REAL NUMBER

MAIN CONCEPTS AND RESULTS

**Euclid’s Division Lemma : Given two positive integers a and b, there exist unique integers q and r
satisfying a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b.
** Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic : Every composite number can be expressed as a product of
primes, and this expression (factorisation) is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors occur.
** Let p be a prime number. If p divides a2, then p divides a, where a is a positive integer.
** 2 , 3 , 5 are irrational numbers.
** The sum or difference of a rational and an irrational number is irrational.
** The product or quotient of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is irrational.
**For any two positive integers a and b, HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b) = a × b.
p
**Let x = , q , p and q are co-prime, be a rational number whose decimal expansion terminates. Then, the
q
prime factorisation of q is of the form 2m.5n; m, n are non-negative integers.
p
** Let x = , q be a rational number such that the prime factorisation of q is not of the form 2m.5n; m, n
q
being non-negative integers. Then, x has a non-terminating repeating decimal expansion.

QUESTIONS FROM NCERT BOOKS

1. Consider the numbers 4n, where n is a natural number. Check whether there is any value of n for which
4n ends with the digit zero.
2. Find the HCF of 96 and 404 by the prime factorisation method. Hence, find their LCM.
3. Find the HCF and LCM of 6, 72 and 120, using the prime factorisation method.
4. Find the LCM and HCF of the pair of integers 336 and 54 and verify that LCM × HCF = product of the
two numbers.
5. Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, find LCM (306, 657).
6. Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite numbers.
7. There is a circular path around a sports field. Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive one round of the field, while
Ravi takes 12 minutes for the same. Suppose they both start at the same point and at the same time, and go
in the same direction. After how many minutes will they meet again at the starting point?
8. Prove that 3 is irrational.

9. Show that 5 – 3 is irrational.

10. Show that 3 2 is irrational.

11. Prove that 3 2 5 is irrational.

6
 1
12. Prove that is irrational.
2
ANSWERS
1. There is no natural number n for which 4n ends with the digit zero.
2. 96 = 25 × 3, 404 = 22 × 101, LCM (96, 404) = 9696
3. HCF (6, 72, 120) = 6, LCM (6, 72, 120) = 360 4. 22338

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

1. Find the HCF and LCM of 612 and 1314 using prime factorisation method.
2. Find the HCF and LCM of 108, 120 and 252 using prime factorisation method.
3. Find the largest number which divides 245 and 1037, leaving remainder 5 in each case.
4. Find the least number which when divided by 35, 56 and 91 leaves the same remainder 7 in each case.
5. Find the smallest number which when divided by 28 and 32 leaves remainders 8 and 12 respectively.
6. Find the greatest number of four digits which is exactly divisible by 15, 24 and 36.
7. Find the least number which should be added to 2497 so that the sum is exactly divisible by 5, 6, 4 and 3
8. Find the greatest possible length which can be used to measure exactly the lengths 7 m, 3 m 85 cm and
12 m 95 cm.
9. Three measuring rods are 64 cm, 80 cm and 96 cm in length. Find the least length of cloth that can be
measured an exact number of times, using any of the rods.
10. Prove that 5 is irrational.

11. Prove that ( 2  3 ) is irrational.

12. Prove that 4  5 2 is an irrational number.

ANSWERS
1. HCF(612, 1314) = 18, LCM(612, 1314) = 44676
2. HCF(108, 120, 252) = 12, LCM(108, 120, 252) = 7560. 3. 24
4. 3647 5. 204 6. 9720
7. 23 8. 35 cm 9. 9.6 m

7
 POLYNOMIALS
MAIN CONCEPTS AND RESULTS

** Polynomials of degrees 1, 2 and 3 are called linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials respectively.
** A quadratic polynomial in x with real coefficients is of the form ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c are real
numbers with a ≠ 0.
** The zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are precisely the x-coordinates of the points, where the graph of y = p(x)
intersects the x -axis.
** A quadratic polynomial can have at most 2 zeroes and a cubic polynomial can have at most 3 zeroes.
b c
** If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c, then α + β = − , αβ = .
a a
** The division algorithm states that given any polynomial p(x) and any non-zero polynomial g(x), there are
polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that p(x) = g(x) q(x) + r(x), where r(x) = 0 or degree r(x) < degree g(x).

QUESTIONS FROM NCERT BOOKS

1. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 4x2 – 4x + 1, and verify the relationship between the zeroes
and the coefficients.
2. Find the zeroes of the polynomial x2 – 3 and verify the relationship between the zeroes and the
coefficients.
1
3. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are 2 and , respectively.
3

4. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are 0 and 5 , respectively.
ANSWERS
3. 3x2 − 3 2 x + 1 4. x2  5
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. Find the zeros of the polynomial 6x2 − 3 − 7x and verify the relationship between the zeros and the
coefficients.
2. Obtain the zeros of the quadratic polynomial 3 x2 − 8x + 4 3 and verify the relation between its zeros
and coefficients.
3. If the product of the zeros of the polynomial (ax2 − 6x − 6 )is 4, find the value of a.
4. If one zero of the polynomial (a2 + 9)x2 + 13x + 6a is reciprocal of the other, find the value of a.

ANSWERS
3 1 2 3
1. Zeros of are ,  2. Zeros of are 2 3 and 3.  4. a = 3.
2 3 3 2

8
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
MAIN CONCEPTS AND RESULTS

