SOM Chapter 9

Strength of Materials
Thin shells and Thick shells
Thin shells
If the thickness of the wall of a shell or cylinder is less than 1/20 of
its diameter, it is known as thin shells.
Assumptions
● The normal stress (hoop stress or circumferential stress)
and longitudinal stress are uniformly distributed over the
thickness of the wall
● Radial stress will be small and negligible. ( assumption in
thin shells)
● Thickness is considered very small compared to radius
● There is no discontinuities in the curve
● Bending of the wall of the shell is neglected.

a
Thin cylindrical shells
Stresses in thin cylinder:
1. Circumferential stress/ Hoop stress (σ_h):
Bursting force = P.D.L
Resisting force = 𝜎ℎ . 2𝑡. 𝐿
For equilibrium, the two will be equal
P – Internal pressure
𝜎ℎ = 𝑃𝐷/2𝑡 D – Diameter of shell
t – Thickness of shell
● The stress acts along the circumference
● Hoop stress is tensile in nature.
2. Longitudinal stress (σL)
The cylinder will be closed at ends and hence this stress
developed.
1
a
The force acting on end of wall = resisting force
𝑃𝜋/4𝐷 2 = 𝜋𝐷𝑡. 𝜎𝐿
𝑃𝐷
𝜎𝐿 =
4𝑡
This stress acts parallel to the longitudinal axis , this stress is
normal and tensile in nature
Circumferential stress = 2 x longitudinal stress
Note:
If the efficiency (η) of joint is considered then,
𝝈𝒉 = 𝑷𝑫/𝟐𝒕𝜼
𝝈𝑳 = 𝑷𝑫/𝟒𝒕𝜼
Strain in thin cylinder
Hoop strain (εh): At any point three principal stresses acts (hoop
stress and longitudinal stress, which are both tensile and radial
stress, which is compressive, but being small it is neglected in thin
cylinders)
𝜎ℎ 𝜎𝐿 𝜎ℎ 𝜇
𝜀ℎ = − 𝜇 = (1 − )
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 2
Longitudinal strain (εL)
𝜎𝐿 𝜎ℎ 𝜎ℎ 1
𝜀𝐿 = −𝜇 = ( − 𝜇)
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 2
Volumetric Strain (εv)
𝜀𝑣 = 𝜀𝐿 + 2𝜀ℎ
𝜎ℎ 1 𝜎ℎ 𝜇
= ( − 𝜇) + 2 (1 − )
𝐸 2 𝐸 2
𝜎ℎ 5
𝜀𝑣 = ( − 2𝜇)
𝐸 2
2
a
Note:
In thin cylinder,
Maximum shear stress, 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃𝐷/8𝑡
Absolute maximum shear stress, (𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 )𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝐷/4𝑡
In thin cylinder,
The thickness is found (designed) based on Hoop stress.
Diameter is fixed based on Hoop stress.
Pressure is fixed based on Hoop stress.
Since, Hoop stress is the largest stress.
There is only Hoop stress/ circumferential stress induced in a thin
spherical shell.
𝑃𝐷
𝜎ℎ =
4𝑡
The stress is tensile in nature.
3
a
Hoop strain
𝜎ℎ 𝜎ℎ
𝜀ℎ = −𝜇
𝐸 𝐸
Volumetric strain
𝜀𝑣 = 3𝜀ℎ
Thick shells
● If the thickness of the wall of a
shell or cylinder is greater than
1/20 of its diameter, it is known as
thick shells.
● Thick shells are generally used to
withstand high pressure.
● Sometimes, even, compound thick shells are used to
withstand very high pressure or to contain chemicals under
high pressure.
● Thick shells can be solved using Lame’s theory.
Note: For thin shells, stress is uniform along thickness. But for thick
shells, stress varies along thickness (variation is hyperbolic).
Assumptions
Materials are homogenous, isotropic, linearly elastic and obeys
Hooke’s law.
4
a
Plane section which are normal to longitudinal direction remains
plane even under pressure. (longitudinal strain constant)
● In a thick shell, there will be Hoop stress (σh) and Radial
stress (σr).
● Radial stress (stress along radius) is compressive in nature.
● Hoop stress is tensile in nature.
Lame’s equation for cylindrical shell

