DEPT.

OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

COMMUNICATION LAB
IV SEM
(BECL404)
LABORATORY
MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BLDEA’sV.P Dr. P.G.H. College of Engineering. &

Technology, Vijayapur-586103.
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB
Communication Laboratory Semester 4
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB
Course Code BECL404 CIE Marks 50
Teaching Hours/Week (L:T:P: S) 0:0:2 SEE Marks 50
Credits 01 Total Marks 100
Exam Hours 3
Examination type (SEE) Practical
Course objectives:
This laboratory course enables students to
 Understand the basic concepts of AM and FM modulation and demodulation.
 Design and analyse the electronic circuits used for AM and FM modulation and demodulation
circuits.
 Understand the sampling theory and design circuits which enable sampling and reconstruction of
of analog signals.
 Realize the electronic circuits to perform pulse amplitude modulation, pulse code modulation and
s and multiplexing.
 Understand the working principles of RF transmitters and receivers.

Experiments
1 Design and plot the frequency response of an active bandpass and band stop filters.

2 Design and test a high-level collector Modulator circuit and Demodulation the signal using
diode detector (AM)
3
Test the Balanced Modulator/Lattice Modulator(Diode ring)
4
Frequency modulation using VCO and PLL FM demodulator.
5 Design and test i)Pulse sampling, flat top sampling and reconstruction.ii)Pulse amplitude
Modulation and demodulation.
6
Design and test the Time Division Multiplexing of two band limited signals
7
Design and test BJT/FET Mixer
8
Design and test the Pulse width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation.
Demonstration Experiments (For CIE)
9 PLL Frequency Synthesizer

10 PAM Multiplexer and Demultiplexer

11 PCM Multiplexer and Demultiplexer

12 Low power RF Transmitter and Receiver operations.

AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

MODULATOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CARRIER SIGNAL GENERATOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MODULATING SIGNAL GENERATOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

DEMODULATOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

LEAD IDENTIFICATION:
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB
NATURE OF GRAPH
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Expt. No.: Date:

AIM: To obtain amplitude modulation and demodulation of the signals.

APPARATUS:

SL. APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

No.
1 IC LM741 04
2 Diode 1N – 914 01
100Ω,100kΩ,33kΩ 01
3 Resistors 10kΩ,4.7kΩ,510Ω 01 each
22μF
4 Capacitors 0.1μF 02
--
5 CRO -- 01
--
6 Probes & Patch Cords -- -

THEORY:

GENERATION OF AM SIGNALS:

The AM signals can be generated by a chopper type (switching) modulator

that uses nonlinear devices. In the chopper type modulator, the modulating signal f
(t) with the carrier signal in series is connected across a chopper which vibrates at a
frequency ωc . The chopper action is equivalent to multiplication of the input signal
by a square wave p (t) of frequency ω c. The spectrum of the resulting signal v (t) can
be obtained by convolving the spectra of [f (t) + cosω c t] with that of p(t). The
convolution yields the desired spectrum centered at ± ω c and additional unwanted
frequency component at ω=0, ± 3ωc, ±5ωc etc which can be filtered out by band pass
filter tuned to ωc

DEMODULATION OF AM SIGNAL:

In an envelope detector the output of the detector follows the envelope

of the modulated signal. The envelope detector is essentially a rectifier circuit with
capacitor across the output terminals as shown. On the positive cycle of the input
signal, the capacitor C charges up to peak voltage of the input signal.
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB
As the input signal falls below this peak value, the diode is cutoff
because the capacitor voltage (which is nearly the peak voltage) is greater than the
input signal voltage, thus causing diode to open. The capacitor discharges through
the resistor R at a slow rate. During the next cycle at its peak, the input signal
becomes greater than the capacitor voltage at the peak value and the diode conducts.
The capacitor again charges to the peak value of this new cycle. The capacitor
discharges slowly during the cutoff period thus changing the capacitor voltage a
little.

PROCEDURE:

(A) AMPLITUDE MODULATION:

1) Before making the connections check all the components using multimeter.
2) Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram.
3) Adjust the frequency of modulating signal to from 300Hz to 600Hz.
4) Adjust the carrier frequency from 300kHz to 800 kHz.
5) Adjust the time division knob and get an envelope.
6) Note down the values of Emax and Emin
7) Calculate the percentage of modulation using a relation
% modulation= [(Emax - Emin)/ (Emax + Emin )]X100
8) Various amplitude and frequencies of the signal are noted down.
9 ) Trace all the waveforms on a graph neatly.