** Two linear equations in the same two variables are called a pair of linear equations in two variables.
**The most general form of a pair of linear equations is a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, a2x + b2y + c2 = 0

where a1, a2, b1, b2, c1, c2 are real numbers, such that a12  b12 z 0, a 22  b22 z 0 .
** A pair of linear equations is consistent if it has a solution – either a unique or infinitely many.
In case of infinitely many solutions, the pair of linear equations is also said to be dependent. Thus, in this
case, the pair of linear equations is dependent and consistent.
**A pair of linear equations is inconsistent, if it has no solution.
** A pair of linear equations in two variables can be represented, and solved, by the:
(i) graphical method (ii) algebraic method
** Graphical Method : The graph of a pair of linear equations in two variables is represented by two lines.
(i) If the lines intersect at a point, then that point gives the unique solution of the two equations. In this
case, the pair of equations is consistent.
(ii) If the lines coincide, then there are infinitely many solutions- each point on the line being a solution. In
this case, the pair of equations is dependent (consistent).
(iii) If the lines are parallel, then the pair of equations has no solution. In this case, the pair of equations is
inconsistent.
** Algebraic Methods : We have discussed the following methods for finding the solution(s) of a pair of
linear equations :
(i) Substitution Method (ii) Elimination Method (iii) Cross-multiplication Method
** Let a pair of linear equations is given by a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0,
a1 b1
(i) z Ÿ the pair of linear equations is consistent and the graph will be a pair of lines intersecting at a
a 2 b2
unique point, which is the solution of the pair of equations.
a1 b1 c1
(ii) z Ÿ the pair of linear equations is inconsistent and the graph will be a pair of parallel lines
a2 b2 c2
and so the pair of equations will have no solution.
a1 b1 c1
(iii) Ÿ the pair of linear equations is dependent and consistent and the graph will be a pair of
a2 b2 c2
coincident lines. Each point on the lines will be a solution, and so the pair of equations will have
infinitely many solutions.

9
 QUESTIONS FROM NCERT BOOKS
a1 b1 c
1. On comparing the ratios , and 1 , find out whether the lines representing the following pairs of
a 2 b2 c2
linear equations intersect at a point, are parallel or coincident:
(i) 5x – 4y + 8 = 0 , 7x + 6y – 9 = 0
(ii) 9x + 3y + 12 = 0, 18x + 6y + 24 = 0
(iii) 6x – 3y + 10 = 0, 2x – y + 9 = 0
a1 b1 c
2. On comparing the ratios , and 1 , find out whether the following pair of linear equations are
a 2 b2 c2
consistent, or inconsistent.
(i) 5x – 3y = 11 ; – 10x + 6y = –22
(ii) 2x – 3y = 8 ; 4x – 6y = 9
3 5
(iii) x y 7 ; 9x – 10y = 14
2 3
3. Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution method :
(i) 3x – y = 3, 9x – 3y = 9
(ii) 0.2x + 0.3y = 1.3, 0.4x + 0.5y = 2.3
(iii) 2 x+ 3 y= 0, 3 x− 8 y=0
4. Solve the following pair of linear equations by the elimination method and the substitution method :
(i) 3x + 4y = 10 and 2x – 2y = 2
(ii) 3x – 5y – 4 = 0 and 9x = 2y + 7
x 2y y
(iii)  1 and x  3
2 3 3
5. Half the perimeter of a rectangular garden, whose length is 4 m more than its width, is 36 m. Find the
dimensions of the garden.
6. The difference between two numbers is 26 and one number is three times the other. Find them.
7. The larger of two supplementary angles exceeds the smaller by 18 degrees. Find them.
8. The coach of a cricket team buys 7 bats and 6 balls for Rs 3800. Later, she buys 3 bats and 5 balls for
₹ 1750. Find the cost of each bat and each ball.
9. The taxi charges in a city consist of a fixed charge together with the charge for the distance covered. For a
distance of 10 km, the charge paid is ₹ 105 and for a journey of 15 km, the charge paid is ₹ 155. What
are the fixed charges and the charge per km? How much does a person have to pay for travelling a distance
of 25 km?
9
10. A fraction becomes , if 2 is added to both the numerator and the denominator. If, 3 is added to both
11
5
the numerator and the denominator it becomes . Find the fraction.
6

10
11. Five years hence, the age of Jacob will be three times that of his son. Five years ago, Jacob’s age was
seven times that of his son. What are their present ages?
12. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 9. Also, nine times this number is twice the number
obtained by reversing the order of the digits. Find the number.
13. Meena went to a bank to withdraw ₹ 2000. She asked the cashier to give her ₹ 50 and ₹ 100
notes only. Meena got 25 notes in all. Find how many notes of ₹ 50 and ₹ 100 she received.
14. A lending library has a fixed charge for the first three days and an additional charge for each day
thereafter. Saritha paid ₹ 27 for a book kept for seven days, while Susy paid ₹ 21 for the book she kept
for five days. Find the fixed charge and the charge for each extra day.
ANSWERS
1. (i) Intersect at a point (ii) Coincident (iii) Parallel
2.(i) Consistent (ii) inconsistent (iii) Consistent
3. (i) infinitely many solutions. (ii) x = 2, y = 3 (iii) x = 0, y = 0
9 5
4. (i) x = 2, y = 1 (ii) x ,y  (iii) x = 2, y = –3
13 13
5. Length = 20 m and breadth = 16 m.
6. 39, 13.
7. 99, 81.
8. cost of one bat = ₹500, cost of one ball = ₹50.
9. Fixed charge =₹5, charge per km = ₹10; travelling charge = ₹255.
7
10. Fraction =
9
11. Jacob’s age = 40 years, son’s age = 10 years.
12. 18
13. Number of Rs 50 = 10, Nnumber of Rs 100 notes = 15.
14. Fixed charge per day = ₹ 15and the additional charge per day = ₹3.
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. Solve graphically the system of linear equations 4x – 5y + 16 = 0 and 2x + y – 6 = 0. Determine the
vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and the x-axis.
2. Solve the following system of linear equations graphically: 4x – 5y – 20 = 0 and 3x + 5y – 15 = 0.
Determine the vertices of the triangle formed by the lines representing the above equations and the y-axis.
3. Solve for x and y: 0.4x – 1.5y = 6.5, 0.3x – 0.2y = 0.9.
4. Find the values of k for which the system of equations x – 2y = 3, 3x + ky =1 has a unique solution.
5. Find the value of k for which the following pair of linear equations has infinitely many solutions:
2x – 3y = 7, (k + 1)x + (1 – 2k)y = (5k – 4) .
6. Find the value of k for which the given system of equations has infinitely many solutions:
x + (k + 1)y = 5, (k + 1)x + 9y + (1 – 8k) = 0.

