PHYSICS CLASSES 2023-24 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR

Chapter 1
Electric Charge and field
Q.01 What is electric charge?
Ans. The property of a substance due to which it can "excest electrostatic
force of attraction or repulsion is on another Substance is called
electric charge.
There are two types of charges
(i) Positive charge (ii) Negative charge
Q.02 What is positive charge?
Ans. The charge obtained by body due to deficiency of election is called
positive charge.
Q.03 Define negative charge.
Ans. The charge obtained by. body a is called to excess of election negative
charge.
Q.04 Write down property of electric charge.
Ans. There are charge three properties of electric charge.
(i) Electric charge is quantized
(ii) Charge follows conservation principle
(iii) Charge follows algebraic addition.
Q.05 What is Quantization of charge ?
Ans. According to the quantization of charge, the total charge on a body is
equal to the integer multiple of charge on an electron.
𝑄 = 𝐼𝑛𝑒
Where n is integer
𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, … … … … … … … ..
Q.06 What is the cause of quantization of charge?
Ans. The cause of Quantization of charge is that only integer multiple of
electrons can be transferred on rubbing a body by another.

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Q.07 What is conservation of electric charge?

Ans. According to the Conservation of charge, the net charge on an
isolated system remains constant. Thus Charge can neither be
created nor be destroyed it can only be transferred from one body to
another .
Q.08 What is additivity of charge.
Ans. According to additivity of charge. Electric charge follows Scalar
addition. Hence charge Can be added by simple law of algebra.
Q.09 What is meant by earthing or grounding ?
Ans. If a charged body is connected to earth with the help of Conducting
wire then entire charge of body gets transferred to the earth this
process is called earthing grounding.
Q.10 What is charging by conduction ?
Ans. When a neutral body is touched with a charged body then transfer of
charge. Occurs from charged to neutral body and neutral body gets
charged. This process is called charging by Conduction.
Q.11 What is charging by induction. ?
Ans. When a charged body is brought near a neutral body kept on
insulating stand then opposite charges are produced at near end,
Similar charges at far end of neutral body. This process is called
electrostatic induction.
When its far end is grounded then body becomes charged. and
this process Is called Charging, by induction.
Q.12 Write down limitation of coulomb law.
Ans. The limitation of Coulomb low are as follow.
(i) Coulomb law is only valid for point charge .
(ii) It is only valid for Charges of rest.
(iii) It is only valid for distance greater than 10−15 𝑚 .

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Q.13 Define one Coulomb.

Ans. The SI unit of electric charge is coulomb.
1 Coulomb is defined as the amount of charge that repels equal
and similar charge with a force of 9 × 109 N at a distance of 1 meter in
Vacuum.
Q.14 What is fundamental or elementary Charger.
Ans. The charge present on an electron is called fundamental or
elementary charge.
Its value is 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶 .
Q.15 Why aeroplane tyres are made conducting?
Ans. During aeroplane landing tyres of aeroplane gets highly charged due
to friction between tyres and air. Hence these tyres are made
Conducting so charge may be transferred to earth.
Q.16 Why a metal chain is suspended to a vehicle Carrying
inflammable material?
Ans. When a vehicle carrying inflammable material moves its body gets
charged due to air friction so by suspending metal chain to vehicle
charge can be transferred to earth.
Q.17 Write down difference between Electric charge and MASS.
Ans.
S.n Electric charge Mass
1 It may be positive, Mass is always Positive
negative or zero.
2 It is always Quantized Quantization of mass is not
possible.
3 A charged body always Mass may or may not have charge
have Some mass
4 Electric charge is the Mass is the Cause of gravitational
Cause of electric force force.

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Q.18 What is electric dipole ?