(B) DEMODULATION:

01. The connections are made as shown in circuit diagram.

02. Apply the output of modulation circuit to the input of the demodulation
circuit.
03. Note down the amplitude and frequency of demodulated signal.
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB
OBSERVATION:

1. Amplitude of modulating signal =

2. Frequency of modulating signal =

3. Amplitude of carrier signal =

4. Frequency of carrier signal =

5. Emax =

6. Emin =

7. % of modulation = [(Emax - Emin)/ (Emax + Emin )]X100

8. Amplitude of demodulated signal =

9. Frequency of demodulated signal =

DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB
FREQUENCY MODULATION USING IC 8038

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FREQUENCY MODULATION

FREQUENCY DEMODULATION
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

PIN CONFIGURATION OF 8038

NATURE OF GRAPH
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

FREQUENCY MODULATION USING IC 8038

AIM: To study frequency modulation of signals using IC 8038

APPARATUS:

SL.No. APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

01 IC 8038 01
02 Resistors 10KΩ 03
1KΩ ,81KΩ 01Each
03 Capacitors 10μF,0.33μF 01Each
04 CRO -- 01
05 Dual Power Supply (0-30)V --
06 Connecting board -- 01
07 Patch cords &Probes -- --

THEORY:

Frequency modulation is a system in which the amplitude of the

modulated signal (carrier) is kept constant, while its frequency is varied by the
modulating signal. The first practical system was put forward in 1936 as an attenuate
to AM in an effort to make radio transmission more resistant to noise.
The amount, by which the carrier frequency is varied from its
unmodulated wave called the deviation, is made proportional to the instantaneous
value of the modulating voltage. The value at which this frequency variation or
oscillation takes place is naturally equal to the modulating frequency.
The prime requirement of a frequency modulation generator is a
variable output frequency with the variation proportional to the amplitude of the
modulating voltage. The subsidiary requirements are that the unmodulated frequency
should be constant and the deviation independent of the modulating frequency.
However if the system does not produce these characteristics, connections can be
introduced during the modulation process. Some of the methods of generation of
frequency modulation are basic reactance modulator, varacter diode modulator, and
Armstrong frequency modulation system.
The function of a frequency to amplitude change or FM
demodulator is used to change the frequency deviation of the incoming carrier into
an AF amplitude variation (identical to one that originally caused the frequency
deviation). This conversion should be done efficiently and linearly. In addition the
detection circuit should be in sensitive to amplitude changes and should not be too
critical in its adjustments and operation.
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

PROCEDURE:

01. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram

02. Modulating signal from the signal generator to the pin no.8 of the IC 8038 is
applied.
03. Observe the FM signal at the output of the modulator w.r.t. ground.
04. The frequency and amplitude of the modulating signal is measured.
05. The carrier signal frequency and amplitude are measured without applying

modulating signal input to pin no.8 of IC 8038.

06. Trace all the waveforms on a graph neatly.

OBSERVATION:

01. Amplitude of modulating signal =

02. Frequency of modulating signal =

03. Amplitude of carrier signal =

04. Frequency of carrier signal =

05. Amplitude of demodulating signal=

06. Frequency of demodulating signal

DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

ANALOG SIGNAL SAMPLING & RECONSTRUCTION

ANALOG SIGNAL SAMPLING

RECONSTRUCTION
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

ANALOG SIGNAL SAMPLING & RECONSTRUCTION

AIM: Ta study Analog Signal Sampling & Reconstruction Process.

APPARATUS:

SL.No. APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

01 IC 8038, 01 Each
CA3130,
CD4053
02 CRO -- 01
03 Probes and Patch chords -- --

THEORY:
Pulse Modulation is used to transmit analog information, such as speech signal. It is a
system in which continuous waveforms are sampled at regular interval. Information
regarding the signal is transmitted only as pulse amplitude, pulse width or pulse
position, together with any synchronizing pulses that may be required at the receiving
end, the original waveform is reconstructed from the samples, if these are taken
frequently enough. Despite the fact that information about the signal is not supplied
continuously, as in Amplitude Modulation or Frequency Modulation, the resulting
receiver output can have good replica as input signal with low or moderate distortion.

