administrative

sciences

Review
The Impact of Green Human Resource Management Practices
on Employees, Clients, and Organizational Performance:
A Literature Review
Aisha AlKetbi and John Rice *

College of Business Administration, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 500001, United Arab Emirates;
u20102562@sharjah.ac.ae
* Correspondence: jrice@sharjah.ac.ae

Abstract: This literature review aims to examine the relationship between Green Human Resource
Management (G-HRM) practices and various outcomes, including employee green attitudes, em-
ployee green satisfaction, client green satisfaction, employee green behavior, and organizational green
performance. We reviewed existing literature on G-HRM practices and their impact on the selected
outcomes. The review process involved the identification of articles through a systematic search in
Scopus and Web of Science databases from January 2013 to December 2023. The search retrieved
2142 citations; of them, a total of 17 articles were deemed eligible for this review. The reviewed litera-
ture provides good evidence supporting a positive predictive relationship between G-HRM practices
and employee green attitudes, employee green satisfaction, client green satisfaction, employee green
behavior, and organizational green performance. However, there is a notable gap in studies exploring
the influence of G-HRM practices on employee and client satisfaction. Overall, G-HRM practices
emerge as a crucial tool for fostering environmentally conscious attitudes and behaviors among
employees, ultimately contributing to enhanced employee satisfaction and improved organizational
ecological performance. Future research should pay attention to the mechanisms underlying these
relationships and explore potential moderating factors to enrich our understanding of the interrelated
dynamics between G-HRM practices and sustainable outcomes.

Keywords: green human resource management (G-HRM); environmental sustainability; organiza-

Citation: AlKetbi, Aisha, and John tional performance
Rice. 2024. The Impact of Green
Human Resource Management
Practices on Employees, Clients, and
Organizational Performance: A
1. Introduction
Literature Review. Administrative
Sciences 14: 78. https://doi.org/
The growing concern for environmental sustainability and corporate social responsibil-
10.3390/admsci14040078
ity has prompted organizations to adopt alternative avenues to meet these responsibilities
(Martin et al. 2014). As emphasized by the United Nations General 17 Sustainable Develop-
Received: 15 March 2024 ment Goals (SDGs), organizations need to operationalize and integrate sustainability in
Revised: 15 April 2024
their strategy, plans, and actions. Therefore, they can address the current and forthcoming
Accepted: 17 April 2024
stakeholder needs and ensure a better and sustainable future for all, balancing economic,
Published: 20 April 2024
social, and environmental development (Fonseca et al. 2020). Moreover, academic research
(Leal Filho et al. 2023) highlights the need for stronger action to avoid major challenges
such as climate catastrophe. One way to foster sustainable practices can be the application
Copyright: © 2024 by the authors.
of Green Human Resource Management (G-HRM) (Pham et al. 2020). G-HRM, as a general
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. term, refers to the integration of environmentally friendly practices into HRM strategies
This article is an open access article and policies (Ren and Hussain 2022). It is increasingly recognized as a means to enhance an
distributed under the terms and organization’s environmental performance and overall effectiveness (Munawar et al. 2022).
conditions of the Creative Commons The adoption of G-HRM policies represents a proactive approach by agencies to
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// enhance their environmental and overall performance. By integrating G-HRM practices
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ into HRM strategies, organizations aim to foster positive attitudes, behaviors, and overall
4.0/). performance (Farrukh et al. 2022). Previous studies of the impact of G-HRM policies

Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14040078 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/admsci

Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, 78 2 of 19

on employee and organizational performance in terms of green attitudes, satisfaction,

behaviors, environmental performance, and client satisfaction provided promising results.
The body of literature examining the impact of G-HRM practices on organizational and
employee performance underscores the pivotal role that environmentally conscious human
resource practices play in shaping both individual and organizational outcomes (Faisal
2023). Scholars such as Ren et al. (2018) assert that G-HRM practices significantly influence
employee attitudes and behaviors toward environmental sustainability, fostering a sense
of ecological responsibility among employees (Ren et al. 2018). Additionally, research
by Albloush et al. (2022) suggests a significant relationship exists between G-HRM and
organizational performance, as well as between G-HRM and human capital development,
demonstrating that integrating sustainability into human resource strategies can enhance
an organization’s environmental standing (Albloush et al. 2022). These findings align
with insights from other works, such as those by (Baykal et al. 2023) and (Shafaei et al.
2020), which highlight the positive impact of G-HRM on employee job satisfaction and
commitment to green initiatives. However, the literature also reveals nuanced outcomes, as
observed in the research by (Aggarwal and Agarwala 2023), which identifies the mediating
role of organizational culture in the effectiveness of G-HRM practices.
The aforementioned research provides a foundation for understanding the intricate
relationships between G-HRM practices and organizational and employee performance,
calling for further research and tailored implementation strategies to maximize their impact
in diverse organizational contexts (Liao et al. 2011). A preliminary search of the literature
determined that there has not been a review published on the topic of G-HRM practices in
relation to employees, clients, and organizational behavior. It is this gap that we seek to
address in this paper.
The rationale for this current study is grounded in the realization that the workforce
plays a fundamental role in shaping societal values, norms, and practices (Amrutha and
Geetha 2023; Brandis et al. 2017). As stewards of public resources, entities are accountable
for the efficient delivery of services and are increasingly expected to lead by example in
embracing sustainable practices (Faisal 2023). With its focus on integrating environmental
considerations into human resource policies, G-HRM acts as a potential catalyst for fos-
tering organizational cultures that are socially responsible and environmentally positive
(Benevene and Buonomo 2020).
By critically examining existing research, this literature review aims to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the extent to which G-HRM practices influence various
dimensions of organizational and employee performance. The specific focus on employee
green attitudes, green satisfaction, client green satisfaction, green behaviors, and organiza-
tional green performance reflects a multifaceted approach to evaluating the complex impact
of G-HRM. Through this investigation, the research seeks to contribute evidence-based
insights that can inform the design and implementation of effective G-HRM practices,
fostering a more sustainable and responsible organizational culture.
Furthermore, the findings of this literature review are expected to have practical
implications for organizations, policymakers, and researchers. The identification of key
relationships and potential gaps in existing knowledge can guide organizational leaders
in adopting and refining G-HRM strategies that resonate with the unique challenges
and opportunities presented across various organizational contexts (Majid et al. 2023).
Ultimately, this research endeavors to advance the discourse on sustainable human resource
management, facilitating the integration of green practices that contribute to organizational
success and broader environmental stewardship.
Therefore, the present literature review aims to critically examine existing research
to determine the extent to which G-HRM practices positively predict employee green
attitudes, employee green satisfaction, client green satisfaction, employee green behavior,
and organizational green performance. Understanding these predictive relationships is
crucial for organizations seeking to align their human resource practices with environmental
Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, 78 3 of 19

