Document (33) Present

Title: Exploring the Complex Relationship Between Smoking and Gender:
Abstract:
Smoking is a significant public health concern affecting both men and women, but gender
differences in smoking behavior and cessation outcomes are poorly understood. This
review aims to summarize the current literature on gender differences in smoking
prevalence, patterns, and cessation.
Findings suggest that men are more likely to smoke than women globally, but women’s
smoking rates are increasing, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Gender
roles, social norms, and cultural factors influence smoking behavior, with men more likely
to smoke for social and stress-related reasons, and women more likely to smoke for weight
control and emotional regulation.
Cessation outcomes also differ by gender, with men more likely to quit smoking than
women. Women face unique barriers to quitting, including hormonal fluctuations,
caregiving responsibilities, and social pressures.
Understanding gender differences in smoking behavior and cessation is crucial for

developing effective tobacco control policies and cessation programs tailored to gender-
specific needs. This review highlights the need for gender-sensitive approaches to address
the growing burden of smoking-related health issues among women and promote
equitable access to cessation resources.
Keywords
Smoking ,cigarette , tobacco, Cancer stick.
Literature
The literature review aims to explore the complex relationship between smoking and
gender, examining the current state of knowledge on gender differences in smoking
prevalence, patterns, and cessation. By synthesizing existing research, this review seeks to
identify gaps in our understanding and inform gender-sensitive approaches to tobacco
control and smoking cessation interventions.
1:Introduction:
This introduction highlights the complex relationship between smoking and gender,
influenced by historical, social, cultural, and economic factors. Understanding these
factors is crucial for developing effective tobacco control policies and cessation programs
that address gender-specific.
Smoking is a leading cause of preventable death worldwide, with tobacco use accounting
for over seven million deaths annually (WHO, 2020). While smoking affects both men and
women, gender plays a significant role in smoking behavior, cessation, and health
outcomes. Despite this, gender differences in smoking have often been overlooked in
research and public health initiatives.
2:Gender influences
The gender influence smoking behavior, from initiation to cessation, and is shaped by
social, cultural, and biological factors. Men and women face different societal pressures,
norms, and expectations that affect their smoking habits. Moreover, gender-specific
factors like hormone fluctuations, pregnancy, and caregiving responsibilities impact
smoking behavior and cessation outcomes.
3:Investigation
By investigating the intersection of smoking and gender, we can better address the unique
challenges and opportunities for reducing tobacco-related health disparities and
promoting equitable health outcomes.
Historical context_: Smoking has been a socially accepted behavior for centuries, with men
being the primary smokers. Women’s smoking was stigmatized and seen as taboo until the
early 20th century.
4:Social and cultural context
Gender roles and expectations play a significant role in smoking behavior. Men have
traditionally been seen as the breadwinners and smoking was a symbol of masculinity,
while women were expected to prioritize family and health.
5: Marketing and advertising
tobacco industry has historically targeted men with advertisements featuring masculine
imagery and themes. In the 1960s and 1970s, they began targeting women with ads
featuring slim, fashionable women and themes of independence and liberation.
6:Prevalence and trends
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), men are more likely to smoke than
women globally (36% vs 22%). However, women’s smoking rates are increasing,
particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
7:Health effects
Smoking has a significant impact on both men and women’s health, but there are some
gender-specific differences. Women are more likely to experience smoking-related health
issues such as lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory problems.
8:Negative points
1: Smoking is a major cause of coronary heart disease for both men and women and a
positive correlation between tobacco use and cerebrovascular peripheral artery disease.
2: In addition, cigarette smoking is a most powerful risk factor predisposing to

atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease.
3: On the base’s of available clinical data, this review wil discuss the risk of fatal and non-
fatal diseases among smoking men and women with special emphasis on cardiovascular
and cerebrovascular disease which also represent the most common cause of death
among smokers.
4: A description of the mechanisms involved in the tobacco induced atherosclerotic

damage will be also given in order to underline possible gender related differences.
5: In development countries tobacco is responsible for 24% of all male and 7% of all
female deaths, rising to over 40% in some former socialist economies and 17% in women’s
in the USA.
6: After the rapid spread of tobacco smoking before the 1950s in the united states and
Northern European countries among male’s, the prevalence of cigarettes smoking among
females strated to rise as well.
7: In the 1970s, smoking prevalence among male’s and female’s began to decrease, with a
stronger decline in males.
8: It has been proposed that the less favorable trend in smoking prevalence in women’s
with respect to men may be due to lower cessation rates in women’s .
9: Together with gender, socioeconomic status emerged as a determine of smoking: the

habit starts among upper social classes or those with a higher educational level and later
extends to lower socioeconomic groups.
10: However, is difficult to classify smoking prevalence by gender or socioeconomic status

because many differences between countries and habits may be relevant.
11: several studies have shown that smoking spreads through populations like an epidemic
with four stages. Stage 1 , smoking is an exceptional behavior and mainly a habit of higher
socioeconomic groups. Stage 2, smoking became ever more common. Rates among men
50%_ 80% and are equal among socioeconomic groups or higher among higher
socioeconomic economic groups. In women’s these pattern usually 10_20 years behind
those of men. Women from higher socioeconomic groups first adopt smoking. Stage 3, the
prevalence rate among men decreases to 40% since many men stop smoking. Women
reach their peak rate (35_ 45%), and at the end of this stage their rates start to decline too.
Stage 4, prevalence rate keep declining slowly for both men and women’s, and smoking
become s progressively more a habit of the lower socioeconomic groups. There are
international variations in smoking related habits, which may fit with differences between
countries according to their smoking stage.
Conclusion
Male and female university students who smoked differed in smoking behaviors and
intention to quit, but not in nicotine dependence level. The university should provide health
promotion to help students quit smoking.
Citation
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44308/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7787365/

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Title: Exploring the Complex Relationship Between Smoking and Gender:

Understanding gender differences in smoking behavior and cessation is crucial for

Smoking ,cigarette , tobacco, Cancer stick.

4:Social and cultural context

5: Marketing and advertising

6:Prevalence and trends

2: In addition, cigarette smoking is a most powerful risk factor predisposing to

4: A description of the mechanisms involved in the tobacco induced atherosclerotic

9: Together with gender, socioeconomic status emerged as a determine of smoking: the

10: However, is difficult to classify smoking prevalence by gender or socioeconomic status

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