Ans. A pair of two equal and opposite charges seperated by small distance
2𝑙 is called electric dipole.
The net charge on electric dipole is zero.
Q.19 What is electric dipole moment ?
Ans. Electric dipole moment is defined as the product of magnitude of
either charge and distance between charges of dipole. It is denoted by
𝑃.
𝑃 = 𝑞 × 2𝑙
Q.20 Write down coulomb's law. Derive its formula .
Ans. Coulomb law - According to this law, the electric force between two
charges is directly proportional to their Product and is inversely
proportional to the square of distance between these two charges

Let charges 𝒒𝟏 and 𝒒𝟐 are kept in vacuum at a distance 𝒓 from

each other then force between them is.
𝐹 ∝ 𝑞1 𝑞2 (1)
1
𝐹 ∝ (2)
𝑟2

Combining, we get
𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹 ∝ 𝑟2
𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹=𝐾 (3)
𝑟2

Where k is proportionality constant called electrostatic force

constant.
1
𝐾= = 9 × 109 𝑁𝑚2 𝐶 −2
4𝜋𝜀 0

Where 𝜺𝟎 is permitivity of vacuum or air, 𝜺𝟎 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝑵−𝟏 𝒎−𝟐 𝑪𝟐

put this value is equation – (3)
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹 = 4𝜋𝜀 (4)
0 𝑟2

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For medium other than air or vacuum.

1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹 = 4𝜋𝜀 (4)
0 𝜀𝑟 𝑟2

Where 𝜀𝑟 is relative permitivity of medium.

This is expression for Coulomb low.
Q.21 Derive expression for vector from of Coulomb law.
Ans. Let two similar charges 𝑞1 and 𝑞2 are kept in vacuum at a distance r
from each other.

Let 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 are position vectors of 𝑞1 and 𝑞2 respectively

Here, 𝐹12 = force on charge 𝑞1 by 𝑞2

𝐹21 = force on charge 𝑞2 by 𝑞1
Also we know that
𝑟 𝑟
𝑟12 = 𝑟12 , 𝑟21 = 𝑟21 ,
12 21

Also 𝑟12 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
𝑟21 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟2
Also 𝑟12 = 𝑟21 = 𝑟
Force on 𝑞2 by 𝑞1 is.
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹21 = . 𝑟12
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟2

1 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑟12
𝐹21 = .
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟2 𝑟
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹21 = . 𝑟12
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟3

1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹21 = . . (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟3

Now force,

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𝐹12 = − 𝐹21
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹12 = − 4𝜋𝜀 . . (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )
0 𝑟3

1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹12 = − 4𝜋𝜀 . . 𝑟1 − 𝑟2
0 𝑟3

This is vector form of coulomb law.

Q.22 What is dielectric Constant?
Ans. Dielectric Constant : It is the ratio of electric force between two
charges kept at a distance in vacuum to the force between same
charges at same distance in any medium.
It is denoted by k
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 (𝐹𝑜)
K=
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐 𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 (𝐹𝑚 )

Q.23 Define electric field.

Ans. Electric field is a region around electric charges up to which it can
exert electric force on other charge.
Q.24 What is electric field intensity ? Define its unit.
Ans. Electric field intensity is defined as the measure of electric force on
unit positive charge. It is represented by E.
It is a vector quantity.
𝐹
𝐸= 𝑞0

Where 𝑞0 is Test change

𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡
Its SI unit is OR
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

Q25 What are electric field lines ?

Ans. Electric field lines are it imaginary line such that tangent drawn at
any point on it gives the direction of electric force at that point.
Q.26 Write down properties of electric field lines.
Ans. Properties of electric field lines are as follows.
(1) Electric field line start from positive Charge and terminate at
negative charge.
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(2) Electric field lines do not form Closed loop.

(3) Two electric field lines do not intersect each other.
(4) Electric field lines are always perpendicular to metal surface.
(5) Electric field lines are smooth and Continuous curve.
Q.27 Why electric field lines do not intersect each other ?
Ans. Two electric field lines do not intersect each other because if they
intersect then there will be two direction of electric field / force at
point of intersection which is not possible.
Q.28 Draw electric field lines for various charges.
Ans. (i) E.f. line for positive charge.

(ii) E.f. line for Negative charge

(iii) E. field line for Electric dipole.

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(iv) E. field line for two similar charges.

(v) E. field lines for linear charged wire.

Q.29 Derive expression for electic field due to point charge.

Ans. Consider a +𝑄 charge is kept at point 0. We have find its Electric field
intensity of point P which is at r distance from 0. A small test charge
𝑞0 is kept at point P.

Electric field intensity

𝐹
𝐸= 𝑞0

So
1 𝑄𝑞 0
4𝜋 𝜀 0 𝑟2
𝐸= 𝑞0

1 𝑄
𝐸= 4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟 2

In vector form

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1 𝑄
𝐸= .𝑟
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟 2

Q.30 Derive expression for Electric field intensity on Axial point /

End – on position due to dipole.
Ans. Consider an electric dipole consist of – 𝑞 and +𝑞 charges separated by
2𝑙 distance. We have to determine electric field at point P which is at
„r‟ distance from center of dipole point P lies on axial line of dipole.