sustainability goals. Specifically, this literature review aims to address the following
research question:
Do G-HRM policies positively predict:
(1) Employee green attitudes and perceptions.
(2) Employee green satisfaction.
(3) Employee green behavior.
(4) Client green satisfaction.
(5) Organizational green performance.

2. Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
A comprehensive literature search was conducted across two main academic databases,
namely Scopus and Web of Science. These databases were selected based on the recom-
mendations in previous literature reviews (Faisal 2023). The Scopus and Web of Science
databases have comprehensive coverage compared to other databases, and thus, the pos-
sibility of missing relevant articles is low (Norris and Oppenheim 2007). Therefore, only
articles indexed in Scopus and Web of Science were considered in this review to ensure the
quality of the findings. Furthermore, the reference lists of all the included articles were
checked for possible relevant citations.
The search strategy employed a combination of keywords, Boolean operators, and
subject headings related to “Green Human Resource Management”, “sustainable human
resource management”, “organizational performance”, “employee green behavior”, “client
satisfaction”, and “environmental performance”. By considering these concepts in our
search strategy, we echo the recommendations of relevant literature, such as Tranfield et al.
(2003), to underscore the importance of a systematic approach in conducting the literature
review (Tranfield et al. 2003). The search was limited to articles published between January
2013 and December 2023 in English. The search strategy was designed to capture studies
that directly addressed the relationship between G-HRM practices and employees, clients,
or organizational behaviors.

2.2. Study Selection

The criteria for selecting papers were established based on the relevance of their
content to our research questions outlined in the introduction. Specifically, we included
studies that investigated the relationship between G-HRM practices and outcomes related to
employees (e.g., job satisfaction), clients (e.g., satisfaction), and organizational performance.
We excluded studies that did not directly address these relationships or those that lacked
empirical evidence.
To ensure reliability and consistency in our review process, we employed a system-
atic approach guided by established guidelines for conducting literature reviews such as
Tranfield et al. (2003). Two independent reviewers screened the identified articles based on
predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Any discrepancies in article selection were re-
solved through discussion and consensus between the reviewers. Additionally, we utilized
standardized data extraction forms to systematically extract relevant information from each
included study, including data collection methods, study outcomes, and key findings.
The initial search yielded 2142 articles. Following the removal of 1749 duplicates, the
titles and abstracts of 393 articles were screened for relevance to the research question.
Articles that did not pertain to the G-HRM practices or policies were excluded during this
phase. The full texts of 20 articles were then assessed for eligibility based on predetermined
inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 17 articles were determined eligible for this review
and were further analyzed. Figure 1 presents the different steps of article screening and
exclusion criteria.
Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, x78FOR PEER REVIEW 4 4of
of 19

Figure
Figure 1.
1. The
The screening
screening framework.
framework.

Inclusion Criteria
2.3. Inclusion
This review considered studies that reported empirical findings on G-HRM practices
theoretical frameworks. To
and were conceptually based on valid theoretical To be included, articles had
to have been published in English in peer-reviewed journals that directly investigated the
relationship between
between G-HRM
G-HRMpractices
practicesand
andemployees,
employees, clients, or or
clients, organizational
organizationalbehaviors.
behav-
To optimize the scope of this review, all study designs reporting primary empirical
iors. To optimize the scope of this review, all study designs reporting primary empirical research,
includingincluding
research, quantitative or mixed-methods
quantitative studies, were
or mixed-methods included.
studies, wereSimilar literature
included. Similarreviews,
litera-
including
ture systematic
reviews, reviews
including and data
systematic synthesis,
reviews and datawere reviewed
synthesis, to provide
were reviewedbackground
to provide
and context for
background andthe current
context forstudy, but these
the current articles
study, were not
but these included
articles were in
notthe final analysis.
included in the
final analysis.
Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, 78 5 of 19

2.4. Exclusion Criteria

This review excluded studies that did not consider G-HRM as the main outcome. Arti-
cles lacking sufficient information to assess the impact of G-HRM practices on employees,
clients, or organizational behavior were excluded. Also, this review excluded non-English
publications or articles with an opinion or perspective nature, such as perspective reports,
opinion papers, and editorials. Lastly, grey literature, including conference proceedings,
organizations’ websites, books, and book chapters, were excluded from this review.

2.5. Data Extraction and Synthesis

In the context of this study, data extraction and synthesis constitute a critical phase
that involves systematically collecting and organizing information from selected studies
to derive meaningful insights. This process typically involves the creation of a structured
framework to capture essential data elements, such as author names, publication dates,
the main research objectives, geographic location, participants, and empirical results. Sub-
sequently, the synthesized data are systematically analyzed and interpreted to identify
patterns, trends, and overarching themes within the literature. The synthesis phase in-
volves a comprehensive examination of the gathered information, allowing the researcher
to draw connections, identify gaps, and present a cohesive narrative that reflects the state
of knowledge on the study topic. This systematic approach ensures the robustness and reli-
ability of this literature review, providing readers with a well-informed and comprehensive
understanding of the subject matter.