11
7. Find the values of k for which the pair of linear equations kx + 3y = k – 2 and 12x + ky = k
has no solution.
8. Find the values of k for which the system of equations kx – y = 2, 6x – 2y = 3
has (i) a unique solution, (ii) no solution. (iii) Is there a value of k for which the given system has infinitely
many solutions?
9. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 12. The number obtained by interchanging its digits
exceeds the given number by 18. Find the number
10. Five years ago, A was thrice as old as B and ten years later A shall be twice as old as B. What are the
present ages of A and B?

ANSWERS
1. Vertices are (1, 4), (–4, 0) and (3, 0)
2. (0, –4), (0, 3) and (5, 0) .
3. x = 5 and y = –3.
4. All real values of k, other than –6.
5. k = 5
6. k = 2.
7. k = 6 or k = – 6.
8. (i) k ≠ 3, (ii) k =3, (iii) no real value of k
9. 57
10. A’s present age = 50 years, B’s present age = 20 years

12
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
MAIN CONCEPTS AND RESULTS

**Quadratic equation : A quadratic equation in the variable x is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c
are real numbers and a ≠ 0.
** Roots of a quadratic equation : A real number α is said to be a root of the quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0, if aα2 + bα + c = 0.
** The roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are the same as the zeroes of the quadratic
polynomial ax2 + bx + c.
** Finding the roots of a quadratic equation by the method of factorisation : If we can factorise the quadratic
polynomial ax2 + bx + c, then the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be found by
equating to zero the linear factors of ax2 + bx + c.
** Quadratic Formula : If b2 – 4ac ≥ 0, then the real roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are

 b r b2  4ac
given by .
2a
**The expression b2 – 4ac is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation.
**Existence of roots of a quadratic equation: A quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0 has
(i) two distinct real roots if b2 – 4ac > 0
(ii) two equal real roots (i.e., coincident roots) if b2 – 4ac= 0
(iii) no real roots if b2 – 4ac < 0.

QUESTIONS FROM NCERT BOOKS

1. Check whether the following are quadratic equations :

(i) (2x – 1)(x – 3) = (x + 5)(x – 1), (ii) (x + 2)3 = 2x (x2 – 1)
2. Represent the following situation in the form of quadratic equation : The area of a rectangular plot is 528
m2. The length of the plot (in metres) is one more than twice its breadth. We need to find the length and
breadth of the plot.
3. Represent the following situation in the form of quadratic equation : The product of two consecutive
positive integers is 306. We need to find the integers.
4. Represent the following situation in the form of quadratic equation : Rohan’s mother is 26 years older
than him. The product of their ages (in years) 3 years from now will be 360. We would like to find
Rohan’s present age.
5. Represent the following situation in the form of quadratic equation : A train travels a distance of 480 km
at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 8 km/h less, then it would have taken 3 hours more to cover the
same distance. We need to find the speed of the train.
6. Represent the following situation in the form of quadratic equation : John and Jivanti together have 45

13
 marbles. Both of them lost 5 marbles each, and the product of the number of marbles they now have is
124. We would like to find out how many marbles they had to start with.
7. Represent the following situation in the form of quadratic equation : A cottage industry produces a certain
number of toys in a day. The cost of production of each toy (in rupees) was found to be 55 minus the
number of toys produced in a day. On a particular day, the total cost of production was Rs 750. We would
like to find out the number of toys produced on that day.
8. Find the roots of the quadratic equation : 6x2 – x – 2 = 0.
9. Find the roots of the quadratic equation : 100 x2 – 20x + 1 = 0.
1
10. Find the roots of the quadratic equation : 2x2 – x + = 0.
8
11. Find the roots of the quadratic equation: 2 x2 7 x 5 2 0.

12. Find the roots of the quadratic equation : 3x2 Ѹ2 6 x 2 0 .

1
13. Find the roots of the quadratic equation : x  3, x z 0.
x
1 1 11
14. Find the roots of the quadratic equation :  , x z 4, 7.
x4 x7 30
15. Find the nature of the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 – 3x + 5 = 0. If the real roots exist, find them.
16. Find the nature of the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 – 6x + 3 = 0. If the real roots exist, find the
17. Find the values of k for each of the quadratic equation kx (x – 2) + 6 = 0, so that they have two equal
roots.
18. The altitude of a right triangle is 7 cm less than its base. If the hypotenuse is 13 cm, find the other two
sides.
19. A cottage industry produces a certain number of pottery articles in a day. It was observed on a particular
day that the cost of production of each article (in rupees) was 3 more than twice the number of articles
produced on that day. If the total cost of production on that day was Rs 90, find the number of articles
produced and the cost of each article.
20. In a class test, the sum of Shefali’s marks in Mathematics and English is 30. Had she got 2 marks more
in Mathematics and 3 marks less in English, the product of their marks would have been 210. Find her
marks in the two subjects.
21. The diagonal of a rectangular field is 60 metres more than the shorter side. If the longer side is 30 metres
more than the shorter side, find the sides of the field.
22. The difference of squares of two numbers is 180. The square of the smaller number is 8 times the larger
number. Find the two numbers.
23. A train travels 360 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 5 km/h more, it would have taken 1
hour less for the same journey. Find the speed of the train.
3
24. Two water taps together can fill a tank in 9 hours. The tap of larger diameter takes 10 hours less than
8

14
 the smaller one to fill the tank separately. Find the time in which each tap can separately fill the tank.
25. An express train takes 1 hour less than a passenger train to travel 132 km between Mysore and
Bangalore (without taking into consideration the time they stop at intermediate stations). If the average
speed of the express train is 11km/h more than that of the passenger train, find the average speed of the
two trains.
26. Sum of the areas of two squares is 468 m2. If the difference of their perimeters is 24 m, find the sides of
the two squares.

27. A rectangular park is to be designed whose breadth is 3 m less than its

length. Its area is to be 4 square metres more than the area of a park that has
already been made in the shape of an isosceles triangle with its base as the
breadth of the rectangular park and of altitude 12 m. Find its length and breadth.