Let charges are kept in vacuum so,

Let Electric field due to +𝑞 charge is 𝐸1
1 𝑞
𝐸1 = . 2 along 𝐵𝑃
4𝜋𝜋 0 𝐵𝑃

Here BP = (𝑟 − 𝑙),
1 𝑞
𝐸1 = 2 along 𝐵𝑃
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟−𝑙

Similarly Electric field due to – 𝑞 charge is 𝐸2

1 𝑞
𝐸2 = along 𝑃𝐴
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝐴𝑃 2

Here AP = (𝑟 + 𝑙)
1 𝑞
𝐸2 = . 2 along 𝑃𝐴
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟+𝑙

The resultant electric field at point P is.

𝐸 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 along 𝐵𝑃
1 𝑞 1 𝑞
𝐸 = 4𝜋𝜀 . 2 − . 2
0 𝑟−𝑙 4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟+𝑙
𝑞 1 1
𝐸 = 4𝜋𝜀 2 − 2
0 𝑟−𝑙 𝑟+𝑙

𝑞 𝑟 +𝑙 2− 𝑟−𝑙 2
𝐸 = 4𝜋𝜀
0 𝑟 2 −𝑙 2 2

𝑞 𝑟 2 + 𝑙 2 +2𝑟𝑙 − 𝑟 2 +𝑙 2 −2𝑟𝑙
𝐸 = 4𝜋𝜀
0 𝑟 2 −𝑙 2 2

𝑞 𝑟 2 + 𝑙 2 +2𝑟𝑙 − 𝑟 2 −𝑙 2 +2𝑟𝑙
𝐸 = 4𝜋𝜀
0 𝑟 2 −𝑙 2 2

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𝑞 4𝑟𝑙
𝐸= 4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟 2 −𝑙 2 2
1 2𝑞𝑙 . 2𝑟
𝐸=
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟 2 −𝑙 2 2

1 𝑃. 2𝑟
𝐸= 4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟 2 −𝑙 2 2

If 𝑟 ≫ 𝑙
1 𝑃 .2𝑟
𝐸= 4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟4

1 2𝑃
𝐸 = 4𝜋𝜀
0 𝑟3

In vector form
1 2𝑃
𝐸= .𝑃
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟3

Q.34 Derive expression for electric field due to dipole on equatorial

point.
Ans. Let – 𝑞 and +𝑞 are placed at 2𝑙 distance from each other and forms an
electric dipole we have to determine electric point at P which lies on
equatorial line .

Let charges are kept in vacuum electric field due to +𝑞 charge is 𝐸 .

1 𝑞
𝐸1 = . 2 along 𝐴𝑃
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟 2+ 𝑙2

1 𝑞
𝐸1 = . (1) along 𝐴𝑃
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟 2 +𝑙 2

Now, Electric field due to – 𝑞 charge is 𝐸2 .

1 q
𝐸2 = . 2 along 𝑃𝐵
4πε 0 r 2 +l 2

1 q
𝐸2 = . along 𝑃𝐵
4πε 0 r 2 +l 2 2

Now, Net Electric field at point P.

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𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐸1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝐸2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝐸1 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝐸2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃

If 𝐸1 = 𝐸2
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐸1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝐸2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝐸1 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝐸2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑡 = −2𝐸1 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 2𝐸1 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 (III)
Putting values in equation (III)
1 q 𝑙
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 2 . .
4πε 0 r 2 +l 2 𝑟 2 + 𝑙2

1 q 1 1
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 2 . . 1 𝐼𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝐾𝑖 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 2 𝑕𝑜𝑡𝑖 𝑕𝑎𝑖
4πε 0 r 2 +l 2 𝑟 2 +𝑙 2 2

1 2𝑞𝑙
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑡 = . 3
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟 2 +𝑙 2 2

If 𝑟 > > 𝑙 then 𝑙 can be neglected

1 𝑃
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 4𝜋𝜀 . 3
0 𝑟2 2

1 𝑃
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑡 = . 𝑟3
4𝜋𝜀 0

In vector form
1 𝑃
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑡 = . 𝑟 3 . −𝑃
4𝜋𝜀 0

Q.35 Compare Electric field due to dipole on Axial point and

equatorial point.
1 2𝑃
𝐸𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 4𝜋 𝜀 0 𝑟 3
Ans. = 1 𝑃
𝐸𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖
4𝜋 𝜀 0 𝑟 3

𝐸𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 2
=
𝐸𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖 1

𝑬𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐 × 𝑬𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊

Thus Electric field on axial point is double of Equitorial point.