Pulse Modulation may be subdivided broadly into two categories, Analog and
Digital. In the farmer, the indication at sample Amplitude may be infinitely variable,
while in the later a code which indicates the sample Amplitude to the nearest
predetermined level is sent. Analog Signal Sampling and Reconstruction is an analog
communication method which is discussed in the following section.

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
1. AF Signal Generator 200 Hz to 2 kHz (Frequency and Amplitude variable)
2. Synchronous Clock Generator B kHz output and 1KHz input
3. ASSR Modulator
a) Sample and Hold
b) Flat - Top Sampling

4. ASSR Demodulator consisting of Low Pass Filter (3.4 kHz cut off) and
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB
Amplifier.

5. Built-in power supplies

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
1. AF SIGNAL GENERATOR
The AF Signal Generator is designed around the popular Function Generator IC
8038. The required range 200 Hz to 2 kHz is covered in a single range with one
capacitor at pin 10. The Sine wave output is available at Pin 2, its symmetry is
adjusted by a preset Pot of 10k, while the frequency is set by the P, Potentiometer
100k. Two amplifiers with +1 and ≅ -2 gain in cascade act as buffers designed
around TL0B4. The output amplitude is settable by the 1k Pot P.
The second buffered Sampling gate is Sampled by the pulses which are generated
after the first sample period which is in the hold period irrespective at the pulse width
sample. Therefore during the output at the second sampling gate the output is always
a Flat Top sample. This is another form of ASSR which can be Demodulated using a
filter and amplifier.

ASSR DEMODULATOR
The ASSR Demodulator consists at a Glen Sally second order Law Pass Fiber
preceded by a unity gain buffer and followed by a pre settable gain amplifier (TL
084).

ASSR MODULATOR
The ASSR modulator is designed around two Analog Switches (CD 4051) and
h4orosable Multivibrators using 555 ICs. A provision is made to observe Sample
and Had and Flat - Tap Sampling at the ASSR Signals.

The AF- input is given to a unity gain buffer amplifier connected to an Analog
Sam pling Gate. The gate is controlled by switching pulses from a Monostable
Multivibrator ( 555 IC ) whose pulse width is set by potentiometer P. The
Synchronous Clock provides the bigger pulses. The Monostable Multivibrator
generates narrow pulses at the negative edge at the Synchronous Clock.

a) SAMPLE AND HOLD: The input signal is tracked during the pulse width
and held at the last level till the next pulse. In this mode the pulse width is adjusted
to minimum instantaneous Sampling and Hold functions are activated. The S and H
output can be Demodulated to get back the AF signal.
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB
b) FLAT TOP SAMPLING: The Sample and Hold signal is again sampled after
the first sample period. That is why the first Monostable pulses trigger second
Monostable (555 IC) which has a fixed pulse width.
The second buffered Sampling gate is Sampled by the pulses which are generated
after the first sample period which is in the hold period irrespective at the pulse
width sample. Therefore during the output at the second sampling gate the output is
always a Flat Tap sample. This is another form at ASSR which can be
Demodulated using a filter and amplifier.

ASSR DEMODULATOR
The ASSR Demodulator consists at a Glen Sally second order Law Pass Fiber
preceded by a unity gain buffer and followed by a pre settable gain amplifier {TL
084.)

Nature of Graph
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

Procedure:
In this experiment we verify the Nyquist sampling theorem.
1) Select a continuous-time signal x(t) by adjusting frequency from ASG.
2) Observe the maximum frequency of the signal and the minimum rate at
which there is no overlapping in the spectra (Natural Sampling)
3) Now modify fs such that the spectra of the sampled signal just begins to
overlap and this will be indicated by appropriate message (Flat Top Sampling).
4) From the above observations verify that the minimum value of fs in case of no
overlapping in the frequency domain happens to be just greater than twice of fm.
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING OF TWO
BAND LIMITED SIGNALS
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING OF TWO
BAND LIMITED SIGNALS

AIM: To study Time Division Multiplexing for 2 band-limited signals.