2.6. Theoretical Base of This Review

According to the above-mentioned criteria and the overall objectives, the researchers
considered the Ability–Motivation–Opportunity (AMO) theory as a conceptual structure
guiding this review (Appelbaum 2000). This conceptual framework seeks to understand and
explain individual and organizational performance by considering three key factors: ability,
motivation, and opportunity. Developed in the field of organizational behavior and manage-
ment, the AMO theory posits that these three elements interact dynamically to influence an
individual’s or an organization’s overall performance (Shoaib et al. 2021). Ability refers to
the skills, knowledge, and competencies possessed by individuals; motivation encompasses
the internal and external forces that drive behavior; and opportunity involves the external
conditions or resources that facilitate or hinder performance (Appelbaum 2000). The AMO
framework recognizes the interdependence of these factors, emphasizing that optimal perfor-
mance occurs when there is a harmonious alignment of ability, motivation, and opportunity.
This theory has practical applications in organizational development, performance manage-
ment, and human resources research, offering a comprehensive perspective on enhancing
productivity and achieving organizational goals (Wood and Horwitz 2015).

2.7. Definitions
In the context of this research, G-HRM practices refer to a set of environmentally
conscious strategies that organizations adopt to align human resource functions with sus-
tainability goals (Zaid et al. 2018). Specifically, G-HRM practice refers to the collection of
regulations and policies that govern all green activities within institutional frameworks
(Saeed et al. 2019). The employee life cycle within G-HRM is an organizational approach
to visualize the degree of employee engagement within a given institution (Khan et al.
2022). This engagement includes integrating eco-friendly principles from recruitment to
retirement, emphasizing the importance of environmental responsibility at every stage
(Zhang et al. 2019). Rewards systems are designed to recognize and incentivize green
behaviors, promoting a culture of sustainability within the workforce (Ahmad 2015). Edu-
cation and training programs focus on enhancing employees’ environmental awareness and
skills, enabling them to contribute to the organization’s sustainability objectives. Employee
empowerment in G-HRM involves fostering a sense of responsibility and involvement in
sustainable initiatives, encouraging employees to participate in green practices actively
 ment in sustainable initiatives, encouraging employees to participate in green practices
actively (Tirno et al. 2023). Manager involvement is crucial in leading and supporting
green HR practices, ensuring sustainability is integrated into organizational strategies and
decision-making processes (Tuan 2022). Overall, G-HRM practices aim to create a holistic
Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, 78
and environmentally responsible workplace by addressing various aspects of6 ofthe 19
em-
ployee experience.
In the realm of G-HRM, employee attitudes and perceptions refer to individuals’ be-
(Tirno et al. 2023). Manager involvement is crucial in leading and supporting green HR
liefs and views
practices, regarding
ensuring environmental
sustainability sustainability
is integrated within the
into organizational workplace
strategies (Garavan et
and decision-
al. making
2023). Itprocesses
involves (Tuan
cultivating
2022). Overall, G-HRM practices aim to create a holistic and em-
a positive environmental mindset among employees,
phasizing the importance
environmentally of eco-conscious
responsible behavior (Chen
workplace by addressing variousetaspects
al. 2021). In employee
of the the context of
experience.
G-HRM, employee satisfaction is the extent to which employees are content with the or-
In the commitment
ganization’s realm of G-HRM, to employee attitudes
sustainability and perceptions
practices (Shafaeirefer
et al.to2020).
individuals’ beliefs
This satisfaction
and views
is closely regarding
linked environmental
to employee sustainability
behavior, as G-HRM within the workplace
encourages (Garavan et al. 2023).
environmentally responsi-
It involves cultivating a positive environmental mindset among employees, emphasizing
ble actions and habits among staff, fostering a collective commitment to ecological stew-
the importance of eco-conscious behavior (Chen et al. 2021). In the context of G-HRM,
ardship (Abdelhamied et al. 2023). On the other hand, client satisfaction in G-HRM is the
employee satisfaction is the extent to which employees are content with the organization’s
degree to
commitmentwhichto customers
sustainabilityorpractices
clients (Shafaei
perceiveetand appreciate
al. 2020). an organization’s
This satisfaction sustaina-
is closely linked
bletoinitiatives, indicating
employee behavior, a growing
as G-HRM awareness
encourages and demand
environmentally for environmentally
responsible friendly
actions and habits
products and fostering
among staff, servicesa(Wikhamn 2019). Lastly,
collective commitment withinstewardship
to ecological the scope (Abdelhamied
of G-HRM, organiza-
et al.
tional performance
2023). On the otherishand,
measured by the successful
client satisfaction in G-HRM integration andto
is the degree implementation
which customersoforgreen
clients perceive
practices and appreciate
throughout an organization’s
the business, demonstratingsustainable initiatives, indicating
a commitment a growing re-
to environmental
awareness and demand for environmentally friendly products and services
sponsibility that positively influences employee attitudes, client satisfaction, and (Wikhamn 2019).
overall
Lastly, within the scope of G-HRM, organizational performance is measured by the successful
success (Merlin and Chen 2022).
integration and implementation of green practices throughout the business, demonstrating a
commitment to environmental responsibility that positively influences employee attitudes,
3. Results
client satisfaction, and overall success (Merlin and Chen 2022).
A total of 17 studies were systematically reviewed to investigate the various dimen-
3. Results
sions of G-HRM practices. The selected studies encompassed diverse research designs,
includingA total of 17methods
mixed studies were
and systematically
cross-sectional reviewed to investigate
analyses. Out of thethe 17various dimen-
reviewed studies,
sions of G-HRM practices. The selected studies encompassed diverse
two were mixed methods research (Masri and Jaaron 2017; Mousa and Othman 2020), research designs,
including mixed methods and cross-sectional analyses. Out of the 17 reviewed studies, two
while 15 used cross-sectional methods (Albloush et al. 2022; Ali and Hassan 2023; Al-
were mixed methods research (Masri and Jaaron 2017; Mousa and Othman 2020), while
Swidi et al. 2021; Arshad et al. 2022; Cahyadi et al. 2023; El Baroudi et al. 2023; Elshaer et
15 used cross-sectional methods (Albloush et al. 2022; Ali and Hassan 2023; Al-Swidi et al.
al. 2021;
2023;Arshad
Freire et
andal. Pieta 2022; Hameed
2022; Cahyadi et al.
et al. 2023; 2019; Lietetal.al.2023;
El Baroudi 2023; Mensah
Elshaer et al.et2023;
al. 2023;
Rawashdeh 2018; Ren and Hussain 2022; Xiao et al. 2022; Zhang et al. 2019).
Freire and Pieta 2022; Hameed et al. 2019; Li et al. 2023; Mensah et al. 2023; Rawashdeh The publica-
tion2018;
years
Ren ofand
the Hussain
included2022;
studies
Xiaoranged from
et al. 2022; 2017 et
Zhang toal.
2023, highlighting
2019). a recent
The publication yearsexplo-
of the
ration of included studies ranged
both contemporary andfrom 2017 to
practical 2023, highlighting
perspectives on G-HRM a recent exploration
practices (See ofFigure
2). both
The contemporary
geographical and practical of
distribution perspectives
the studies onwas
G-HRM practices
broad, (See Figure 2). from
with contributions The Eu-
geographical distribution of the studies was broad, with contributions from
rope, Asia, and the Middle East, providing a global perspective on the subject matter (See Europe, Asia,
and the Middle East, providing a global perspective on the subject matter (See Figure 3).
Figure 3).

