Interna tional Jo urna l o f Applied Research 2016 ; 2 (2 ): 229 -23 1

ISSN Print: 2394-7500

ISSN Online: 2394-5869
Impact Factor: 5.2 Stoppard: The Metatheatre A Study of Rosencrantz
IJAR 2016; 2(2): 229-231
www.allresearchjournal.com
and Guildenstern are dead
Received: 22-12-2015
Accepted: 24-01-2016
Dr. Manoranjan Behura
Dr. Manoranjan Behura
Lecturer in English and
Research Scholar, Mahanga
Abstract
Puspagiri Mahavidyalaya, Tom Stoppard who is a famous absurd dramatist has excelled many of his contemporaries in using
Erkana, Cuttack, Odisha, metatheatre. His masterpiece ‘Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead’ is replete with metatheatrical
India elements. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, is thematically based on Shakespeare’s Hamlet.
Tactfully enough, Stoppard has made a complete transformation of a revenge tragedy called Hamlet to
an absurdist play. Two insignificant characters of Shakespeare’s Hamlet have been made heroes and
they have been put into a new world where they are apparently at loss; they are thrown into a
predicament which is far beyond their understanding. Like a true play of the absurdist genre,
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead presents in philosophical ways man’s lack of absolute values,
the problem of freedom and the uncertainty of knowledge and perception. Themes of confusion,
absence of identity and helplessness are the chief concerns of the characters. This paper tries to focus
on how the dramatist uses various metatheatrical elements to reinforce the theme.

Keywords: Metatheatre, Stoppard, Theme

Introduction
Metatheatre
The term ‘metatheatre’ or ‘metadrama’ is coined by Lionel Abel in his ‘Metatheatre: A New
View of Dramatic Form’ in 1963. Metatheatre generally refers to ‘the play within the play’.
Richard Hornby defines metatheatre or metadrama as “drama about drama” (P 31). There are
also other definitions, “the metatheatrical play that uses the stage as “stage to present life as
theatricality has as one of its goals, an examination of the distinction between art and life.
This is the type of play about playing, about theatricality, about the human impulse to create
fiction and revise reality.”(Understanding Play by Millie Barranger)
A metatheatrical play does not present life as it exactly is, on the contrary, it may present
actions that are alien, stylised or absurd to distant audience from the theatrical illusion on the
stage. These metatheatrical plays intend to demarcate the boundary that conventional theatre
tries to hide and it constantly reminds the audience about the relationship between
performance and reality. Metatheatre is a medium between art and life.
The meta- Greek prefix means “beside, beyond, after, transcending”. Thus metadrama or
metatheatre means to use other elements on stage than the story itself. These elements
sometimes or most often help to develop the story, provide an intrinsic thought to the story
and to the art of the theatre itself. Metadrama produces extraordinary aesthetic insights,
which have been spoken of as ‘estrangement’ or alienation. Hornby listed four types of
conscious metatheatre which sometimes overlap with one another:
The play within the play.
The ceremony within the play.
Roleplaying within the role.
Literary and real-life reference, self-reference.
Correspondence
Dr. Manoranjan Behura As Hornby points out metadrama or metatheatre usually moves beyond the metadramatic
Lecturer in English and towards the theme of human perception, which has been successfully done by Tom Stoppard
Research Scholar, Mahanga in his Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. Henceforth, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern
Puspagiri Mahavidyalaya, Are Dead will be referred to as Ros and Guil. I would like to discuss some of the
Erkana, Cuttack, Odisha,
India metatheatrical elements employed by Tom Stoppard in his play Rosencrantz and
Guildenstern Are Dead.
~ 229 ~
International Journal of Applied Research