APPARATUS:

Sl.
Apparatus Range Quantity
No
1 IC CD 4051 2
2 Resistors As Per Design 2
3 Capacitor As Per Design 2

THEORY:
Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a communications process that
transmits two or more streaming digital signals over a common channel. In TDM,
incoming signals are divided into equal fixed-length time slots. After multiplexing,
these signals are transmitted over a shared medium and reassembled into their
original format after de-multiplexing. Time slot selection is directly proportional to
overall system efficiency.
Time division multiplexing (TDM) is also known as a digital circuit switched. TDM
and synchronous time division multiplexing (sync TDM). TDM is used for long-
distance communication links and bears heavy data traffic loads from end users.
Sync TDM is used for high-speed transmission.

During each time slot a TDM frame (or data packet) is created as a sample of the
signal of a given sub-channel; the frame also consists of a synchronization channel
and sometimes an error correction channel. After the first sample of the given sub-
channel (along with its associated and newly created error correction and
synchronization channels) are taken, the process is repeated for a second sample
when a second frame is created, then repeated for a third frame, etc.; and the frames
are interleaved one after the other. When the time slot has expired, the process is
repeated for the next sub-channel.

DESIGN:
Low pass filter:
f) For message signal-1
fc = 1/(2πRC) Let fc = 300 Hz, and C1 = 0.1µF.
R1 = 1/(2πx300x0.1x10-6) R1 = 5.305 kΩ ≈ 5.4 kΩ
g) For message signal-2
fc = 1/(2πRC) Let fc = 500 Hz, and C2 = 0.1µF.
R2 1/(2πx500x0.1x10-6) R2 = 3.183 kΩ ≈ 3.3 kΩ
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram-12.
2. Apply a square wave (TTL) carrier signal of 2 kHz (or >2 kHz) of 5V amplitude.
3. Apply m1(t) and m2(t) whose frequencies are f1 (200 Hz, with DC offset) and f2
(400 Hz, with DC offset).
4. Observe TDM waveform at pin number 3 of IC CD4051.
5. Observe the reconstructed message waveforms m1(t) and m2(t) at pin numbers 13
and 14 of 2nd IC CD4051.
6. The ripples in the demodulated signals can be reduced by increasing the order of
the filter or by increasing the carrier frequency.

Observations
Amplitude of message Signal m1=

Frequency of message signal m1=

Amplitude of message signal m2=

Frequency of message signal m2=

Amplitude of carrier signal c(t)=

Frequency of carrier signal c(t)=

Amplitude of demodulated signal m1=

Frequency demodulated signal m1=

Amplitude of demodulated signal m2=

Frequency of demodulated signal m2=

DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

NATURE OF GRAPH
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PULSE AMPLITUDE DEMODULTOR

DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Expt. No.: Date:

AIM: To perform an experiment to obtain the pulse amplitude modulated output and
to trace the output waveform.

APPARATUS:

SL APPARATUS QUANTITY
No.
01 PAM & Demodulation Kit 01
02 CRO 01
03 Probes & Patch Cords --

THEORY:

PAM is a pulse modulation system in which the signal applied is sampled

at regular intervals and each sample is made proportional to the amplitude of the
signal at the instant of sampling. The pulses are then used to modulate a carrier. The
two types of PAM are double polarity PAM and single polarity PAM in which a
fixed DC level is added to the signal to ensure that the pulses are always positive.
This later one is the one we are dealing with. The signal which has got a constant
width but the amplitude of the signal goes on differing. Therefore the signal is know
as pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). Modulating signal is sampled at regular
intervals and each sample is proportional to the amplitude of signal at the instant of
sampling.

In single polarity PAM, the fixed DC level is added to the signal. PAM
does not utilizes constant amplitude pulse. The frequency of the modulated signal is
the same as that of frequency of carrier signal. But only the amplitude of the carrier
is varied in accordance with instantaneous value of modulating signal. If there is no
DC level shift in single polarity PAM, this results in double polarity PAM where
amplitude of the pulse vary as the modulating wave varies with respect to the ground
potential.
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

PROCEDURE:

01.Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

02. Switch ‘ON’ the kit.

03. Apply carrier signal (clock signal) and modulating signal to the modulator.

04. Apply the PA modulated signal to the demodulator circuit and observe the

demodulated signal at the output.

05. Observe the waveforms on CRO.

06.Trace all the waveforms on a graph neatly.