Q.36 Derive expression for Torque on a dipole kept in electric field.
Ans. Consider an electric dipole kept in electric field. Let angle between
dipole moment and electric field is 𝜃 .

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𝐴𝐶 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝 .
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 =
2𝑙 𝐻𝑦𝑝 .

𝐴𝐶 = 2𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 (I)
When an electric dipole is kept in electric field making angle 𝜃 with it
then Torque acts on dipole is given by.
= magnitude of either force × perpendicular distance
= 𝐹 × 𝐴𝐶 (II)
= 𝑞𝐸 × 2𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= 2𝑞𝑙 𝐸 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= 𝑃 𝐸 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 (III)
In vector form

= 𝑃 × 𝐸 (IV)
For maximum , 𝜃 = 900 So, in equation (3)
= 𝑃𝐸 𝑆𝑖𝑛 900
= 𝑃𝐸
For minimum , 𝜃 = 00 or 1800
= 𝑃𝐸 𝑆𝑖𝑛 00 = 𝑃𝐸 𝑆𝑖𝑛 1800
=0 =0
Q.37 Derive expression for work done in rotating a dipole in electric
field.
Ans. When a dipole is rotated against electric field then some work has to
be done in displacing it from equilibrium position.
Het, Q is the angle between dipole moment and electric field.

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Work done in rotating a dipole by small angle do

𝑑𝑤 = . 𝑑𝜃 (I)
𝑑𝑤 = 𝑃𝐸 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 . 𝑑𝜃
Integrating both side
𝜃2
𝑑𝑤 = 𝜃1
𝑃𝐸 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃. 𝑑𝜃
𝜃2
𝑤 = 𝑃𝐸 𝜃1
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃. 𝑑𝜃
𝑄2
𝑤 = 𝑃𝐸 – 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝜃1

𝑤 = −𝑃𝐸 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃1

𝑊 = 𝑃𝐸 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 (II)
If 𝜃1 = 00 and 𝜃2 = 𝑄
𝑤 = 𝑃𝐸 𝐶𝑜𝑠 0 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑊 = 𝑃𝐸 1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
Q.38 Derive expression for potential energy stored in a dipole in
electric field.
Ans. The work done is rotating a dipole form its standard position to
present position in an electric field is equal to the potential energy of
dipole in that position.
Let 𝜃 is the angle between dipole moment and electric field so Torque
on it
= 𝑃𝐸 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 (I)
Work done in rotating dipole through very small angle 𝑑𝜃 is –
𝑑𝑤 = . 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑤 = 𝑃𝐸 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Integrating both side
𝜃
𝑑𝑤 = 𝜋 𝑃𝐸 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃. 𝑑𝜃
2
𝜃
𝑤 = 𝑃𝐸 𝜋 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃. 𝑑𝜃
2

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𝜃
𝑤 = 𝑃𝐸 – 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝜋
2
𝜃
𝑤 = − 𝑃𝐸 – 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝜋
2

𝑤 = −𝑃𝐸 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜋 2

𝑤 = −𝑃𝐸 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 0
𝑊 = −𝑃𝐸 cos 𝜃 (II)
This work stores in the form of potential energy of electric dipole.
𝑈 = −𝑃𝐸 cos 𝜃
In vector form

𝑈 = − 𝑃 .𝐸
Q.39 What is meant by Electric flux?
Ans. Electric flux may be defined as – “the number of Electric field lines
passing perpendicularly through the surface. If is denoted by “∅”.
∅ = 𝐸𝐴
If 𝜃 is the angle between Electric field and area vector then
∅ = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃
𝑁
Electric flux is a scalar Quentity its S.I. unit is 𝑚2 .
𝐶

Q.40 State and prove gauss theorem.