The Play within the Play reject. They never knew to say no. at the end of their life,
In the Ros and Guil the boundary between the outer and Guil seems to be aware of what they missed, “there must
inner play disappears completely. It takes the readers away have been a moment, at the beginning where we could have
from the structure of metadrama, yet sustaining the said- no. But somehow we missed it.”(PAGE 91) They truly
metadramatic style. ‘The Murder of Gonzago’, an inset play lived in blank incomprehension of their identities, they past
within the play of Ros and Guil, itself has completely and their doom is not due to any reason but merely due to
embraced the metatheatricality of play within the play. The their design of fate, and ultimately they return to the non-
play within the play structure is prevalent throughout Ros being from which they came.
and Guil. In the famous dress rehearsal, the audience (both Roleplaying is another metadramatic asset in Ros and Guil.
Stoppard’s audience of the stage and the audience of the The dualistic role of Ros and Guil purely reflects the
inner play on stage) are consciously watching the play (Page metatheatrical criteria of roleplaying within the play. Taken
55-62). Conversation goes on among Ros and Guil and the from Hamlet, Ros and Guil begin their life as protagonists in
player as the rehearsal goes act after act. In the play within Stoppard’s play where they are allowed to explore their
the play we find a multiple layer of performing within existence. Yet their destiny is subdued by Hamlet. They
performing. Ros and Guil watch the rehearsal of the appear to play major roles on Stoppard’s stage having some
Tragedians before they perform the play for Hamlet. measure of free speech and thinking. But they do not take
Suddenly again, for a time, they think themselves as the their new roles that comfortably, rather they feel bored and
characters of the play (spies) acted by two Tragedians. The lost if they are not instructed their work and speech.
two fellows also foresee their fate in the fate of the spies in The fact that reality of their new world in Stoppard’s play
the play and compare themselves with them. When the king does not operate as usual and lives them bewildered. They
seems upset with the play, they call for the play to stop and are solely at loss. They do not remember their past, don’t
Ros and Guil are left on the stage in the position the spies fell foresee their futuristic action, rather they feel summoned.
when they died. Ros and Guil wake up slowly and begin They are passive, thoughtless and brood over certain things
earnestly trying to find the way to East. The action of Ros and prefer to dedicate themselves to repetitive action. They
and Guil on the stage is almost similar to that of the two fail to figure out the dos and don’ts when engaged in the plot
spies of the play within the play. Though this intention is not of Hamlet, the pair still doesn’t seem to know how to act.
clear to Ros and Guil themselves, but it is crystal clear to the There are other examples of roleplaying within the play. In
audience that they are witnessing a play within the play. The order to find out the cause of Hamlet’s transformation, Guil
inner play reveals the destiny of Ros and Guil on stage. pretends to be Hamlet and Ros questions him. (PAGE 35-36)
However, Ros and Guil don’t remember what they dreamt In act lll, to imagine what they are going to say when they
after they wake up. Their loss of memory leads the path to see the King of England, the two act out a possible script for
their lack of identity and thereby disastrous doom. their arrival in England. This time Ros takes the role of the
Ceremonies within the play is another typicality of King of England. Here roleplay helps Ros and Guil to figure
metatheatre. Ceremonies in the theatre of the absurd are out what they should do. It is ironic that these two actors can
quasi ceremonies where the characters go on repeating their only understand things better by pretending to be someone
private works or events to create and impress upon others else. They find it very difficult to streamline their activities
that their life is meaningful. Ros and Guil go on engaging rationally.
themselves in coin-tossing, interrogation and word games. Literary reference of Stoppard’s Ros and Guil is various.
These events constantly draw the attention of the audience From the very title it refers to Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Again
towards the theatricality of what they watch, simultaneously the pairing of characters refers to Stoppard’s contemporary
they mirror the predicament of Ros and Guil. The coin play Waiting for Godot by Beckett where characters are
flipping head for eighty five times does not follow any projected in pairs, for example, Didi and Gogo, Pozzo and
reason. The questioning to questions of Ros and Guil Lucky, Nag and Neil etc. These are complementary and
indicates their life is without answers and explanations. And competitive characters, never exist isolatedly, rather exhibit
in their verbal banters, language loses its function for an indispensable inter-dependence. Not only they share
communication but becomes a means for counter-action. action, but also they share fame and blame, feelings and
Though not in Shakespeare’s Hamlet but in Stoppard’s play, sentiments.
they have ample freedom which they cease to enjoy. Playing The most important example of self-reference in the players’
games is never to change their situation positively but to give self-conscious theatricality in Ros and Guil sets the
them essence of action in their inaction to while away the performer apart from the audience like “the two sides of the
time. They eagerly wait for the words to follow. As Guil same coin”(PAGE 16). He is always on stage, “we’re actors-
says, “words, words, they are all we have to go on” (PAGE we are the opposite people.” By separating the Tragedian
30). Other ceremonies which Ros and Guil perform from Ros and Guil, the player doubles the vision … we are
sometimes prove their powerlessness to enliven themselves. watching the play and Ros and Guil in the play are the
They frequently speak of their memory loss when they don’t audience of the Tragedians. The player understands his play
play games or flip coins. Their fate is designed and they are world quite well. Life on stage is always pre-written.
subjected to its framework within limits, though not Everyone who is marked for death, dies. After all, there is a
restrictions. In their constant attempts and failures in making script and there are logical actions.
sense of their life, Ros and Guil even make their repeated “There is a design at work in all art… events must play
giving in a kind of ceremony and consulate themselves. They themselves out to aesthetic, moral and logical conclusion.”
know somehow that they were not created with meaning of (PAGE 57)
their own. They only have to wait until events have played The Tragedians create their own reality by acting, accepting
themselves out. They accept with whatever they have been or at least resigning themselves to the shifting reality they are
provided with without any desire and right to choose and given. Unfortunately Stoppard’s two protagonists are
~ 230 ~
International Journal of Applied Research