OBSERVATION:

01. Frequency of modulating signal =

02. Amplitude of modulating signal =

03. Frequency of carrier signal (Clock) =

04. Amplitude of carrier signal (Clock) =

05. Maximum amplitude of output signal Vmax =

06. Minimum amplitude of output signal Vmin =

07. Percentage of modulation = {( Vmax - Vmin ) / (Vmax + Vmin )} x 100

08. Amplitude of demodulated signal =

09. Frequency of demodulated signal =

DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION ANDDEMODULATION

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR

PULSE WIDTH DEMODULTOR

DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION & DEMODULATION

Expt No: Date:

AIM: To study the pulse width modulation and demodulation and to trace the
waveform.

APPARATUS:

Sl. No. APPARATUS QUANTITY

01 PWM & Demodulation Kit 01

02 CRO 01
03 Probes & Patch Cords --

THEORY:

If the frequency and amplitude of a pulse train are kept constant and the
width of pulse is varied with modulating signal, the result is a pulse width modulated
signal. Three variations are possible as shown. First, the pulse center may be fixed in
the center of the repeating time window T c and both edges of pulse move to compress
or expand the width T. Second, lead edge can be held at the lead edge of the window
and the tail edge modulated. The resulting spectra are similar and are as shown. They
each contain a DC component and a base side band containing the modulating signal
as well as phase modulated carrier at each harmonic of pulse frequency. The
amplitude of the harmonic groups are constrained by sin(x)/x envelope and extended
to infinite.

Since the side band and base band information appears in the signal
and is not distorted by any modulation effects. It may be recovered using a simple
low pass filter to remove the carrier and its harmonics and a high pass filter to
remove the DC component. The positive signal is represented by a more pulse width,
similarly a negative signal by less pulse width.
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

PROCEDURE:

01. Connect clock generator output to the clock input of PWM modulator.
02. Apply the modulating signal from AF signal generator or from ASG to AF
input of the modulator.
03. By varying the modulating voltage between 3V to 20V and frequency between
200 Hz to 500Hz.
04. If we observe the PWM output, its width varies according to the modulating
signal voltage.
05. During demodulation, apply PWM signal to the input of demodulator and
observe its output.
06. Output of the demodulator almost coincides with the modulating signal but
having some phase difference due to RC networks and amplifiers which are in
the demodulator.

OBSERVATION:

01. Frequency of modulating signal =

02. Amplitude of modulating signal =

03. Amplitude of carrier (Clock) signal =

04. Frequency of carrier (Clock) signal =

05.Amplitude of PWM signal =

06. Amplitude of demodulated signal =

07. Frequency of demodulated signal =

DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

PPM AND DEMODULATION

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PULSE POSITION MODULATOR

PULSE POSITION DEMODULTOR

DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

PULSE POSITION MODULATION & DEMODULATION

Expt. No.: Date:

AIM: To study pulse position modulation and demodulation circuit.

APPARATUS:

SL. APPARATUS QUANTITY

No.
01 PPM and Demodulation Kit 01
02 CRO 01
03 Probes & Patch Cords --

THEORY:

Pulse modulation may be used to transmit analog information such as

continuous speech or data. It is a system in which continuous waveforms are sampled
at regular intervals. Information regarding the signal is transmitted only at the
sampling times, together with any synchronizing pulses that may be required. At the
receiving end the original waveform may be reconstructed from the information
regarding the samples if these are taken frequently enough. Despite the fact that
information about the signal is not supplied continuously as in amplitude modulation
and frequency modulation the resulting receiver output can have negligible
distortion. In pulse position modulation we have a fixed amplitude of the modulating
signal at that instant.

Here in this experiment the PPM can be generated by to monostable

multivibrators as shown. In this the first multivibrator generates the pulse width
modulation and the second multivibrator generates the PPM. Initially the sampling
clock from the trainer is given to the pin 2 of the first IC 555 (which is connected in
monostable mode) and the modulating signal is given to the pin 5 of the same IC
555. Now if we observe the output at pin 3 of the same first IC 555 we get pulse
width modulation. The width of each pulse is varied if we change the amplitude of
the modulating signal which is applied at pin 5 of IC 555.

The output of the first IC 555 is internally connected to pin 2 of the

secondIC 555. So the generated PWM pulses are used to trigger the second
monostablemultivibrator. So position of each pulse is varied in accordance with the
already generated PWM. But the PWM depends on the input modulating signal. So
totally the generated PPM depends on the amplitude of the modulating signal.
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

If we change the amplitude of modulating signal, the position of each

pulse is varied. But the width of each is constant because the time constant of
the second monostable multivibrator is fixed.

