Phase Shifters Simplified 2
Phase Shifters Simplified 2
Phase Shifters Simplified 2
Phase shifters are two port components that provide variable phase shift by
changing a control dc bias. An ideal phase shifter is a matched lossless structure.
Phase shifters can be classified as analog or digital.
Analog phase shifters change continuously the phase of the output signal by a
corresponding continuous variation of the control dc bias.
Phase shifters are called digital when the phase of the output signal can be
changed only in a range of few discrete values.
Microwave phase shifters find extensive applications in phased array antenna
systems. Phase control of the signal fed to the various radiating elements of the
array allows the direction of the radiated beam to be scanned electronically.
BINARY PHASE SHIFTERS
A binary phase shifter is a two state two port network. Therefore binary phase shifters
are particular cases of the digital ones.
φ0 , φc0 +Δφ
Δφ is the phase difference between the output signals in the two states and
is conventionally called the differential phase shift. For φ0 we assume φ0 = 0.
Tipically in a digital phase shifter the number of states is an integer power
of two, that is 2N, where the integer number N is the number of bits.
Digital phase shifter are realized by cascading N cells, each one composed by
a binary (two state) phase shifter. The schematic of a 4-bit phase shifter is
shown in figure. For such a structure the phase of the output signal can take
the following values: 0°, 22.5°, 45°, 67.5°, 90°, 112.5°, 135°, 157.5°, 180°,
202.5°, 225°, 247.5°, 270°, 292.5°, 315°, 337.5° .
Several kinds of devices can be used for the realization of microwave and millimeter
phase shifters:
a) Ferrite components
c) MEMS components
SWITCHED LINE PHASE SHIFTERS
The switched line phase shifter is basically a circuit in which the phase shift is obtained
by switching between two transmission line sections of different lengths. To this end two
SPDT switches are used.
Z0, l1
1 SPDT SPDT 2
Z0, l2
Let’s assume β as the propagation constant of each transmission line. When the
transmission is through the line with geometric length l1, the phase shift of the signal
is φ1 = βl1 . If the transmission is through path length l2, the phase shift of the signal is
φ2 = βl2. Thus for the phase difference between the two switching states Δφ we have:
φ1 , φ2
φ1
It is worth noting that for a phase
shifter designed for the working
φ2
frequency ω0 the phase error
increases linearly with | ω - ω0|. Δφ
ω0 ω
The switched line phase shifter with the two SPDT switches realized by means of
series mounted diodes.
D1 D3
D2 D4
The switched line phase shifter with the two SPDT switches realized by means of
shunt mounted diodes.
D1 D3
λ/4 λ/4
λ/4 λ/4
D2 D4
THE LOADED LINE PHASE SHIFTER
The loaded line phase shifter is composed by a transmission line
loaded with a pair of switchable circuits. The input admittance of each
circuit is Yi , and can assume two values: Y1 and Y2. This phase shifter
can be modeled as shown in the figure.
1 Yi ZC , θ Yi 2
Z C = Z 0 cos 2
1 1
B1 = tan 2 , B2 = − tan 2 = − B1
Z0 Z0
THE LOADED LINE PHASE SHIFTERS WITH
THE DIODES SERIES MOUNTED
ZC , θ
Z0 , θ1 Z0 , θ1
Z0 , θ2 Z0 , θ2
THE LOADED LINE PHASE SHIFTERS WITH
THE DIODES SHUNT MOUNTED
ZC , θ
Z0 , θ1 Z0 , θ 1
Z0 , θ2 Z0 , θ2
REFLECTION TYPE PHASE SHIFTERS
This phase shifter makes use of a 3-dB 90° divider, with two of its ports
terminated in identical reflective networks. The reflection coefficient Γ
of each reflective network is controllable. The branch-line divides the
input signal equally between ports 3 and 4, but with a phase difference
of 90°. Port 2 is uncoupled to port 1. The signals reflected back from the
two terminations add up at port 2, and no signal returns to port 1.
b4
a1 INPUT 1 4 Γ
a4
a3
b2 OUTPUT 2 3 Γ
b3
b4
a1 INPUT 1 4 Γ
a4
a3
b2 OUTPUT 2 3 Γ
b3
j 1
S 41 = S 23 = − , S 31 = S 24 = −
2 2
− j 2 − 1 2 1 1
b1 = + Γa1 = − + Γa1 = 0
2 2 2 2
b4
a1 INPUT 1 4 Γ
a4
a3
b2 OUTPUT 2 3 Γ
b3
j 1
S 41 = S 23 = − , S 31 = S 24 = −
2 2
b2 = S 24 ΓS 41a1 + S 23 ΓS31a1 = (S 24 S 41 + S 23 S 31 )Γa1
− 1 − j − j − 1 j
b2 = + Γa1 = 2 Γa1 = ja1 Γ
2 2 2 2 2
j j
Γ = Γe b2 = ja1 Γ = j Γ e a1
j
Γ =1 b2 = je a1
Realization of reflective termination 1
Z0 , θ Z0 , Δφ/2 Z0 , θ Z0 , Δφ/2
be written as : Γ = −1
Realization of reflective termination 2
Z0 , θ Z0 , Δφ/2 Z0 , θ
network 1
Φ1
Φ2
network 2
The final configuration
jX jX
JB
-jX -jX
-jB
THE DISTRIBUTED PHASE SHIFTER
INTRODUCTION TO DISTRIBUTED PHASE SHIFTERS
lg
Z0 , φ
= lg = lg l g = Ll Cl l g , where
v
Ll = inductance per unit length
Cl = inductance per unit length
If Cl is a function of a bias voltage Vb , Cl = Cl (Vb ), also is
a function of Vb , = (Vb ). Thus the key point of this phase
shifter is to modify the phase of the output signal by
changing Vb .