Geographic location
4

0
Palestine India Egypt China Saudi Pakistan Qatar Portugal Jordan Hungary
Arabia

Figure 2. Distribution of studies by years of publication.

Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 19

Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, 78 7 of 19

Figure 2. Distribution of studies by years of publication.

Years of publication
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017

Figure 3. Distribution of studies by geographic location.

Figure 3. Distribution of studies by geographic location.

The
Thesample
samplesizessizes across the studies
across the studiesvaried,
varied,with
withsomesomeinvolving
involving large-scale
large-scale cohorts
cohorts
exceeding
exceeding500 500participants
participants (Al-Swidi
(Al-Swidi et etal.
al.2021;
2021;Arshad
Arshadetetal.al.2022),
2022), while
while others
others adopted
adopted
a amore
morefocused
focusedapproach
approach with smaller,
smaller,targeted
targetedpopulations
populationsofof less
less than
than 100100 participants
participants
(Ali
(Aliand
andHassan
Hassan2023;
2023; Mousa and Othman
Mousa and Othman2020; 2020;Rawashdeh
Rawashdeh2018). 2018).Methodologically,
Methodologically, thethe
studiesemployed
studies employed aa variety
variety of tools
tools to to assess
assessvariables
variablesofofinterest,
interest, with
withonline surveys
online surveys
(Albloushetetal.
(Albloush al.2022;
2022;Cahyadi
Cahyadietetal.al.2023;
2023;Freire
Freireand
andPieta
Pieta2022;
2022;Rawashdeh
Rawashdeh2018; 2018;Ren
Renand
and Hussain 2022), face-to-face interviews (Masri and Jaaron 2017;
Hussain 2022), face-to-face interviews (Masri and Jaaron 2017; Mousa and Othman 2020), Mousa and Othman
2020),
and and standardized
standardized paper-based
paper-based questionnaires
questionnaires beingbeing prevalent
prevalent (Ali(Ali
andand Hassan2023;
Hassan 2023;Al-
Al-Swidi et al. 2021; Arshad et al. 2022; El Baroudi et al. 2023; Elshaer et
Swidi et al. 2021; Arshad et al. 2022; El Baroudi et al. 2023; Elshaer et al. 2023; Hameed etal. 2023; Hameed
et al. 2019; Li et al. 2023; Mensah et al. 2023; Xiao et al. 2022; Zhang et al. 2019). The diverse
al. 2019; Li et al. 2023; Mensah et al. 2023; Xiao et al. 2022; Zhang et al. 2019). The diverse
characteristics of the included studies, as presented in Table 1, contribute to the richness
characteristics of the included studies, as presented in Table 1, contribute to the richness
and depth of the synthesized findings presented in this literature review.
and depth of the synthesized findings presented in this literature review.
Table 1. Study characteristics.
Table 1. Study characteristics.
Authors Population Data Collection Number of
(Year)
Country Aim of Study Study Design
Description Method
Number
Data Participants
Authors Population of
Country Aim of StudyTo assess nurse
Ali and
Study Design
Nurse Collection
(Year) managers’ perception managers inDescription
Paper-basedMethod Participa
Hassan Egypt Cross-sectional 95
about G-HRM five University questionnaire nts
(2023)
practices. Hospitals Paper-
Ali and Nurse managers
To examine
To assess nurse managers’ perception about based
Hassan Egypt Prospective
Cross-sectional in five University 95
Cahyadi relationship between
G-HRM practices.
Hungary Cross-sectional employees in E-Survey questionna
252
(2023)
et al. (2023) G-HRM policies and Hospitals
business sector
employees’ behavior ire
Cahyadi To examine the role of G-HRM Prospective
To examine relationship between Team members
et al. Hungary G-HRM on employee Cross-sectional employees in E-Survey 252
El Baroudi policies and employees’
China green behavior
behavior and Cross-sectional
working in 4 Paper-based
277
(2023)
et al. (2023) hospitalitybusiness
and sector
questionnaire
overall organizational
El performance
Team members Paper-
tourism settings
To examine the role of G-HRM on employee
Baroudi working in 4 based
China green behavior To and overall
examine the organizational Cross-sectional 277
et al. hospitality and questionna
performance relationship between Employees at
(2023) G-HRM and tourism settings ire
managerial
organizational Employees at
level in small-
Elshaer et al. performance and how Paper-based
Saudi
To Arabia the relationship between
examine Cross-sectional
G- and managerial level Paper-304
(2023)
Elshaer employee questionnaire
medium-sized
Saudi HRM and organizational performance and
pro-environmental in small- and based
et al. behavior may
Cross-sectional
hotels and 304
Arabia how employee pro-environmental behavior medium-sized
travel agencies questionna
(2023) moderate this
may moderate this relationship.
relationship.
hotels and travel ire
agencies
Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, 78 8 of 19

Table 1. Cont.