PULSE POSITIION DEMODULATION:

The demodulation of the pulse position modulation is quite a simple process.

Pulse position modulation is fed to an integrated (RC) circuit (low pass filter) from
which a modulating signal emerges whose amplitude at any time is proportional to
the pulse position modulation at that time.

PROCEDURE:

07. Connect clock generator output to the clock input of PPM modulator.
08. Apply the modulating signal from AF signal generator or from ASG to AF
input of the modulator.
09. By varying the modulating voltage between 3V to 20V and frequency between
200 Hz to 500Hz, PPM output clock position is changed but its width is
maintained constant.
10. If we observe the PWM output, its width varies according to the modulating
signal voltage.
11. During demodulation, apply PPM signal to the input of demodulator and
observe its output.
12. Output of the demodulator almost coincides with the modulating signal but
having some phase difference due to RC networks and amplifiers which are in
the demodulator.

OBSERVATION:

08. Frequency of modulating signal =

09. Amplitude of modulating signal =

10. Amplitude of carrier (Clock) signal =

11. Frequency of carrier (Clock) signal =

12.Amplitude of PPM signal =

13. Amplitude of demodulated signal =

14. Frequency of demodulated signal =

DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

SECOND ORDER ACTIVE BAND PASS FILTER

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
+Vcc= +12V
-Vee= -12V

PIN CONFIGURATION FOR μA – 741

DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

NATURE OF GRAPH

SECOND ORDER ACTIVE BAND PASS FILTER

DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

Expt. No.: Date:

AIM: To study the characteristics of band pass filter.

APPARATUS:

Sl.No. APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

01. Op-Amps μA-741 03
02. Resistors 16kΩ 04
3.3kΩ 02
27kΩ 02
10kΩ 01
03. Capacitors 0.01μF 04
04. ASG -- 01
05. CRO -- 01
06. Dual Power Supply 0-30V 01
07. Probes and Patch -- --
Cords

THEORY:

A band pass filter has a pass band between two cutoff frequencies f H and fL
such that fH > fL. Any input frequency outside this pass band is attenuated.

A band pass filter can be formed by cascading low pass and high pass filter
sections and is generally the choice for simplicity of design and performance. To
obtain a ±20dB/decade band pass, first order high pass and first order low pass filters
are cascaded. For the ±40dB/decade band pass filter, second order high pass and low
pass sections are connected in series and so on. In other words the order of the band
filter depends on the order of low pass and high pass filters.

Basically we have two types of band pass filters (1) wide band pass filter
(2) narrow band pass filter. This classification is based on figure of merit or quality
factor Q. If Q is less than 10 it is wide band pass filter else narrow band pass filter.
Higher the value of Q more the selectivity and narrower the band width.

DESIGN:

Design a band pass filter with fL =1 kHz & fH=5 kHz

DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

SECOND ORDER HIGH PASS FILTER

Given fL =1kHz
We have fL=1/2πR2R3C2C3
Take R2 = R3 = R & C2 = C3 = C
Let C2 = C3 < 1µF i.e., C = 0.01µF
Then R2 = R3 = 1/2πfLC = 1/ (2 x π x 1 x 103 x 0.01 x 10-6)
R2 = R3 = 15.91kΩ
Use R2 = R3 = 16kΩ
The values of R1 & RF must be chosen such that RF = 0.586R1
Chose R1  100 kΩ i.e., R1 = 27kΩ
Then RF = 0.586R1 = 15.82kΩ
Use RF = 16kΩ

SECOND ORDER LOW PASS FILTER

fH =5kHz
We have fH=1/2πR2R3C2C3
Take R2’=R3’=R’ & C2’=C3’=C’
Let C2’=C3’<1µF i,e C’=0.01µF
Then R2’=R3’=1/2πfHC=1/ (2*π*5*103*0.01*10-6)
R2’=R3’=3.18kΩ
Use R2’=R3’=3.3kΩ
The values of R1 & RF must be chosen such that RF=0.586R1
Chose R1  100 kΩ i.e., R1 = 27kΩ
Then RF = 0.586R1 = 15.82kΩ
Use RF = 16kΩ

PROCEDURE:

01. Before making connections check all the components using multimeter.

02. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

03. An input voltage Vin =1V at 1kHz is fed to the circuit through ASG.

04. Frequency is varied in steps from 100Hz to 50 kHz and corresponding

output voltage Vo is measured and noted down.