28. A motor boat whose speed is 18 km/h in still water takes 1 hour more to go 24 km upstream than to
return downstream to the same spot. Find the speed of the stream.
ANSWERS
1. (i) YES (ii) NO
2. 2x2 + x – 528 = 0, where x is breadth (in metres) of the plot.
3. x2 + 32x – 273 = 0, where x (in years) is the present age of Rohan.
4. x2 + x – 306 = 0, where x is the smaller integer.
5. x2 – 8x – 1280 = 0, where x (in km/h) is the speed of the train.
6. x2 – 45x + 324 = 0, where x is the number of marbles John had.
7. x2 – 55x + 750 = 0, where x is the number of toys produced.
2 1 1 1 1 1
8. ,  9. , 10. ,
3 2 10 10 4 4

5 2 2 3  13 3  13
11.  ,  2 12. , 13. ,
2 3 3 2 2

3r 3
14. 1, 2 15. Real roots do not exist 16. Distinct roots;
2
17. k = 6 18. 5 cm and 12 cm
19. Number of articles = 6, Cost of each article = Rs 15
20. Marks in mathematics = 12, marks in English = 18;
or, Marks in mathematics = 13, marks in English = 17
21. 120 m, 90 m 22. 18, 12 or 18, –12 23. 40 km/h
24. 15 hours, 25 hours
25. Speed of the passenger train = 33 km/h, speed of express train = 44 km/h
26. 18 m, 12 m 27. Length = 7m and breadth = 4m. 28. 6 km/h.

15
 ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. Solve: 6x2 + 40 = 31x.
2. Solve: 4 3 x2 + 5x – 2 3 = 0.
3. Solve the equation: 4x2 – 4ax + (a2 – b2) = 0.
1 1 11
4. Solve the equation:  , x z 4, 7
x4 x7 30
5. Solve the equation: x2 – 2ax – (4b2 – a2) = 0
6. Show that the equation 2x2 + 5 3 x + 6 = 0 has real roots and solve it.
7. Using quadratic formula, solve for x: abx2 + (b2 – ac)x – bc = 0.
8. If the quadratic equation (1 + m2)x2 + 2mcx + c2 – a2 = 0 has equal roots, prove that c2 = a2 (1 + m2) .
9. If a and b are real and a ≠ b then show that the roots of the equation (a – b)x2 + 5(a + b)x –2(a – b) = 0 are
real and unequal.
a c
10. If the roots of the equation (a2 + b2)x2 – 2(ac + bd)x + (c2 + d2) = 0 are equal, prove that ·
b d
11. The sum of the squares of two consecutive odd numbers is 394. Find the numbers.
12. The sum of the squares of two consecutive multiples of 7 is 637. Find the multiples.
13. The difference of squares of two numbers is 180. The square of the smaller number is 8 times the larger
number. Find the two numbers.
14. The total cost of a certain length of a piece of wire is ₹200. If the piece was 5 metres longer and each
metre of wire costs ₹2 less, the cost of the piece would have remained unchanged. How long is the piece
and what is its original rate per metre?
15. A girl is twice as old as her sister. Four years hence, the product of their ages (in years) will be 160. Find
their present ages.

ANSWERS
8 5 2 3 ab ab
1. , 2.  , 3. ,
3 2 3 4 2 2

3
4. 2, 1 5. x = (a – 2b) or x = (a + 2b) 6.  , 2 3
2
c b
7. ,  11. 13 and 15. 12. 14 and 21.
a a
13. (18 and 12) or (18 and –12). 14. ₹ 10 per m.
15. Sister’s present age = 6 years and girl’s present age = 12 years.

16
 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
MAIN CONCEPTS AND RESULTS

** An arithmetic progression (AP) is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained by adding a fixed
number d to the preceding term, except the first term a. The fixed number d is called its common difference.
The general form of an AP is a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d,...
** In the list of numbers a1, a2, a3,... if the differences a2 – a1, a3 – a2, a4 – a3,... give the same value, i.e.,
if ak + 1 – ak is the same for different values of k, then the given list of numbers is an AP.
** The nth term an (or the general term) of an AP is an = a + (n – 1) d, where a is the first term and d is the
common difference.
n
** The sum Sn of the first n terms of an AP is given by Sn = [2a + (n – 1) d]
2
If l is the last term of an AP of n terms, then the sum of all the terms can also be given by
n
Sn = [a + l]
2
Sometimes Sn is also denoted by S.
QUESTIONS FROM NCERT BOOKS

1. For the AP : 0.6, 1.7, 2.8, 3.9, . . ., write the first term a and the common difference d.
1 5 9 13
2. For the AP : , , , , . . ., write the first term a and the common difference d.
3 3 3 3
3. Which of the following are APs ? If they form an AP, find the common difference d and write three more
terms.
(i) – 1.2, – 3.2, – 5.2, – 7.2, . . . (ii) 3, 3  2 , 3 2 2 , 3 3 2 ,...
(iii) 0.2, 0.22, 0.222, 0.2222, . . . (iv) 12, 32, 52, 72, . . .
4. Find the 10th term of the AP : 2, 7, 12, . . .
5. In the given AP, find the missing terms in the boxes : – 4, , , , ,6
6. In the given AP, find the missing terms in the boxes : , 38, , , , , – 22

7. Which term of the AP : 3, 8, 13, 18, . . . ,is 78?

8. Find the number of terms in the AP : 7, 13, 19, . . . , 205
9. Check whether – 150 is a term of the AP : 11, 8, 5, 2 . . .
10. Find the 31st term of an AP whose 11th term is 38 and the 16th term is 73.
11. An AP consists of 50 terms of which 3rd term is 12 and the last term is 106. Find the 29th term.
12. If the 3rd and the 9th terms of an AP are 4 and – 8 respectively, which term of this AP is
zero?
13. The 17th term of an AP exceeds its 10th term by 7. Find the common difference.
14. Which term of the AP : 3, 15, 27, 39, . . . will be 132 more than its 54th term?