DISTRIBUTED PHASE SHIFTERS
The distributed phase shifter is composed by transmission line sections periodically
loaded with variable capacitors Cb. Each transmission line section can be approximated
by a lumped inductance L and two lumped capacitances C.
ZC , θ ZC , θ
Cb Cb Cb
ZC , θ C C
L L
Cb C C Cb C C Cb
Cb/2 C C Cb/2
L
ZC , θ C C
L
Ll = inductance per unit length =
l
2C
Cl = inductance per unit length =
l
Ll
= Ll Cl = , Z C =
Cl
L
Cb/2 C C Cb/2
Cb + 2C Cb
Ct = = + Cl
l l
The inductance per unit length of the synthetic
transmission line is unchanged from that of the original
line Ll . The phase shift of the unit cell t can be written as :
Cb
t = t l = Ll Ct l = l Ll + Cl
l
t1 − t 2 Cb1 Cb 2
= Ll + Cl − Ll + Cl
l l l
The same structure can be used as an analog phase shifter
if Vb , and therefore also Cb , is changed continuosly.
For the synthetic transmission line the characteristic
impedance Z Ct can be defined as follows :
Ll Ll ZC
Z Ct = = =
Ct Cb 1 Cb
+ Cl +1
l Cl l
200
150
100
Phase [deg]
50
0 180°
-50
-100
DOWN
-150 UP
-200
9 10 10 10
0.0 5.0x10 1.0x10 1.5x10 2.0x10
Frequency [Hz]
APPENDIX
DESIGN EXAMPLE OF A SWITCHED LINE
PHASE SHIFTER
SCHEMATIC 1
SCHEMATIC 2
LOADED LINE PHASE SHIFTER
DESIGN EXAMPLE
tan 2 0.1989
= 22.5 B1 = = = 0.003978
Z0 50
B2 = − B1 = −0.003978 , Z C = Z 0 cos 2 = 49
1
X f = j L , X r = j L + , f = 9.375 GHz
j C
L = 0.2 nH , C = 0.08 pF
1) 1 = 20.98 , 2 = 169.87
2 ) 1 = 159.02 , 2 = 28.77
SCHEMATIC 1
SCHEMATIC 2
THE MICROSTRIP PHASE SHIFTER
REFLECTION TYPE PHASE
SHIFTER WITH 90°
DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT
REFLECTION TYPE PHASE SHIFTER
SHORT- CIRCUITED
Z0 , θ Z0 , Δφ/2
SCHEMATIC 1
SCHEMATIC 2
REFLECTION TYPE PHASE SHIFTER OPEN
Z0 , θ Z0 , Δφ/2
SCHEMATIC 1 OPEN
SCHEMATIC 2 OPEN
REFLECTION TYPE PHASE
SHIFTER WITH
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
REFLECTION TYPE PHASE SHIFTER
SHORT- CIRCUITED
SCHEMATIC 1
SCHEMATIC 2
REFLECTION TYPE PHASE SHIFTER OPEN
SCHEMATIC 1
SCHEMATIC 2
SWITCHED NETWORK PHASE SHIFTER
jX jX
JB
-jX -jX
-jB
DESIGN EQUATIONS OF THE SWITCHED
NETWORK PHASE SHIFTER
X
Defining : X n = , Bn = Z 0 B
Z0
we find the following equations for X n and Bn :
X n = tan , Bn = sin
4 2
= 90, X n = tan = tan (22.5) = 0.4142
4
X = X n Z 0 = 0.4142 50 = 20.71
Bn = sin = sin (45) = 0.707
2
Bn 0.707
B= = = 0.01414
Z0 50
jX jX
JB
20.71
f = 10 GHz , X = 20.71 = L L =
2 1010
0.01414
B = 0.01414 = C C = = 0.225 pF
2 1010
-jX -jX
-jB
1 1
f = 10 GHz , X = 20.71 = C=
C 2 1010 20.71
C = 0.76886 10 −12 = 0.76886 pF
1 1 −9
B = 0.01414 = L= = 1.1255 10
L 2 10 0.01414
10
L = 1.1255 nH
SIMULATION OF THE SWITCHED
NETWORK PHASE SHIFTER
MONOLITHIC SWITCHED NETWORK
PHASE SHIFTER
The Field Effect Transistor (FET) is used for the realization of
switches in monolithic microwave circuits. This device is
modeled by means of the resistor RON in the ON state, and by
means of the capacitor COFF in the OFF state. The value of COFF is
typically large. For this reason the effect of the capacitor is often
included in the design of the low-pass and high-pass filters.
RON
COFF
EXAMPLE OF MONOLITHIC SWITCHED NETWORK PHASE SHIFTER
HIGH-PASS FILTER
HIGH-PASS FILTER
L1L2/(L1+L2)