Ans. According to gauss theorem – “ The total flux linked to a surface is
1
equal to times the net charge present inside the surface”.
𝜀0

𝑞
∅𝐸 = = 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑠
𝜀0

Where, 𝜀0 is permittivity of free space

Proof
Consider an electric charge kept at center of a sphere of radius (r).
Magnitude of electric field is capital E. Consider a spherical Garissian
surface of same radian (r).
Electric flux linked to small surface ds is given by.

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∅𝐸 = 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑠 (I)
∅𝐸 = 𝐸𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃
∅𝐸 = 𝐸𝑑𝑠 .1
∅𝐸 = 𝐸 𝑑𝑠
∅𝐸 = 𝐸. 4𝜋𝑟 2 (II)
𝟏 𝒒
Here 𝑬 = . 𝒓𝟐 put this value in equation (II)
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎
1 𝑞
∅𝐸 = . 𝑟 2 .4𝜋𝑟 2
4𝜋𝜀 0

𝑞
∅𝐸 = 𝜀
0

This proves Gauss theorem.

Q.41 Prove coulomb inverse square law using Gauss theorem.
Ans. Consider a point charge kept at centre of sphere of radius (r). Let a
Test charge is kept at point (P).
Magnitude of electric field is E
Now flux linked with small area (ds) is
∅𝐸 = 𝐸 𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃 (I)
∅𝐸 = 𝐸 𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃
∅𝐸 = 𝐸 𝑑𝑠 cos 0
∅𝐸 = 𝐸 𝑑𝑠
∅𝐸 = 𝐸. 4𝜋𝑟 2 (II)
𝑞
We know that ∅𝐸 = put this value in equation (II)
𝜀0
𝑞
= 𝐸. 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝜀0
1 𝑞
. 𝑟2 = 𝐸
4𝜋𝜀 0

We know that force on test charge 𝑞0 is

𝐹 = 𝑞0 𝐸 (III)
1 𝑞
Put 𝐸 = 4 𝜋𝜀0 . 𝑟 2 in equation (III) Then,

1 𝑞
𝐹 = 𝑞0 . 4𝜋𝜀 . 𝑟 2
0

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1 𝑞 𝑞0
𝐹= .
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟2

This proves coulomb inverse law from Gauss theorem.

Q.42 Derive expression for electric field due to linear charge density.
OR
Derive expression for electric field due infinitely long charged
wire.
Ans. Consider a infinitely long charged wire. Let charge (q) is distributed
over length (l). We have determine electric field at point (P) which is at
distance (r) from the wire.
Here cyclinder is taken as gauss ion surface.
If 𝜆 is linear charge density then charge on length (l)
𝑞 = 𝜆𝑙 (I)

∅𝐸 = 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑠 (II)

∅𝐸 = 𝑆1
𝐸 . 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑆2
𝐸 . 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑆3
𝐸 . 𝑑𝑠

∅𝐸 = 𝑆1
𝐸𝑑𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑆2
𝐸𝑑𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑆3
𝐸𝑑𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

For surface 𝑺𝟏 𝜽 = 𝟎𝟎
For surface 𝑺𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝟑 . 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎

∅𝐸 = 𝑆1
𝐸𝑑𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑆2
𝐸𝑑𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 900 + 𝑆3
𝐸𝑑𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠900

∅𝐸 = 𝑆1
𝐸𝑑𝑠01 + 0 + 0

∅𝐸 = 𝑆1
𝐸𝑑𝑠

∅𝐸 = 𝐸 𝑆1
𝑑𝑠

∅𝐸 = 𝐸 2𝜋𝑟𝑙 (III)
𝒒
Now, we know that ∅𝑬 = 𝜺𝟎
𝑞
= 𝐸 2𝜋𝑟𝑙
𝜀0
𝜆𝑙
= 𝐸. 2𝜋𝑟𝑙
𝜀0

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𝜆
=𝐸
2𝜋𝑟 𝜀 0

𝜆
𝐸= 2𝜋𝑟 𝜀 0 .𝑟

This is required expression.

