is the required solution.

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 27
 10. Solve the initial value problem 𝒚′′ + 𝟐𝒚′ + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕, with the conditions
𝒚(𝟎) = 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟎.
𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 5 sin 𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,
𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } + 2𝐿{𝑦 ′ } + 2𝐿{𝑦} = 5 sin 𝑡
5
{𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} + 2{𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)} + 2𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠2 +1

Put 𝑦(0) = 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

5
(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 2)𝐿(𝑦) =
(𝑠2 +1)

5
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠2 +2𝑠+2)(𝑠2 +1)
2𝑠+3 2𝑠−1
= 𝑠2 +2𝑠+2 − 𝑠2 +1 [By partial fractions]

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

2(𝑠+1) 1 𝑠 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)2+1} + 𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)2+1} − 2𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +1} + 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +1}

= 2𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 − 2 cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡

This is the required solution.

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 28
 11. Solve the equation 𝒚′′ + 𝟐𝒚′ + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕, under the conditions
𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟎, 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟏
Given equation is 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform of the given equation, we obtain
𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } + 2𝐿{𝑦 ′ } + 5𝐿{𝑦} = 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡}
1
{𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} + 2{𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑦(0)} + 5𝑌(𝑠) =
(𝑠+1)2 +1

Using the given conditions, this becomes

1
(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 5)𝑌(𝑠) = 1 +
(𝑠+1)2 +1

1 1
𝑌(𝑠) = + (𝑠2 +2𝑠+5)(𝑠2 +2𝑠+2)
(𝑠2 +2𝑠+5)

1 1 1 1
= (𝑠2 +2𝑠+5) + 3 {(𝑠2 +2𝑠+2) − (𝑠2 +2𝑠+5)} using the partial
fraction
1 1 2
= 3 {𝑠2 +2𝑠+2 + 𝑠2 +2𝑠+5}
1 1 2
= 3 {(𝑠+1)2+1 + (𝑠+1)2 +4}

Taking the inverse Laplace transform of this, we obtain

1 1 2
𝐿−1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = 3 𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)2+1 + (𝑠+1)2+4}
1
𝑦(𝑡) = 3 {𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 2𝑡}

This is the required solution.

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 29
 3.7 Convolution Theorem
𝑡
If 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝑔(𝑡) then 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠). 𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢.
𝟏
1. By employing convolution theorem, evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔(𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )]

1 1
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2 , 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠

1 1
Then 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +𝑎2) = sin 𝑎𝑡
𝑎

1
And 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠 ) = 𝑒 0𝑡 1

𝑡
By convolution theorem, 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠). 𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

Therefore,

𝑠 1 1
𝐿−1 [𝑠(𝑠2 +𝑎2)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 +𝑎2 . 𝑠 ]

𝑡1
= ∫0 𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢

1 𝑡
= 𝑎 ∫0 [sin 𝑎𝑢]𝑑𝑢

1 −cos 𝑎𝑢 𝑡
= 𝑎[ ]
𝑎 0

1
= 𝑎2 [− cos 𝑎𝑡 + 1]

1
= 𝑎2 (1 − cos 𝑎𝑡)

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 30
 𝒔
2. By employing convolution theorem, evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 [(𝒔−𝟏)(𝒔𝟐 +𝟒)]

𝑠 1
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +4 , 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠−1

𝑠
Then 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +4) = cos 2𝑡

1
And 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠−1) = 𝑒 𝑡

𝑡
By convolution theorem, 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠). 𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

Therefore,

𝑠 𝑠 1
𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)(𝑠2 +4)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 +4 . 𝑠−1]

𝑡
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

𝑡
= ∫0 [cos 2𝑢 . 𝑒 𝑡−𝑢 ]𝑑𝑢

𝑡
= 𝑒 𝑡 ∫0 [𝑒 −𝑢 cos 2𝑢]𝑑𝑢

𝑒 −𝑢 𝑡
= 𝑒 𝑡 [ 1+4 (− cos 2𝑢 + 2 sin 2𝑢)]
0

𝑒𝑡
= [𝑒 −𝑡 (− cos 2𝑡 + 2 sin 2𝑡) + 1 + 0]
5

1
= 5 (2 sin 2𝑡 − cos 2𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 )

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 31
 𝒔
3. By employing convolution theorem, evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 [(𝒔+𝟐)(𝒔𝟐 +𝟗)]

𝑠 1
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +9 , 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠+2

𝑠
Then 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +9) = cos 3𝑡

1
And 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠+2) = 𝑒 −2𝑡

𝑡
By convolution theorem, 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠). 𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

Therefore,

𝑠 𝑠 1
𝐿−1 [(𝑠+2)(𝑠2 +9)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 +9 . 𝑠+2]