confused when they try hard to separate life and art and are
incapable to perceive the dialectics between the two. Ros and
Guil are actually in surprise between life and art, between
reality and fiction. They have never found a right place to fill
certainty and security. Ros wants a story that is well made,
“with beginning, middle and end”, like the world he wants to
be in- in good order that he can comprehend and follow.
All the ennui and lassitude of Ros and Guil is prescribed for
them; in the end their inaction has an inaction about it. In
drawing attention to Ros and Guil as a play, Stoppard also
draws attention to Ros and Guil’s extreme inertness; they are
so passive that ultimately they do not even choose to act
passively. Neil Sansell, in his book “Tom Stoppard: The
Artist and Critic” speaks about the relationship Guil’s
inaction has to Stoppard himself. He states, “Stoppard
succeeds where Guildenstern fails. He does not act in
Shakespeare’s drama, acts upon it.” The title Rosencrantz
and Guildenstern Are Dead foreshadows the end of Ros and
Guil while lending an air of inevitability to the entire
process. In an oft quoted interview, “Ambushes for the
Audience: Towards a High Comedy of Ideas”, Stoppard
states, “there is often no single clear statement in my plays.
What there is a series of conflicting statements made by
conflicting characters, and they tend to play a sort of infinite
leap frog. …” (AMBUSHES 58-59). Further Stoppard says
in his letter to John Boorman, “I know now that, possibly the
main reason for the play’s effectiveness is that it does not
attempt to breakdown or analyse or explain; it simply
pinches you into these ambiguities.” (FLEMING 53)
Summarily, with the perfect use of metadrama in the play,
Stoppard presents us a kaleidoscopic world through which
his two protagonists’ baffled situation was vividly observed
and perceived. Tom Stoppard, as Martin Esslin (1966) [3]
describes Jean Genets theatre, “also builds a labyrinth with
metadramatic skills to mirror human condition, carrying
resemblance with that of his two protagonists.”

Reference
1. Abel Lionel, Metatheatre. A New View of Dramatic
Form. New York: Hill and Wang, 1963.
2. Brassell, Tim. Tom Stoppard- an Assessment. London:
The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1985.
3. Esslin, Martin. The Theatre of the Absurd. London: Eyre
and Spottiswoode, 1966.
4. Fleming, John. Stoppard’s Theatre., 2001.
5. Hayman, Ronald. Theatre and Anti-theatre. London:
Secker and Warburg, 1979.
6. Hornby, Richard. Drama, Metadrama and Perception.
Associated University Press, 1986.
7. Jenkins, Anthony. The Theatre of Tom Stoppard.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
8. Metatheatre.
http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/Courses/eng1327/327.met
a.html
9. Whitaker R. Thomas. Tom Stoppard. London: The
Macmillan Press Ltd., 1983.

~ 231 ~