05. Gain is calculated using Gain = Vo /Vin.

06. Gain in dB is calculated using the relation

Gain in dB = 20 log Vo /Vin

07. Gain Vs frequency in Hz is plotted and both the cutoff frequencies are noted
down.

TABULAR COLUMN :
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

Vin =1V
SL. Frequency Vo (in volts) Gain= Gain in dB =
No. (in Hz) Vo/Vin 20logVo/Vin
01. 200

02 500

03 800

04. 900

05. 1k

06. 1.5k

07. 2k

08 3k

09. 3.5k

10. 4k

11. 4.3k

12. 4.5k

13. 5k

14. 6k

15. 7k

16. 8k

17. 10k

18. 50k

BAND ELIMINATION FILTER

DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
+Vcc= +12V
-Vee= -12V

C1 = C2 = C , C3 = 2C , R1 = R2 = R , R3 = R/2

PIN CONFIGURATION FOR μA - 741

NATURE OF GRAPH
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

BAND ELIMINATION FILTER

Expt. No.: Date:

AIM : To study the characteristics of band elimination filter.

APPARATUS:

Sl.No APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

.
01. Op-Amps μA-741 03
02. Resistors 16kΩ 04
3.3kΩ 03
10kΩ 04
27kΩ 02
03. Capacitors 0.01μF 04
04. ASG -- 01
05. CRO -- 01
06. Dual Power Supply 0-30V 01
07. Probes and Patch -- --
Cords

THEORY:

Band elimination filter is also called band reject or band stop filter. In
this filter, frequencies are attenuated in stop band while they are passed out side this
band. Band elimination filter can also be classified as
1) Wide band reject filter and 2) narrow band reject filter.

A wide band reject filter utilizes a low pass filter and a summing
amplifier. To realize the band reject response, the low cutoff frequency f L of the high
pass filter must be large than the high cutoff frequency f H of the low pass filter. In
addition the pass band gain of both the sections must be equal. The classification of
these band reject filters is also done depending on the value of Q, the quality factor.
In narrow band reject filter, the Q is high. Therefore the band width of narrow band
reject filter is much smaller than that of the wide band reject filter.
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB
DESIGN:

Design a band pass filter with fL =5 kHz & fH=1 kHz

SECOND ORDER LOW PASS FILTER

fH =1kHz
We have fH=1/2πR2R3C2C3
Take R2=R3=R & C2=C3=C
Let C2=C3<1µF i,e C=0.01µF
Then R2=R3=1/2πfHC=1/ (2*π*1*103*0.01*10-6)
R2=R3=15.91kΩ
Use R2=R3=16kΩ

SECOND ORDER HIGH PASS FILTER

fL =5kHz
We have fH=1/2πR2R3C2C3
Take R2’=R3’=R’ & C2’=C3’=C’
Let C2’=C3’<1µF i,e C’=0.01µF
Then R2’=R3’=1/2πfLC=1/ (2*π*5*103*0.01*10-6)
R2’=R3’=3.18kΩ
Use R2’=R3’=3.3kΩ

Pass band gain AF is given by

AF=1+RF/R1
AF=1.586
So RF=0.586R1
Choose R1<100k
Let R1=68k
RF=0.586*68
RF=40kΩ

The gain of the summing amplifier is set at 1

Therefore R4=R5=R6=10kΩ
The value of Rcomp=R4R5R6=R/3=10kΩ/3=3.3kΩ

PROCEDURE:
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

01. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram

02. An input voltage Vin =1V at 1kHz is fed to the circuit through ASG.

03. Frequency is varied in steps from 10Hz to 100 kHz and corresponding output
voltage Vo is measured and noted down.

04. Gain in dB is calculated using the relation,

Gain in dB = 20logVo /Vin

05. Gain Vs frequency in Hz is plotted and both the cutoff frequencies are noted
down

TABULAR COLUMN:
DEPT. OF E&C COMMUNICATION LAB

Vin =1V
SL. Frequency Vo (in volts) Gain= Gain in dB =
No. (in Hz) Vo/Vin 20logVo/Vin
01. 100

02 200

03 300

04. 400

05. 500

06. 700

07. 800

08 900

09. 1k

10. 2k

11. 3k

12. 4k

13. 5k