Euclidean and Circle Geometry Grade 12

Mathematics
Study Guide
Paper 2
1
Euclidean Geometry
TERMINOLOGY
Arc - An arc is a part of the circumference of a circle

Chord - A chord is a straight line joining the ends of an arc.
Radius - A radius is any straight line from the centre of the circle to a point on the
circumference
Diameter - A diameter is a special chord that passes through the centre of the circle.
A
Diameter - is the length of a straight line segment from one point on the
circumference to another point on the circumference, that passes through the
centre of the circle.
Segment- A segment is the part of the circle that is cut off by a chord. A chord
divides a circle into two segments
Tangent - A tangent is a line that makes contact with a circle at one point on the
circumference (AB is a tangent to the circle at point P).
2
3
4
5
6
Proof of Euclidean Theorems
1. The line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to the chord bisects the
chord.
2. The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of the

circle.
3. The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the angle subtended
by the same arc at the circle (on the same side of the arc as the centre).
4. Angles subtended by an arc or chord of the circle on the same side of

the chord are equal.
5. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
6. Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same point outside the circle are
equal in length
(If two tangents to a circle are drawn from a point outside the circle, the
distances
between this point and the points of contact are equal).
7
7. The angle between the tangent of a circle and the chord drawn from the point of
contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
Parallel lines and types of angles
You can remember them using the word “FUN”
Note: These angles can be flipped, turned or rotated in any way to confuse you but the
approach is still the same
8
9
Theorem Proof
PROOF REQUIRED
Theorem Proof
PROOF REQUIRED
Theorem Proof
PROOF REQUIRED
Theorem Proof
PROOF REQUIRED
෡1 = 90°; radius bisects chord
𝑁
Theorem 1 AB=BC ; radius ꓕ chord
𝑃෠1 = 90°; radius bisects chord

AP=PB ; radius ꓕ chord
WORKED EXAMPLE 1
( I DO)
WORKED EXAMPLE 1
SOLUTION
WORKED EXAMPLE 2
(I DO)
WORKED EXAMPLE 2
SOLUTION
Theorem 7
Theorem 8
PQRO is a cyclic quadrilateral ; opposite angles add up to 180°
●
WORKED EXAMPLE 3
(I DO)
WORKED EXAMPLE 3
SOLUTION
2
1
1
2
1 2
WORKED EXAMPLE 3
SOLUTION
2
1
1
2
1 2
WORKED EXAMPLE 4
(YOU DO)
WORKED EXAMPLE 4
SOLUTION
Theorem 9
TANGENT/CHORD THEOREM
WORKED EXAMPLE 5
(YOU DO)
WORKED EXAMPLE 5
SOLUTION
WORKED EXAMPLE 6
(I DO)
IF A POINT IS NOT ON THE CIRCLE NOR AT THE CENTRE, THEN YOU MUST USE
BASIC TRIANGLE GEOMETRY OR PARALLEL LINES

WORKED EXAMPLE 6
SOLUTION
UNDERSTANDING SUBTEND
MN SUBTENDS 𝑷෡
෡ IS SUBTENDED BY
𝑷
MN
Theorem 3
ANGLE IN SEMI CIRCLE
Given:
BD is diameter
In only one of the above is the angle subtended by the diameter 90°
WORKED EXAMPLE 8
(I DO)
WORKED EXAMPLE 8
SOLUTION
WORKED EXAMPLE 9
(YOU DO)
WORKED EXAMPLE 9
(YOU DO)
ARCS AND CHORDS
Theorem 2
ANGLE AT CENTRE
x
2x
𝑐 = 22,5° ; 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒

𝑑 = 200° ; 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒
𝑥 = 42° ; 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑒 = 70° ; 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒

WORKED EXAMPLE 10
(YOU DO)
𝐺෠ = 𝑥 ; 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒
𝐻෢1 = 𝑥 ; alternate angles GJ // KH
𝐽෡1 + 𝐽෡2 = 𝑥 ; tan/chord theorem
෢2 = 90° ; tan ꓕ 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

෢1 + 𝐻
𝐻
∴෣
𝐻2 = 90° − 𝑥
෢3 + 𝐽෡1 = 180°-2x ; angles of a ∆

𝐻
But OJ = OH ; both radii
∴෢𝐽1 + 𝐻
෢3 = 90° − 𝑥
WORKED EXAMPLE 11
(I DO)
WORKED EXAMPLE 11
(SOLUTION)
WORKED EXAMPLE 12
(YOU DO)
WORKED EXAMPLE 12
SOLUTION
PROVING
DIAMETERS
WORKED EXAMPLE 13
(I DO)
WORKED EXAMPLE 13
SOLUTION
WORKED EXAMPLE 14
(YOU DO)
WORKED EXAMPLE 14
SOLUTION
(YOU DO)
ANGLES IN SAME SEGMENT
Theorem 4
WORKED EXAMPLE 15
(I DO)
WORKED EXAMPLE 16
(YOU DO)
WORKED EXAMPLE 16
SOLUTION
WORKED EXAMPLE 17
(I DO)
WORKED EXAMPLE 18
(YOU DO)
WORKED EXAMPLE 19
(I DO)
WORKED EXAMPLE 20
(YOU DO)
PRACTICE EXAMPLE 1
෠
𝐴𝑂𝐶
PRACTICE EXAMPLE 2
PRACTICE EXAMPLE 3
PRACTICE EXAMPLE 4
PRACTICE EXAMPLE 5
PRACTICE EXAMPLE 6
PRACTICE EXAMPLE 7
PRACTICE EXAMPLE 8
PRACTICE EXAMPLE 9
PRACTICE EXAMPLE 10

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Mathematics

Arc - An arc is a part of the circumference of a circle

2. The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of the

4. Angles subtended by an arc or chord of the circle on the same side of

5. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.

Parallel lines and types of angles

You can remember them using the word “FUN”

𝑃෠1 = 90°; radius bisects chord

PQRO is a cyclic quadrilateral ; opposite angles add up to 180°

BASIC TRIANGLE GEOMETRY OR PARALLEL LINES

𝑐 = 22,5° ; 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒

𝑥 = 42° ; 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑒 = 70° ; 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒

෢2 = 90° ; tan ꓕ 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

෢3 + 𝐽෡1 = 180°-2x ; angles of a ∆

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