17
15. Two APs have the same common difference. The difference between their 100th terms is 100, what is
the difference between their 1000th terms?
16. How many three-digit numbers are divisible by 7?
17. How many multiples of 4 lie between 10 and 250?
18. For what value of n, are the nth terms of two APs: 63, 65, 67, . . . and 3, 10, 17, . . . equal?
19. Determine the AP whose third term is 16 and the 7th term exceeds the 5th term by 12.
20. Find the 20th term from the last term of the AP : 3, 8, 13, . . ., 253.
21. The sum of the 4th and 8th terms of an AP is 24 and the sum of the 6th and 10th terms is 44. Find the first
three terms of the AP.
22. Subba Rao started work in 1995 at an annual salary of ₹ 5000 and received an increment of ₹ 200 each
year. In which year did his income reach ₹ 7000?
23. Ramkali saved Rs 5 in the first week of a year and then increased her weekly savings by ₹1.75. If in the
nth week, her weekly savings become ₹ 20.75, find n.
24. A sum of Rs 1000 is invested at 8% simple interest per year. Calculate the interest at the end of each
year. Do these interests form an AP? If so, find the interest at the end of 30 years making use of this fact.
25. In a flower bed, there are 23 rose plants in the first row, 21 in the second, 19 in the third, and so on.
There are 5 rose plants in the last row. How many rows are there in the flower bed?
26. Find the sum of the first 22 terms of the AP : 8, 3, –2, . . .
27. If the sum of the first 14 terms of an AP is 1050 and its first term is 10, find the 20th term.
28. How many terms of the AP : 24, 21, 18, . . . must be taken so that their sum is 78?
29. How many terms of the AP : 9, 17, 25, . . . must be taken to give a sum of 636?
30. The first term of an AP is 5, the last term is 45 and the sum is 400. Find the number of terms and the
common difference.
31. The first and the last terms of an AP are 17 and 350 respectively. If the common difference is 9, how
many terms are there and what is their sum?
32. Find the sum of first 22 terms of an AP in which d = 7 and 22nd term is 149.
33. Find the sum of first 51 terms of an AP whose second and third terms are 14 and 18 respectively.
34. If the sum of first 7 terms of an AP is 49 and that of 17 terms is 289, find the sum of first n terms.
35. Find the sum of the first 40 positive integers divisible by 6.
36. Find the sum of the first 15 multiples of 8.
37. Find the sum of the odd numbers between 0 and 50.
38. A contract on construction job specifies a penalty for delay of completion beyond a certain date as
follows: ₹ 200 for the first day, ₹ 250 for the second day, ₹ 300 for the third day, etc., the penalty for
each succeeding day being ₹ 50 more than for the preceding day. How much money the contractor has
to pay as penalty, if he has delayed the work by 30 days?
39. A sum of ₹ 700 is to be used to give seven cash prizes to students of a school for their overall academic
performance. If each prize is ₹ 20 less than its preceding prize, find the value of each of the prizes.
18
40. In a school, students thought of planting trees in and around the school to reduce air pollution. It was
decided that the number of trees, that each section of each class will plant, will be the same as the class, in
which they are studying, e.g., a section of Class I will plant 1 tree, a section of Class II will plant 2 trees
and so on till Class XII. There are three sections of each class. How many trees will be planted by the
students?

ANSWERS
1 4
1. a = 0.6, d = 1.1 2. a d=
3 3
3. (i) Yes. d = – 2; – 9.2, –11.2, – 13.2,
(ii) Yes. d = 2 ; 3 4 2 , 3 5 2 , 3 6 2 ,
(iii) No
(iv) No
4. 47 5. – 2 , 0 , 2 , 4 6. 53 , 23 , 8 , –7
7. 16th term 8. 34 9. No
10. 178 11. 64 12. 5th term
13. 1 14. 65th term 15. 100
16. 128 17. 60 18. 13
19. 4, 10, 16, 22, . . . 20. 20th term from the last term is 158.
21. –13, –8, –3 22. 11th year 23. 10
24. ₹ 2400 25. 10 rows 26. – 979
27. 200 28. 4 or 13 29. 12
8
30. n = 16, d = 31. n = 38, S = 6973 32. Sum = 1661
3
33. S51 = 5610 34. n2 35. 4920
36. 960 37. 625 38. Rs 27750
39. Values of the prizes (in Rs) are 160, 140, 120, 100, 80, 60, 40. 40. 234

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. The 7th term of an AP is – 4 and its 13th term is –16. Find the AP.
2. The 4th term of an AP is zero. Prove that its 25th term is triple its 11th term.
3. If the sixth term of an AP is zero then show that its 33rd term is three times its 15th term.
4. The 4th term of an AP is 11. The sum of the 5th and 7th terms of this AP is 34. Find its common
difference.
5. The 9th term of an AP is –32 and the sum of its 11th and 13th terms is –94. Find the common difference
of the AP.
6. Determine the nth term of the AP whose 7th term is –1 and 16th term is 17.
19
7. If 4 times the 4th term of an AP is equal to 18 times its 18th term then find its 22nd term.
8. If 10 times the 10th term of an AP is equal to 15 times the 15th term, show that its 25th term is zero.
9. Find the common difference of an AP whose fi rst term is 5 and the sum of its first four terms is half the
sum of the next four terms.
10. The sum of the 2nd and the 7th terms of an AP is 30. If its 15th term is 1 less than twice its 8th term,
find the AP.
11. For what value of n, the nth terms of the arithmetic progressions 63, 65, 67, … and 3, 10, 17, … are
equal?
12. The 17th term of AP is 5 more than twice its 8th term. If the 11th term of the AP is 43, find its nth term.
13. The 24th term of an AP is twice its 10th term. Show that its 72nd term is 4 times its 15th term.
14. The 19th term of an AP is equal to 3 times its 6th term. If its 9th term is 19, find the AP.
40. If the p th term of an AP is q and its qth term is p then show that its (p + q)th term is zero.