𝐵
𝜎ℎ = +𝐴
𝑟2
𝐵
𝜎𝑟 = 2 − 𝐴
𝑟
r – distance of centre of cylinder to centre of thickness
A & B – mathematical constants
Both σh and varies σr hyperbolically across thickness.
Lame’s equation for spherical shell

2𝐵
𝜎ℎ = +𝐴
𝑟3
2𝐵
𝜎𝑟 = 3 − 𝐴
𝑟
Questions
A water main 160cm diameter contains water at a pressure head
of 200m. Take weight of water to be 1000kg/m3 the thickness of
the metal shell required for water main, given that the maximum
permissible stress in the metal is 400kg/ m 3, will be
5
a
A cylindrical tank with closed end is filled with compressed fluid
at a pressure of 400 kPa , the inner radius is 5m and the wall
thickness is 40mm the magnitude of the maximum shear stress
is ? (absolute maximum)

SOM Chapter 9

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SOM Chapter 9

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SOM Chapter 9

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Strength of Materials

Thin shells and Thick shells

If the thickness of the wall of a shell or cylinder is less than 1/20 of

its diameter, it is known as thin shells.

● The normal stress (hoop stress or circumferential stress)

and longitudinal stress are uniformly distributed over the

thickness of the wall

● Radial stress will be small and negligible. ( assumption in

● Thickness is considered very small compared to radius

● There is no discontinuities in the curve

● Bending of the wall of the shell is neglected.

Thin cylindrical shells

Stresses in thin cylinder:

1. Circumferential stress/ Hoop stress (σ_h):

Bursting force = P.D.L

Resisting force = 𝜎ℎ . 2𝑡. 𝐿

For equilibrium, the two will be equal

● The stress acts along the circumference

● Hoop stress is tensile in nature.

2. Longitudinal stress (σL)

The cylinder will be closed at ends and hence this stress

The force acting on end of wall = resisting force

normal and tensile in nature

Circumferential stress = 2 x longitudinal stress

If the efficiency (η) of joint is considered then,

stress, which is compressive, but being small it is neglected in thin

Maximum shear stress, 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃𝐷/8𝑡

Absolute maximum shear stress, (𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 )𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝐷/4𝑡

The thickness is found (designed) based on Hoop stress.

Diameter is fixed based on Hoop stress.

Pressure is fixed based on Hoop stress.

Since, Hoop stress is the largest stress.

There is only Hoop stress/ circumferential stress induced in a thin

● If the thickness of the wall of a

shell or cylinder is greater than

1/20 of its diameter, it is known as

● Thick shells are generally used to

withstand high pressure.

● Sometimes, even, compound thick shells are used to

withstand very high pressure or to contain chemicals under

● Thick shells can be solved using Lame’s theory.

shells, stress varies along thickness (variation is hyperbolic).

Materials are homogenous, isotropic, linearly elastic and obeys

Plane section which are normal to longitudinal direction remains

plane even under pressure. (longitudinal strain constant)

● In a thick shell, there will be Hoop stress (σh) and Radial

● Radial stress (stress along radius) is compressive in nature.

● Hoop stress is tensile in nature.

Lame’s equation for cylindrical shell

A & B – mathematical constants

Both σh and varies σr hyperbolically across thickness.

Lame’s equation for spherical shell

A water main 160cm diameter contains water at a pressure head

of 200m. Take weight of water to be 1000kg/m3 the thickness of

permissible stress in the metal is 400kg/ m 3, will be

A cylindrical tank with closed end is filled with compressed fluid

at a pressure of 400 kPa , the inner radius is 5m and the wall

thickness is 40mm the magnitude of the maximum shear stress

You might also like