Authors Population Data Collection Number of

Country Aim of Study Study Design
(Year) Description Method Participants
Employees
To examine the effect of
working in
Li et al. G-HRM practices on an Paper-based
China Cross-sectional Chinese 374
(2023) employees’ green questionnaire
Multinational
behavior.
Corporation
Human
To investigate the
resource and
relationship between
administrative
Mensah G-HRM practices and Paper-based
India Cross-sectional managers at 264
et al. (2023) employee green questionnaire
Korle Bu
behavior in the
Teaching
hospital settings.
Hospital
To determine the effect
Employees in
Albloush of G-HRM policies on
Jordan Cross-sectional public E-survey 275
et al. (2022) organizational
institutions
performance
To examine the impact
of G-HRM policies on Employees in
Arshad et al. Paper-based
Pakistan employees’ attitudes, Cross-sectional the hospitality 508
(2022) questionnaire
satisfaction, and sector
behavior.
To analyze the impact
of G-HRM on
organizational
Employees in
Freire and behavior through the
Portugal Cross-sectional industrial E-Survey 120
Pieta (2022) mediating role of
companies
organizational
identification and job
satisfaction
Explores the direct and
Ren and indirect effects of Employees in
Hussain Pakistan G-HRM on the Cross-sectional manufacturing E-survey 306
(2022) environmental companies.
performance.
The study focuses on
investigating the
Frontline
moderating role of
Xiao et al. employees of Paper-based
China G-HRM on consumer Cross-sectional 210
(2022) the hospitality questionnaire
behavior and
sector.
Employee
Performance.
To examine the effects Employees in
Al-Swidi Paper-based
Qatar of G-HRM culture on Cross-sectional public and 632
et al. (2021) questionnaire
employees’ behavior private sector
To assess the level of
implementation of
HR experts
Mousa and G-HRM practices in
from the
Othman Palestine healthcare sector and Mixed Methods Interview 69
healthcare
(2020) their impact on
sector
sustainable
performance.
Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, 78 9 of 19

Table 1. Cont.

Authors Population Data Collection Number of

Country Aim of Study Study Design
(Year) Description Method Participants
To test the role of
G-HRM practices on Employees and
employee green their
Hameed behavior and to supervisors in a Paper-based
Pakistan Cross-sectional 365
et al. (2019) investigates the large questionnaire
moderating effect of manufacturing
individual green company
values.
To examine the
influence of five types
of G-HRM practices
(employee life cycle,
Employees in
rewards, education and
Zhang et al. different Paper-based
China training, employee Cross-sectional 145
(2019) industrial questionnaire
empowerment, and
settings.
manager involvement)
on employee green
behavior in the
workplace.
To explore the
relationship between
G-HRM practices and
Rawashdeh Hospital
Jordan environmental Cross-sectional E-Survey 91
(2018) managers
performance in
Jordanian health
service organization
To examine the effect of Organizations
Masri and
G-HRM practices on operating in
Jaaron Palestine Mixed Methods Interview 110
Environmental manufacturing
(2017)
Performance sectors

The results of this literature review revealed a diverse range of study settings encom-
passed within the reviewed articles. The exploration of these scholarly works unveiled a
broad spectrum of organizational settings, with a notable emphasis on the industrial sector
(Freire and Pieta 2022; Hameed et al. 2019; Li et al. 2023; Masri and Jaaron 2017; Ren and
Hussain 2022), the hospitality and tourism sector (Arshad et al. 2022; El Baroudi et al. 2023;
Elshaer et al. 2023; Xiao et al. 2022), healthcare sector (Ali and Hassan 2023; Mensah et al.
2023; Mousa and Othman 2020; Rawashdeh 2018), enterprises (Cahyadi et al. 2023; Zhang
et al. 2019), and public services (Albloush et al. 2022; Al-Swidi et al. 2021) (See Figure 4).
The inclusion of such varied contexts not only underscores the multidimensionality of the
research landscape but also emphasizes the predominant nature of the phenomena under
investigation.
 Baroudi et al. 2023; Elshaer et al. 2023; Xiao et al. 2022), healthcare sector (Ali and Hassan
2023; Mensah et al. 2023; Mousa and Othman 2020; Rawashdeh 2018), enterprises
(Cahyadi et al. 2023; Zhang et al. 2019), and public services (Albloush et al. 2022; Al-Swidi
et al. 2021) (See Figure 4). The inclusion of such varied contexts not only underscores the
Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, 78 10 of 19
multidimensionality of the research landscape but also emphasizes the predominant
nature of the phenomena under investigation.

Study settings
6

0
Industrial Hospitality Healthcare Enterprises Public Services

Figure 4. Distribution
Figure 4. Distributionofofstudies
studies by Setting.
by Setting.