𝑡
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

𝑡
= ∫0 [cos 3𝑢 . 𝑒 −2(𝑡−𝑢) ]𝑑𝑢

𝑡
= 𝑒 −2𝑡 ∫0 [𝑒 2𝑢 cos 3𝑢]𝑑𝑢

𝑡
𝑒 2𝑢
= 𝑒 −2𝑡 [4+9 (2 cos 3𝑢 + 3 sin 3𝑢)]
0

𝑒 −2𝑡
= [𝑒 2𝑡 (2 cos 3𝑡 + 3 sin 3𝑡) − 2]
13

1 2
= 13 (2 cos 3𝑡 + 3 sin 3𝑡) − 13 𝑒 −2𝑡

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 32
 𝟏
4. By employing convolution theorem, evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔𝟑 (𝒔𝟐+𝟏)]

1 1
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +1 , 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠3

1
Then 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +1) = sin 𝑡

1 𝑡2
And 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠3 ) = 2!

𝑡
By convolution theorem, 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠). 𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

Therefore,

1 1 1
𝐿−1 [𝑠3 (𝑠2 +1)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 +1 . 𝑠3 ]

𝑡
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

𝑡 (𝑡−𝑢)2
= ∫0 [sin 𝑢 . ] 𝑑𝑢
2

1 𝑡
= 2 ∫0 [ (𝑡 2 − 2𝑢𝑡 + 𝑢2 ) sin 𝑢]𝑑𝑢

1
= 2 [(𝑡 2 − 2𝑢𝑡 + 𝑢2 )(− cos 𝑢) − (2𝑢 − 2𝑡)(− sin 𝑢) + 2 cos 𝑢 ]𝑡0

1
= 2 [2 cos 𝑡 + 𝑡 2 − 2]

𝑡2
= cos 𝑡 + −1
2

1 2
= 13 (2 cos 3𝑡 + 3 sin 3𝑡) − 13 𝑒 −2𝑡

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 33
 𝒔𝟐
5. By employing convolution theorem, evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 {(𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐)(𝒔𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 )}
𝑠 𝑠
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2 , 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +𝑏2
𝑠
Then 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +𝑎2) = cos 𝑎𝑡
𝑠
And 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +𝑏2) = cos 𝑏𝑡
𝑡
By convolution theorem, 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠). 𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
Therefore,
𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠
𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ . ]
(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )(𝑠2 +𝑏 2 ) 𝑠2 +𝑎2 𝑠2 +𝑏2
𝑡
= ∫0 cos 𝑎𝑢 cos 𝑏(𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡
= 2 ∫0 [cos(𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑡 − 𝑏𝑢) + cos(𝑎𝑢 − 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑏𝑢)]𝑑𝑢
1 sin(𝑎𝑢+𝑏𝑡−𝑏𝑢) sin(𝑎𝑢−𝑏𝑡+𝑏𝑢) 𝑡
= 2[ + ]
𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 0
1 sin(𝑎𝑡+𝑏𝑡−𝑏𝑡) sin(𝑎𝑡−𝑏𝑡+𝑏𝑡) 1 sin(𝑏𝑡) sin(−𝑏𝑡)
= 2[ + ]− 2[ + ]
𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
1 sin 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡 1 sin 𝑏𝑡 sin 𝑏𝑡
= 2 [ 𝑎−𝑏 + ] − 2 [ 𝑎−𝑏 − ]
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
sin 𝑎𝑡 𝑎+𝑏+𝑎−𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑡 𝑎+𝑏−𝑎+𝑏
= [ ]− [ ]
2 𝑎2 −𝑏2 2 𝑎2 −𝑏 2
sin 𝑎𝑡 2𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑡 2𝑏
= [𝑎2 −𝑏2] − [𝑎2−𝑏2]
2 2
𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑡−𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑡
= 𝑎2 −𝑏2

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 34
 𝒔
6. By employing convolution theorem, evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 [ 𝟐 ]
(𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )

1 𝑠
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2 , 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2

1 sin at
Then 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +𝑎2) = a

𝑠
And 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 ) = cos 𝑎𝑡

𝑡
By convolution theorem, 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠). 𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

Therefore,

𝑠 1 𝑠
𝐿−1 [(𝑠2 +𝑎2)2] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 +𝑎2 . 𝑠2 +𝑎2]

𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑢
= ∫0 cos 𝑎(𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑎

1 𝑡
= 2𝑎 ∫0 [sin(𝑎𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢) + sin(𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑢)]𝑑𝑢

1 cos (2𝑎𝑢−𝑎𝑡) 𝑡
= 2𝑎 [𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 − ]
2𝑎 0

1 1
= 2𝑎 [(𝑡 − 0) sin 𝑎𝑡 − 2𝑎 (cos 𝑎𝑡 − cos 𝑎𝑡)]

𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡
= 2𝑎

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Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 35