ANSWERS
1. 8, 6, 4, 2, 0, … 4. 3 5. –5
6. Tn = (2n –15) 7. 0 9. 2
10. 1, 5, 9, 13, … 11. n = 13 12. Tn =(4n –1) 14. 3, 5, 7, 9, …

20
 COORDINATE GEOMETRY
MAIN CONCEPTS AND RESULTS

**The distance between two points P (x1, y1) and Q (x2, y2) is ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2 .

** The distance of a point P (x , y) from the origin is x 2  y2 .

** The coordinates of the point P which divides the line segment joining the points A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2)
§ m x  m 2 x1 m1y 2  m 2 y1 ·
internally in the ratio m1 : m2 are ¨¨ 1 2 , ¸¸ .
© m 1  m 2 m 1  m 2 ¹
** The coordinates of the mid-point of the line segment joining the points P (x1, y1) and Q (x2, y2) are

§ x1  x 2 y1  y2 ·
¨ , ¸.
© 2 2 ¹
**The area of a triangle with vertices A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2) and C (x3, y3) is
1
[x1 (y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)] which is non–zero unless the points A, B and C are collinear.
2

QUESTIONS FROM NCERT BOOKS D

1. Determine if the points (1, 5), (2, 3) and (– 2, – 11) are collinear.
2. Check whether (5, – 2), (6, 4) and (7, – 2) are the vertices of an isosceles triangle.
3. Find the point on the x-axis which is equidistant from (2, –5) and (–2, 9).
4. Find the values of y for which the distance between the points P(2, – 3) and Q(10, y) is 10 units.
5. If Q(0, 1) is equidistant from P(5, –3) and R(x, 6), find the values of x. Also find the distances QR and
PR.
6. Find a relation between x and y such that the point (x, y) is equidistant from the point(3, 6) and
(– 3, 4).
7. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the join of (–1, 7) and (4, –3) in the ratio 2 : 3.
8. Find the coordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment joining (4, –1) and (–2, –3).
9. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining the points (– 3, 10) and (6, – 8) is divided by (– 1, 6).
10. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining A(1, – 5) and B(– 4, 5) is divided by the x-axis. Also
find the coordinates of the point of division.
11. If (1, 2), (4, y), (x, 6) and (3, 5) are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in order, find x and y.
12. Find the coordinates of a point A, where AB is the diameter of a circle whose centre is (2, – 3) and B
is (1, 4).
3
13. If A and B are (– 2, – 2) and (2, – 4), respectively, find the coordinates of P such that AP = AB and P
7

21
 lies on the line segment AB.
14. Find the coordinates of the points which divide the line segment joining A(– 2, 2) and B(2, 8) into four
equal parts.
15. Find the area of a rhombus if its vertices are (3, 0), (4, 5), (– 1, 4) and (– 2, – 1) taken in order.

ANSWERS
1. No 2. Yes 3. (– 7, 0)
4. – 9, 3 5.s4, QR = 41 , PR = 82 , 9 2

§ 5· § 7·
6. 3x + y – 5 = 0 7. (1, 3) 8. ¨ 2 , ¸; ¨ 2 , ¸
© 3¹ © 3¹

§ 3 ·
9. 2 : 7 10. 1 : 1 ; ¨  , 0 ¸ 11. x = 6, y = 3
© 2 ¹
§ 2 20 · § 7· § 13 ·
12. (3, – 10) 13. ¨  ,  ¸ 14. ¨  1 , ¸ , (0 , 5), ¨1 , ¸
© 7 7 ¹ © 2¹ © 2¹
15. 24 sq. units

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. If the point P(k − 1, 2) is equidistant from the points A( 3, k) and B(k, 5), find the values of k.
2. Find the relation between x and y such that the point P(x, y) is equidistant from the points A(1, 4) and
B(−1, 2).
3. Find the point on x-axis which is equidistant from the points (5, −2) and (−3, 2).
4. Find the point on y-axis which is equidistant from the points (−5, 2) and (9, −2).
5. Show that the points (a, a), (−a, −a) and (− 3 a, 3 a) are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
6. Show that the points (1, 1), (−1, 5), (7 , 9) and (9, 5) taken in that order are the vertices of a rectangle.
7. Show that the points A( 3, 5), B(6, 0), C(1, − 3) and D(−2, 2) are the vertices of a square ABCD.
8. If A(2, −1), B( 3, 4), C(−2, 3) and D(−3, −2) be four points in a plane, show that ABCD is a rhombus but
not a square.
9. If the point A(0, 2) is equidistant from the points B( 3, p) and C(p, 5), find the value of p. Also, find the
length of AB.
10. If the distances of P(x, y) from A(5, 1) and B(–1, 5) are equal then prove that 3x = 2y.
ANSWERS
1. 1 and 5.
2. y = 3 − x
3. (1, 0).
4. (0, − 7).
9. p = 1, AB = 10 units

22
 TRIANGLES
MAIN CONCEPTS AND RESULTS

** Two figures having the same shape but not necessarily the same size are called similar figures.
** All the congruent figures are similar but the converse is not true.
** Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if
(i) their corresponding angles are equal and
(ii) their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (i.e., proportion).
** If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, then
the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
** If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side.
** If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding sides are in the same ratio
and hence the two triangles are similar (AAA similarity criterion).
** If in two triangles, two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to the two angles of the other triangle,
then the two triangles are similar (AA similarity criterion).
** If in two triangles, corresponding sides are in the same ratio, then their corresponding angles are equal
and hence the triangles are similar (SSS similarity criterion).
** If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle and the sides including these angles are
in the same ratio (proportional), then the triangles are similar (SAS similarity criterion).

QUESTIONS FROM NCERT BOOKS

1. E and F are points on the sides PQ and PR respectively of a Δ PQR. For each of the following cases, state
whether EF || QR :
(i) PE = 3.9 cm, EQ = 3 cm, PF = 3.6 cm and FR = 2.4 cm
(ii) PE = 4 cm, QE = 4.5 cm, PF = 8 cm and RF = 9 cm
(iii) PQ = 1.28 cm, PR = 2.56 cm, PE = 0.18 cm and PF = 0.36 cm
AM AN
2. In the given figure, if LM || CB and LN || CD, prove that .
AB AD

BF BE
3. In the given figure, DE || AC and DF || AE. Prove that .
FE EC

4. In the given figure, DE || OQ and DF || OR. Show that EF || QR.

23
5. In the given figure, A, B and C are points on OP, OQ and OR
respectively such that AB || PQ and AC || PR.
Show that BC || QR.

6. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and its diagonals intersect each other at the point O.
AO CO
Show that .
BO DO
AO CO
7. The diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD intersect each other at the point O such that .
BO DO
Show that ABCD is a trapezium.
8. In the given figure, Δ ODC ~ Δ OBA, ‘BOC = 125°
and ‘CDO = 70°. Find ‘DOC, ‘DCO and ‘ OAB.

QR QT
9. In the given figure, and
QS PR
‘1 = ‘2. Show that Δ PQS ~ Δ TQR.

10. S and T are points on sides PR and QR of Δ PQR such that ‘P = ‘ RTS. Show that Δ RPQ ~ Δ RTS.

11. In the given figure, if Δ ABE # Δ ACD, show that Δ ADE ~ Δ ABC.

12. In the given figure, altitudes AD and CE of Δ ABC

intersect each other at the point P. Show that:
(i) Δ AEP ~ Δ CDP
(ii) Δ ABD ~ Δ CBE
(iii) Δ AEP ~ Δ ADB
(iv) Δ PDC ~ Δ BEC

24
13. E is a point on the side AD produced of a parallelogram ABCD and BE intersects CD at F.
Show that Δ ABE ~ Δ CFB.

14. In the given figure, ABC and AMP are two right triangles,
right angled at B and M respectively. Prove that:
(i) Δ ABC ~ Δ AMP
CA BC
(ii)
PA MP

15. CD and GH are respectively the bisectors of ‘ACB and ‘EGF such that D and H lie on sides AB
and FE of Δ ABC and Δ EFG respectively. If Δ ABC ~ Δ FEG, show that:
CD AC
(i)
GH FG
(ii) Δ DCB ~ Δ HGE
(iii) Δ DCA ~ Δ HGF
16. In the given figure, E is a point on side CB produced of
an isosceles triangle ABC with AB = AC. If ADA BC
and EF A AC, prove that Δ ABD ~ Δ ECF.

17. In the given figure, sides AB and BC and

median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively
proportional to sides PQ and QR and median
PM of Δ PQR . Show that Δ ABC ~ Δ PQR.

18. D is a point on the side BC of a triangle ABC such that ‘ADC = ‘BAC. Show that CA2 = CB.CD.
19. Sides AB and AC and median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively proportional to sides PQ and PR
and median PM of another triangle PQR. Show that Δ ABC ~ Δ PQR.
20. A vertical pole of length 6 m casts a shadow 4 m long on the ground and at the same time a tower casts a
shadow 28 m long. Find the height of the tower.
21. If AD and PM are medians of triangles ABC and PQR, respectively where Δ ABC ~ Δ PQR, prove that
AB AD
.
PQ PM

ANSWERS
1. (i) No (ii) Yes (iii) Yes 8. 55°, 55°, 55°

25
 ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. In the adjoining figure, 'AHK is similar to 'ABC.
If AK = 10 cm, BC = 3.5 cm and HK = 7 cm, find AC.

2. In the given fi gure, D is a point on the side BC of

'ABC such that ‘ADC = ‘BAC.
Prove that CA2 = CB×CD.

3. The perimeters of two similar triangles are 25 cm and 15 cm respectively. If one side of the fi rst triangle
is 9 cm, find the corresponding side of the second triangle.
4. In the given figure, DE __ BC, AD = 2 cm, BD = 2.5 cm, AE = 3.2 cm
and DE = 4 cm. Find AC and BC.

5. Two right triangles ABC and DBC are drawn on the same hypotenuse
BC and on the same side of BC. If AC and BD intersect at P,
prove that AP×PC = BP×PD.

6. In the given figure, DB A BC, DE A AB and AC A BC.

BE AC
Prove that
DE BC

ANSWERS
1. 5 cm. 3. 5.4 cm. 4. AC = 7.2 cm and BC = 9 cm.

26
 STATISTICS
MAIN CONCEPTS AND RESULTS
1. The mean for grouped data can be found by :

(i) the direct method : x ¦ fi x i

¦ fi
(ii) the assumed mean method : x a
¦ fi di
¦ fi
a  ¨ ¦ i i ¸uh ,
§ f u ·
(iii) the step deviation method : x
¨ ¦f ¸
© i ¹

with the assumption that the frequency of a class is centred at its mid-point, called its class mark.
2. The mode for grouped data can be found by using the formula:
§ f1  f 0 ·
Mode = l  ¨¨ ¸¸ u h where symbols have their usual meanings.
© 2f1  f 0  f 2 ¹
3. The cumulative frequency of a class is the frequency obtained by adding the frequencies
of all the classes preceding the given class.
4. The median for grouped data is formed by using the formula:
§n ·
¨  cf ¸
Median = l  ¨ 2 ¸ u h , where symbols have their usual meanings.
¨¨ f ¸¸
© ¹

QUESTIONS FROM NCERT BOOKS D

1. Consider the following distribution of daily wages of 50 workers of a factory.

Find the mean daily wages of the workers of the factory.

2. The following distribution shows the daily pocket allowance of children of a locality.The mean pocket
allowance is Rs 18. Find the missing frequency f.

3. In a retail market, fruit vendors were selling mangoes kept in packing boxes. These boxes contained
varying number of mangoes. The following was the distribution of mangoes according to the number of
boxes.

42
 Find the mean number of mangoes kept in a packing box.
4. The following table shows the ages of the patients admitted in a hospital during a year:

Find the mode and the mean of the data given above. Compare and interpret the two measures of central
tendency.

5. A student noted the number of cars passing through a spot on a road for 100 periods each of 3 minutes and
summarised it in the table given below. Find the mode of the data :

6. The following frequency distribution gives the monthly consumption of electricity of 68 consumers of a
locality. Find the median, mean and mode of the data and compare them.

7. If the median of the distribution given below is 28.5, find the values of x and y.

43
8. A life insurance agent found the following data for distribution of ages of 100 policy holders. Calculate
the median age, if policies are given only to persons having age 18 years onwards but less than 60 year.