Table
Table 2 2presents
presentsthethe findings concerningthe
findings concerning the study
study setting,
setting, relevant
relevant outcomes
outcomes and and
summarizes
summarizes themain
the mainresults
resultsof ofthe
the included
included studies.
studies. Overall,
Overall,thethemain
mainfindings
findings of of
thethe 17
17 reviewed articles suggest a positive significant correlation between
reviewed articles suggest a positive significant correlation between G-HRM practices and G-HRM practices
and employees, clients, or organizational performance. The following section presents
employees, clients, or organizational performance. The following section presents these
these findings in detail.
findings in detail.
As 2.shown
Table Presentsin Table
study 2, the
settings, comprehensive
outcomes studied, andreview
the mainof the literature revealed several
findings.
recurring themes and trends within the research on G-HRM practices. A predominant
finding across studies was StudytheOutcomes
consistent positive correlation between G-HRM practices
Authors Setting
(Year) Employee Employee Employee
and employee behavior, as evidenced Client
by Cahyadi et al. (2023), ElMain
Organizational Findings
Baroudi et al. (2023),
Attitude Satisfaction Behavior Satisfaction Performance
Elshaer et al. (2023), Li et al. (2023), Mensah et al. (2023), Arshad et al. (2022), Ren and
A statistically significant
Ali and Hussain
√ (2022), Xiao et al. (2022), Al-Swidi et al. (2021), Hameed et al.correlation
positive (2019), and
exists Zhang
Hassan
(2023)
Healthcare et al. (2019).- The above-mentioned
- -
studies -
examined various between
G-HRM G-HRM
practices such as
Practices and employees’
green training, green hiring, green compensation, and employee empowerment and
work values.
reported a significant positive correlation with employee greenG-HRM behavior. These findings
practices
positively
collectively suggest a significant predictive validity of G-HRM practices on employee influence
employees’ green
green behavior, indicating that organizations implementing G-HRM
behavior. G-HRM practices are
Cahyadi expected to achieve √
a higher level of -employee green practices mediate
behavior. This highlights the the value
Enterprises - - -
et al. (2023) relationship between
green transformational
leadership and
employees’ green
behavior.
Green employee
behaviors mediate the
Hospitality √ √ √ relationship between
El Baroudi - - employee attitudes and
et al. (2023) and
Tourism perceptions of G-HRM
and nongreen
performance.
G-HRM practices can
improve environmental,
economic, and social
performance, and these
Hospitality √ √ relationships can be
Elshaer - - -
et al. (2023) and strengthened through
Tourism
the moderating effects of
employees’
pro-environmental
behavior.
Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, 78 11 of 19

Table 2. Cont.

Study Outcomes
Authors Setting Main Findings
(Year) Employee Employee Employee Client Organizational
Attitude Satisfaction Behavior Satisfaction Performance
G-HRM practices have a
positive effect on
employees’ green
Li et al. √ behavior.
Industry - - - - Psychological green
(2023)
climate mediates the
relation between G-HRM
practices and employee
in-role green behavior.
Green training, green
hiring, and green
√ compensation were
Mensah Healthcare - - - - significant predictors of
et al. (2023)
innovative work
behavior among
employees.
A significant association
between
G-HRM (green rewards,
compensation, and
√ training) and
Albloush Public - - - - organizational
et al. (2022) Services
performance.
Human Capital mediates
the link between G-HRM
and Organizational
Performance.
Employee environmental
Hospitality √ √ √ attitudes encourage
Arshad - -
et al. (2022) and employees’ ecological
Tourism behavior and satisfaction
with the organization.
There is a mediation
effect of job satisfaction
√ √ on the relationship
Freire and Industry - - - between
Pieta (2022) G-HRM and its impact
on organizational
citizenship behavior.
A positive and
significant effect of
G-HRM on employee
and organizational
Ren and √ √
Hussain Industry - - - environmental
(2022) performance.
There is a partial
mediation of employee
environmental
performance.
G-HRM, aka G-HRM,
directly impacts
consumer behavior.
Hospitality √ √ Diffidence moderates the
Xiao et al. - - - relationship between
(2022) and
Tourism G-HRM and employee
performance and
employee eco-friendly
behavior.
Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, 78 12 of 19

Table 2. Cont.

Study Outcomes
Authors Setting Main Findings
(Year) Employee Employee Employee Client Sat- Organizational
Attitude Satisfaction Behavior isfaction Performance
A significant effect of
G-HRM practices on
green organizational
culture.
Al-Swidi Public √ √ G-HRM practices has a
- - - significant positive
et al. (2021) Services
relationship with
employees’ behavior and
organizational
performance.
Mousa and √ G-HRM practices had a
Othman Healthcare - - - - positive influence on
(2020) sustainable performance
G-HRM has a significant
indirect effect on
employee organizational
citizenship behavior
Hameed √ √ toward environment
Industry - - -
et al. (2019) through green employee
empowerment. The
individual green values
moderated this
relationship.
G-HRM practices
(employee life cycle,
education and training,
employee empowerment,
Zhang et al. √ and manager
Enterprises - - - -
(2019) involvement) all had
significant positive effect
on the employees in-role
and extra-role green
behavior.
A positive significant
correlation between
G-HMR practices
Rawashdeh √ (recruitment and
Healthcare - - - - selection, training, and
(2018)
development) and
organizational
performance.
A positive significant
correlation between the
G-HRM practices
(recruitment and
selection, training and
development,
Masri and √ performance
Jaaron Industry - - - - management and
(2017) appraisal, reward and
compensation, employee
empowerment and
participation, and green
management) and
environmental
performance.

As shown in Table 2, the comprehensive review of the literature revealed several

recurring themes and trends within the research on G-HRM practices. A predominant
finding across studies was the consistent positive correlation between G-HRM practices and
employee behavior, as evidenced by Cahyadi et al. (2023), El Baroudi et al. (2023), Elshaer
Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, 78 13 of 19