Q.43 Derive expression for electric field due to charged sheet.
Ans. Consider a long charged sheet let charge q is given to sheet with
distribute uniformly over its surface.
Let surface charge density is 𝜎 then 𝑞 = 𝜎𝐴 (I)
Here, we take cylindrical Gaussian surface which encloses charge on
sheet we have determine electric field at distance (r) from the sheet.
According to gauss theorem
∅𝐸 = 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑠 (II)

∅𝐸 = 𝑆1
𝐸 . 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑆2
𝐸 . 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑆3
𝐸 . 𝑑𝑠

∅𝐸 = 𝑆1
𝐸 𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃 + 𝑆2
𝐸 𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃 + 𝑆3
𝐸 𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃

For surface 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 , 𝜃 = 00

For surface 𝑆3 , 𝜃 = 900

∅𝐸 = 𝑆1
𝐸 𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃 + 𝑆2
𝐸 𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃 + 𝑆3
𝐸 𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃

∅𝐸 = 𝑆1
𝐸 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑆2
𝐸 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑆3
0

∅𝐸 = 𝑆1
𝐸 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑆2
𝐸 𝑑𝑠 + 0

∅𝐸 = 𝐸 𝑆1
𝑑𝑠 + 𝐸 𝑆2
𝐸 𝑑𝑠

∅𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐸𝐴
∅𝑬 = 𝟐𝑬𝑨 (III)
𝒒
Now, = 𝟐𝑬𝑨
𝜺𝟎
𝜎𝐴
= 2𝐸𝐴
𝜀0
𝜀
=𝐸
2𝜀 0

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𝜎
OR 𝐸= 2𝜀 0

This is Electric field due to charge shut at one side

Q.44 Derive expression for electric field due to charge sphere at
(i) Outside the sphere
(ii) On the surface and (iii) Inside the sphere
Ans. Consider a sphere of radius (R). Let charge q is given to it which
uniformly spread over its surface.
Let surface charge density is 𝜎 so charge 𝑞 = 𝜎𝐴
𝒒 = 𝝈. 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 (I)
Electric field outside the sphere – Let a Gaussian surface of radius
(r). We have to determine electric point at point (P) which is outside
the surface.
According to Gauss theorem.
∅𝐸 = 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑠 (II)
∅𝐸 = 𝐸 𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃
∅𝐸 = 𝐸 𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃
∅𝐸 = 𝐸 𝑑𝑠
∅𝐸 = 𝐸 𝑑𝑠
∅𝐸 = 𝐸. 4𝜋𝑟 2 (III)
Now,
𝑞
= 𝐸. 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝜀0

𝟏 𝒒
𝑬 = 𝟒𝝅𝜺 . 𝒓𝟐 (IV)
𝟎

This electric field is some as point charge

Electric field on the surface :- In this case radius of gaussion
surface is (r)= R, r = R
𝑞 = 𝜎 4𝜋𝑅2
Put value in equation (IV)

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1 𝜎 4𝜋𝑅 2
𝐸= .
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑅2

𝝈
𝑬=
𝜺𝟎

Electric field inside the surface of sphere :- In this case radius of

Gaussian surface 𝑟 < 𝑅
∅𝐸 = 𝐸 . 𝑑𝑠
∅𝐸 = 𝐸 𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃
∅𝐸 = 𝐸 𝑑𝑠
∅𝐸 = 𝐸 𝑑𝑠
∅𝐸 = 𝐸. 4𝜋𝑟 2 (V)
𝒒
Here, ∅𝑬 = 𝜺𝟎 in equation (V)

𝑞
= 𝐸. 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝜀0

Since charge inside gaussion surface is 𝒒 = 𝟎 so.

0
= 𝐸. 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝜀0

𝑬=𝟎
Thus, Electric field inside metal sphere is zero (0)
Q.45 What is meant by dielectric constant?
Ans. Dielectric constant :- It is the ratio force between two charges in
vaccum to the force between two charges in medium at same
distance it is denoted by “K”.
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚 (𝐹0 )
𝐾= 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 (𝐹𝑚 )

Dielectric constant is also called “Relative permittivity.” It is the ratio

of permittivity in medium to the permittivity in vaccum. It is denoted
by “𝜺𝒓 .”
𝜀𝑚
𝜀𝑟 = 𝜀0

𝜀𝑚 = 𝜀0 𝜀𝑟
OR
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𝜀𝑚 = 𝜀0 𝑘
Q.46 Write down the values of dielectric constant in vaccum, water
and wal metal.
Ans. Dielectric constant K for vaccum (K=1)
Dielectric constant K for water = 80.4 or (81)
Dielectric constant K for metal = Infinity (∞)
Q.47 What is meant by Electrostatic shielding ?
Ans. The phenomena of making a regison free from electric field is called
electrostatic shielding. It is based on the principal that Electric field
inside metal is zero (0).

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