9. 100 surnames were randomly picked up from a local telephone directory and the frequency distribution of
the number of letters in the English alphabets in the surnames was obtained as follows:

ANSWERS
1. Rs 145.20 2. f = 20 3. 57.19 4. Mode = 36.8 years, Mean = 35.37 years. 5. Mode = 44.7
cars
6. Median = 137 units, Mean = 137.05 units, Mode = 135.76 units. 7. x = 8, y = 7 8. Median age = 35.76
years 9. Median = 8.05, Mean = 8.32, Modal size = 7.88

44
 PROBABILITY
MAIN CONCEPTS AND RESULTS

** PROBABILITY : Probability is a concept which numerically measures the degree of certainty of the
occurrence of events.
**EXPERIMENT : An operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes is called an experiment.
**RANDOM EXPERIMENT : An experiment in which all possible outcomes are known, and the exact
outcome cannot be predicted in advance, is called a random experiment.
**EVENT : The collection of all or some of the possible outcomes is called an event.
**EQUALLY LIKELY EVENTS : A given number of events are said to be equally likely if none of them
is expected to occur in preference to the others.
**PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF AN EVENT : Probability of occurrence of an event E,
number of outcomes favourable to E
denoted by P(E) is defined as: P E
total number of possible outcomes
** SURE EVENT : The sure event is defined as an event which always happens. Hence, the probability of a
sure event is always 1.
6
For example, in single throw of a die, P(getting a number d 7) = = 1.
6
**IMPOSSIBLE EVENT : An event which is impossible to occur, is called an impossible event. The
probability of impossible event is always zero.
0
For example, in single throw of a die, P(getting 7) = = 0.
6
**COMPLEMENTARY EVENT : Let E be an event and (not E) be an event which occurs only when E
does not occur. We denote (not E) by E′, or E , called complement of event E.
The event (not E) is called the complementary event of E.
P(E) + P(not E) = 1. ∴ P(E) = 1 − P(not E).
** SOME IMPORTANT EXPERIMENTS
* Tossing a coin When we throw a coin, either a head (H) or a tail (T) appears on the upper face.
* Throwing a die A die is a solid cube, having 6 faces, marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, or having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and
6 dots. In throwing a die, the outcome is the number or number of dots appearing on the uppermost face.
The plural of die is dice.
* Drawing a card from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards.
A deck of playing cards has in all 52 cards.
(i) It has 13 cards each of four suits, namely spades, clubs, hearts and diamonds.

45
 (a) Cards of spades and clubs are black cards. (b) Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.
Kings, queens and jacks are known as face cards. Therefore, there are in all 12 face cards.

QUESTIONS FROM NCERT BOOKS D

1. A bag contains lemon flavoured candies only. Malini takes out one candy without looking into the bag.
What is the probability that she takes out (i) an orange flavoured candy? (ii) a lemon flavoured candy?

2. It is given that in a group of 3 students, the probability of 2 students not having the same birthday is 0.992.
What is the probability that the 2 students have the same birthday?

3. A bag contains 3 red balls and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag. What is the
probability that the ball drawn is (i) red ? (ii) not red?

4. A box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble is taken out of the box at
random. What is the probability that the marble taken out will be (i) red ? (ii) white ? (iii) not green?

5. A piggy bank contains hundred 50p coins, fifty Re 1 coins, twenty Rs 2 coins and ten Rs 5 coins. If it is
equally likely that one of the coins will fall out when the bank is turned upside down, what is the
probability that the coin (i) will be a 50 p coin ? (ii) will not be a Rs 5 coin?

6. Gopi buys a fish from a shop for his aquarium. The shopkeeper
takes out one fish at random from a tank containing 5 male fish and
8 female fish . What is the probability that the fish taken out is a
male fish?

7. A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing at

one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and these are equally likely outcomes.
What is the probability that it will point at
(i) 8 ? (ii) an odd number?
(iii) a number greater than 2? (iv) a number less than 9?

8. A die is thrown once. Find the probability of getting

(i) a prime number; (ii) a number lying between 2 and 6; (iii) an odd number.
9. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
46
 (i) a king of red colour (ii) a face card (iii) a red face card
(iv) the jack of hearts (v) a spade (vi) the queen of diamonds

10. Five cards—the ten, jack, queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with their
face downwards. One card is then picked up at random.
(i) What is the probability that the card is the queen?
(ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card picked up is
(a) an ace? (b) a queen?

11. 12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just look at a pen and
tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at random from this lot. Determine the probability
that the pen taken out is a good one.

12. (i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the lot. What is the
probability that this bulb is defective?
(ii) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not defective and is not replaced. Now one bulb is drawn at random
from the rest. What is the probability that this bulb is not defective ?

13. A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random from the box,
find the probability that it bears
(i) a two-digit number (ii) a perfect square number (iii) a number divisible by 5.

14. A child has a die whose six faces show the letters as given below:

The die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting (i) A? (ii) D?

15. A lot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20 are defective and the others are good. Nuri will buy a pen if it
is good, but will not buy if it is defective. The shopkeeper draws one pen at random and gives it to her.
What is the probability that (i) She will buy it ? (ii) She will not buy it ?

16. A game consists of tossing a one rupee coin 3 times and noting its outcome each time. Hanif wins if all
the tosses give the same result i.e., three heads or three tails, and loses otherwise. Calculate the probability
that Hanif will lose the game.

17. A die is thrown twice. What is the probability that

(i) 5 will not come up either time? (ii) 5 will come up at least once?

47
 ANSWERS

3 5
1. (i) 0 (ii) 1 2. 0.008 3. i , ii
8 8
5 8 13 5 17 5
4. i ii iii 5. i ii 6.
17 17 17 9 18 13
1 1 3 1 1 1
7. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 1 8. i , ii , iii
8 2 4 2 2 2
1 3 3 1 1 1
9. i ii iii iv v vi
26 13 26 52 4 52
1 1 11 1 15
10. i , ii a b0 11. 12. ,
5 4 12 5 19
9 1 1 1 1 11
13. i ii iii 14. i ii 15.
10 10 5 3 6 12
3 25 11
16. 17. i i
4 36 36

REFERENCES
1. https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php
2. https://www.cbse.gov.in/cbsenew/question-paper.html

48