et al. (2023), Li et al. (2023), Mensah et al. (2023), Arshad et al. (2022), Ren and Hussain
(2022), Xiao et al. (2022), Al-Swidi et al. (2021), Hameed et al. (2019), and Zhang et al.
(2019). The above-mentioned studies examined various G-HRM practices such as green
training, green hiring, green compensation, and employee empowerment and reported a
significant positive correlation with employee green behavior. These findings collectively
suggest a significant predictive validity of G-HRM practices on employee green behavior,
indicating that organizations implementing G-HRM practices are expected to achieve a
higher level of employee green behavior. This highlights the value of adopting environ-
mentally sustainable practices to foster a culture of green practices among employees in a
given context.
Organizational performance is another theme that has been widely examined in
previous studies as a significant outcome of implementing G-HRM practices (Albloush et al.
2022; Al-Swidi et al. 2021; El Baroudi et al. 2023; Elshaer et al. 2023; Freire and Pieta 2022;
Masri and Jaaron 2017; Mousa and Othman 2020; Rawashdeh 2018; Ren and Hussain 2022).
Elshaer et al. (2023) reported that the adoption of G-HRM practices has the potential to
enhance several aspects of organizational performance, including environmental, economic,
and social performance. Moreover, the positive connections established can be further
reinforced by the moderating influence of employees’ pro-environmental behavior (Elshaer
et al. 2023). Similarly, Albloush et al. (2022) found a significant association between G-
HRM practices such as green rewards, compensation, training, and organizational overall
performance. They also found that human capital mediates the association between G-
HRM practices and organizational performance (Albloush et al. 2022). Rawashdeh (2018)
investigated slightly different aspects of G-HRM, including green recruitment and selection,
green training, and development, and reported a significant positive correlation between
these G-HMR practices and organizational performance. It is clear from the literature that
G-HRM practices not only improved the organization’s triple bottom line performance (i.e.,
environmental, economic, and social) but also can sustain a competitive advantage such as
improvement of employees’ and the local community’s conditions (Elshaer et al. 2023).
Regarding employees’ green attitudes, four studies (Ali and Hassan 2023; Arshad
et al. 2022; El Baroudi et al. 2023; Hameed et al. 2019) affirm a positive correlation with
G-HRM practices. Ali et al. (Ali and Hassan 2023) reported a statistically significant
positive correlation between G-HRM Practices and employees’ work values, defined as
the beliefs and attitudes employees hold toward their work and the workplace. Ali et al.
further argued that work values can influence employee motivation, job satisfaction, and
commitment to the organization (Ali and Hassan 2023). El Baroudi et al. (2023) Took
a different perspective to examine G-HRM practices and their influence on employees’
behavior and attitudes and found that in-role and extra-role green employee behaviors
mediate the relationship between employee attitudes and perceptions of G-HRM practices.
Interestingly, Arshad et al. (2022) took a step further and explored the relationship between
employees’ attitudes on their job satisfaction and behavior and found that employee
environmental attitudes encourage employees’ ecological behavior and satisfaction with the
organization. Hameed et al. (2019) studied the influence of G-HRM practices on employees’
environmental performance and found that G-HRM practices significantly indirectly affect
organizational citizenship behavior toward the environment through green employee
empowerment. They also found that individual green values moderated this relationship
(Hameed et al. 2019). Although these four studies mentioned above examined different
G-HRM practices, such as eco-friendly training and the promotion of environmental values,
there seems to be an agreement that G-HRM practices contribute to the cultivation of
a green organizational culture, fostering positive attitudes toward sustainable practices
among employees and in turn positive green and general performance outcomes.
Conversely, studies investigating the impact of G-HRM practices on employees’ and
clients’ satisfaction found a notable scarcity in findings. Only one study investigated client
satisfaction; two articles discussed employee satisfaction as the main outcome. While
Arshad et al. (2022) and Freire and Pieta (2022) reported significant positive effects of G-
Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, 78 14 of 19

HRM practices on employees’ satisfaction, Xiao et al. (2022) indicated that G-HRM directly
impacts client satisfaction and behavior. Although research in this area is limited, emerging
evidence from these studies suggests a positive association between G-HRM practices
and employee and client green satisfaction. Organizations that prioritize environmental
responsibility in HR practices are perceived positively by employees and clients, leading to
increased customer satisfaction and strengthened business relationships.

4. Discussion
4.1. The Main Findings
G-HRM has gained significant attention as organizations seek sustainable practices.
This literature review synthesizes findings from 17 key articles published between 2013
and 2023, exploring the impact of G-HRM practices on both organizational and employee
performance. The results of this comprehensive literature review affirm the positive pre-
dictive relationship between G-HRM policies and employee green attitudes, employee
green satisfaction, client green satisfaction, employee green behavior, and organizational
green performance. This current study’s findings agree with previous literature reviews
that examined G-HRM practices (Benevene and Buonomo 2020; Faisal 2023). The overall
synthesis of findings underscores the importance of G-HRM as a strategic tool for organiza-
tions aiming to enhance their environmental sustainability initiatives. This concordance
highlights the significance of G-HRM practices as influential tools for fostering environ-
mentally conscious attitudes and behaviors within organizational settings (Ren et al. 2018).
The positive linkages identified across multiple dimensions emphasize the potential of
G-HRM practices to enhance ecological performance and contribute to employee and client
satisfaction (Xiao et al. 2022). However, a noteworthy observation arising from the literature
review is the scarcity of studies specifically examining the influence of G-HRM practices on
employee and client satisfaction. This gap in the literature suggests an area where future
research could make meaningful contributions. Understanding how G-HRM practices
directly impact the satisfaction levels of employees and clients is essential for comprehen-
sively evaluating the holistic impact of these practices on organizational effectiveness and
employees’ work values.
Several studies (Ali and Hassan 2023; Al-Swidi et al. 2021; Arshad et al. 2022; Ren et al.
2018) highlighted the concept of ‘work values’ as an influential factor in implementing
G-HRM practices. Wang et al. (2019) defined four subdomains of work values, including
social (ideals that emphasize societal contributions), extrinsic (values linked to employment
stability and compensation), prestige (values connected to power and influence), and
intrinsic (ideals related to autonomy and development). The classification of work values
into four distinct subdomains offers a nuanced understanding of individuals’ priorities
and beliefs in the workplace (Baykal et al. 2023). The social subdomain underscores
the importance of ideals prioritizing societal contributions, reflecting a commitment to
positively impacting the community through one’s professional endeavors (Ali and Hassan
2023). In contrast, the extrinsic subdomain centers on values associated with job stability
and compensation, encapsulating tangible and external factors that individuals deem
significant in their work lives. The prestige subdomain goes into values tied to power and
influence within the workplace, shedding light on the importance of status and recognition.
Lastly, the intrinsic subdomain encapsulates ideals related to personal autonomy and
professional development, emphasizing the intrinsic rewards derived from the nature and
growth of one’s work (Wang et al. 2019). This comprehensive framework provides a holistic
perspective on the multifaceted nature of work values, encompassing societal contributions,
external rewards, status, and personal fulfillment. It has been documented that G-HRM
practices can optimize employees’ work values, and this improvement in employees’ work
values potentially improves overall organizational performance (Liu and Lin 2020).
As organizations increasingly prioritize sustainability initiatives, G-HRM practices
emerge as pivotal instruments in aligning environmental stewardship with employee
satisfaction and ecological performance. The literature supports the idea that G-HRM
Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, 78 15 of 19

practices catalyze a workplace culture that values and integrates environmentally respon-
sible behaviors (Arshad et al. 2022; El Baroudi et al. 2023; Li et al. 2023). Ren et al. (2018)
noted that “designing and implementing G-HRM practices requires major investments in
organizational resources, likely leading managers to question whether such investments
are worthwhile.” It is also imperative to underscore that implementing G-HRM practices is
imperative rather than a luxury; thus, their planning, development, implementation, and
follow-up are important responsibilities (Amrutha and Geetha 2023).
Future research endeavors should examine the mechanisms that drive the observed
relationships. Investigating the specific pathways through which G-HRM practices in-
fluence employee attitudes, behaviors, and satisfaction, as well as their impact on client
satisfaction, can provide actionable insights for organizations seeking to enhance their
sustainability initiatives. Exploring potential moderating factors can also contribute to a
nuanced understanding of the dynamics involved, allowing for more context-specific and
effective implementation of G-HRM practices. Furthermore, considering the influence of
the country’s culture and the performance of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
we can see that this has the potential to improve our understanding of the actual impact of
all these factors on GHRM practices. Lastly, there may be a need to examine the different
practices of G-HRM in specific contexts. For example, there seem to be limited studies that
examined the G-HRM practices in healthcare settings (Ali and Hassan 2023; Mensah et al.
2023; Mousa and Othman 2020; Rawashdeh 2018). Examining G-HRM practices in the
healthcare sector may add valuable insights and contribute evidence-based strategies that
can inform the design and implementation of effective G-HRM practices, fostering a more
sustainable and responsible hospital culture.
While the existing literature establishes a compelling case for the positive outcomes
associated with G-HRM practices, there remains untapped potential for research to further
elucidate the interplay between these practices and sustainable organizational outcomes.
The recommendations stemming from this discussion underscore the need for future
studies to address the identified gaps and advance our understanding of G-HRM practices
in the context of fostering sustainability.

4.2. Academic, Managerial and Policy Implications

Academically, our review confirms the importance of G-HRM as a strategic tool
for organizations aiming to enhance their environmental sustainability initiatives and
performance more broadly. The review also finds the literature nascent, highlighting
the importance of further research that may unpack the G-HRM “black box” to explore
the mechanisms underlying the relationships between G-HRM practices, organizational
sustainability performance, and employee and client satisfaction. As part of this academic
project, the investigation of potential moderating and mediating relationships and better
cultural and sectoral contextualization may provide valuable insights for developing
context-specific and effective G-HRM strategies.
From a managerial perspective, we find that there is evidence that G-HRM practices
can facilitate improved organizational performance across various dimensions, including
environmental, economic, team/HR, and social elements. Managers can leverage G-HRM
practices to enhance employee attitudes, behaviors, and satisfaction. This, in turn, may
inculcate environmental responsibility within the wider organization.
In terms of policy implications, the positive relationships between G-HRM practices
and organizational outcomes suggest the need for policy levers that promote the adoption
of environmentally responsible HR practices by organizations. The encouragement of
sustainability initiatives in HR policies can contribute to the national achievement of, for
example, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Conférence des Parties (COP) goals.
In addition, policymakers can support research programs to improve and understand
the implementation of G-HRM practices across different sectors and cultural contexts,
facilitating evidence-based policy development.
Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, 78 16 of 19

4.3. Strengths and Limitations

The literature review conducted in this study presents several notable strengths and
acknowledges some limitations. A key strength lies in the comprehensive utilization of
the Scopus and Web of Sciences databases, ensuring a broad coverage of relevant articles.
The rigorous application of eligibility criteria further enhances the credibility of the review,
focusing on high-quality literature. Additionally, the commitment to utilizing systematic
article selection to the best of our knowledge contributes to a thorough analysis of the
existing literature. However, the study is not without limitations. The exclusive reliance on
English language publications may overlook valuable insights from other languages and
cultural representations, potentially limiting the diversity of perspectives. The exclusion of
non-journal sources, such as conference proceedings and books, could impact the depth of
coverage. Moreover, despite efforts to be exhaustive, there is a possibility of overlooking
some papers, highlighting the inherent challenge of achieving complete coverage in a
dynamic research landscape. Lastly, the literature review did not encompass studies from
Africa, America, and Oceania, which may require further exploration. Recognizing these
strengths and limitations is crucial for carefully interpreting the findings.

5. Conclusions
In conclusion, the reviewed literature provides good evidence supporting the positive
predictive relationship between G-HRM practices and employee green attitudes, employee
green satisfaction, client green satisfaction, employee green behavior, and organizational
green performance. However, limited studies have examined the influence of G-HRM
practices on employee and client satisfaction, and there is a need to include these outcomes
in future studies. As organizations prioritize sustainability, G-HRM practices emerge as
a critical tool for fostering environmentally conscious attitudes and behaviors, thereby
contributing to both employee satisfaction and organizational ecological performance.
Future research should focus more on the mechanisms underlying these relationships and
explore potential moderating factors to further enhance our understanding of the dynamics
between G-HRM practices and sustainable outcomes.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.A. and J.R.; methodology, A.A.; validation, A.A. amd J.R.
formal analysis, A.A.; investigation, A.A.; resources, A.A.; data curation, A.A.; writing—original draft
preparation, A.A.; writing—review and editing, J.R.; visualization, A.A.; supervision, J.R.; project
administration, A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: No new data were created in this study. Data sharing is not applicable
to this article.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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