o Clauses

15 Rewrite the following sentences adding so or such and a result clause.

I was happy. I cried. 6 It was cold. The river froze .

•1W41;;. ;;i), MPP:f. tMt.l.c;rie:d• . .•••..•.••••. . ....................................... ,', ..
2 It was a nice day. We went swimming. 7 It's an interesting film. I want to see it again.

3 It was a difficult test. Many students failed. 8 It was a difficult book. I couldn't understand it.

4 She's a sweet child. Everyone loves her. 9 It was a great play. I saw it twice.

5 He is handsome. He could be an actor. 10 It was raining hard. We stayed in.

16 Join the sentences using the word in brackets.

Brian can 't play football on Saturday. He has broken his leg. (because)
J?.rj41fJ. ~~I'J:t. p)~y. fQ(J.t.b."J U.QIJ. ~~tl,lrdii:t p.e:C<41lJ.s.r; .h{7 .h~;;. pmKe:1'J .hip, )t;0•.••••.••....••..• .••••••
2 I couldn't go to the concert. I'd spent all my money. (as)

3 Martin is away this week. We'll postpone the meeting . (since)

4 Sarah couldn 't use the computer. There was a power cut. (because of)

5 All flights were cancelled. There was thick fog . (due to)

17 Choose the correct answer.

1) .. ~ ... of strong rainfall, Western Georgia has

suffered severe floods. The water level is 2) ••••••• high
in some places 3) ....... many bridges have already
collapsed. 4) ••••••• emergency vehicles cannot get to
needed areas, rescue helicopters have been sent out with
food and supplies. The government is now planning a full
evacuation of the affected areas 5) ••••••• the stormy
weather looks likely to continue. People have been
advised to stay in their homes until further notice.

A Therefore ® As a result C Such as

2 A that B so C such
3 A as a result B because C that
4 A Therefore B So that C Since
5 A such as B because C

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 Clauses
o
'"
.2111 Listen and repeat. Then act out.

Ah! Watson! You're wearing

Elementary, my dear Watson. You
forgot to put your trousers on!
your green boxer shorts today.

How amazing! What a detective you are,

my dear Holmes! How did you guess?

Exclamations
Exclamations are words and phrases used to express surprise, shock, etc. They take an
exclamation mark (!). Some exclamations are: Good heavens! Goodness! Oh dear! Ah! Really!
Good grief! etc.
Good heavens! You've cut yourself!
We also use: what (a/an) , how, such , so or a negative question to make a comment or
exclamation.
What a fast runner! How fast he runs! He is such a fast runner! He runs so fast! Doesn't he run fast!
Wouldn't it be fantastic!
Exclamations are introduced by what or how as follows:
• what a(n) + adjective + singular countable noun What a boring film!
• what + adjective + uncountable / plural noun What horrible weather! What beautiful roses!
• how + adjective / adverb How clever he is! How quickly he speaks!

18 Fill in: What ... , What a(n), ... or How ... .

. . . . . . . .wbp.~ . . . . . .. noisy children they are! 5 ............................. delicious food!

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. great idea! 6 ......... . . . . . . . . . . .. kind he is to everyone!
3 . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .... strange his story was! 7 .............•.............•.. terrible news!
4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... interesting life he's led! 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. boring book this is!

19 Fill in: what (a/an), how, such (a/an) or so.

A: Henry's .... .fll,J~h P. . . .• clever student. 4 A: ................ delicious smell!

B: I agree. He always gets A's and hardly ever B: Yes , my mum is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. amazing
studies. cook!
2 A: Wasn't it great to celebrate half-term in Hawaii! 5 A: terrific designs! The new
B: Absolutely! .......•...•.... unforgettable architect is ................ talented!
experience! B: Yes, he has ............. ~ .. great future
3 A: My parents just bought me a new car for ahead of him.
my birthday! 6 A: Let's organise a party for Tim 's graduation.
B: ............... . wonderful! You must be B: .......... ".... excellent idea! He'll be
thrilled! ..........••.... excited.

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o Clauses

20 Look at the pictures and use the adjectives / adverbs in the list to complete the
exclamations.

• 9)(sitiA§ • cute • amazing • tall • tasty • crowded • colourful • beautifully

It is . .~I,i~h. M .... 2 ............... .. 3 ............... .. 4 ................ .

. ~tcjting . game! . . . . •. spaghetti! ........ building! ...... she sings!

5 Theyare ....... . 6 Look .......... .. 7 The peacock's tail 8 Isn't it .......... .

. I
................ ! . . . .. the train is! IS •.•••••••••••• . ............ car!

Fill in the missing words in the letter below.

Dear Julie,
I'm writing to thank you and your parents for letting me stay at your house in London. I had
1) ••••• ~LJc;b •••••• an amazing time in England. You can't believe 2) •••••••••••••••• welcome
you made me feel!
I really enjoyed our visit to Buckingham Palace. 3) •••••••••••••••• an amazing building! The
ballroom and other areas of the palace were 4) ••••.••••••••••• beautifully decorated! And our
visit to the London Eye was 5) •••••••••••••••• a great way to see the city. I still can't believe
6) ................ lovely the place is!
Thank you once again for your kindness and hospitality. Your parents are 7) ............... .
nice people! I hope you can visit me here in Spain. It would be 8) •••••••••••••••• great to see you
again!
Yours,
Carmen

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 Clauses o
Listen and repeat. Then act out.
Mummy, are the people who live
across the road very poor?

Do you remember the day when their baby

swallowed a 10p coin? They made such a fuss!

, Relative Clauses
- -
Relative Pronouns
) - - --- - - ---
Subject of the verb of
the relative clause
Irelative
Object of the verb of the
clause (can be
Possession (cannot be
omitted)
(cannot be omitted) omitted)
used for
people who / that who / whom / that whose

There 's the boy who / Here 's the woman (who/that) I This is Mrs Smith, whose
that started the fight. told you about last week. daughter is in my class.

which / that which / that whose / of which

used for - -
things / I saw a film which / This is the book (which/that) I This is the house whose
animals that was vel}' good. read last week. roof / the roof of which
was destroyed.
I
Who , whom , which or that can be omitted when there is a noun or personal pronoun between
the relative pronoun and the verb, that is, when they are the objects of the relatives clause.
When who , which , etc. are subjects of the relative clause, they cannot be omitted.
The dress (which/that) you bought yesterday is very nice. (Which/That is the object and can be omitted.)
The man who called just now is my dentist. (Who is the subject and cannot be omitted.)
What can be used as subject or object or to emphasise a word or phrase. He didn't do what I told him.
That can be used instead of who , whom or which but is 'never used after commas or prepositions.
He's the one who / that gave me your address. That hotel, which (NOT: tRaI) is by the sea, is where we sl3yed.
That usually follows superlatives and words such as: something, nothing, anything, all, none,
many and few. There 's nothing that he can 't do.
-
,
Relative Adverbs
Time when (= in/on/at which) August is the month when a lot of tourists visit the place.
Place where (= in/at/on/to which) That's the hqtel where the President is staying.
Reason why (= for which) Lack of money is the reason (why) we are not going on holiday.

Prepositions in Relative Clauses .

We normally avoid putting prepositions before relative pronouns.
The man to whom I spoke is my uncle. (formal - not usual)
The man who / that I spoke to is my uncle. (less formal)
The man I spoke to is my uncle. (more usual)
I

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o Clauses

22 Fill in the gaps with who, which, whose, where or when, then answer the
questions.

1 Name the woman •• who .. wrote Jane Eyre . 4 Name the city ........ you can see Hollywood.
o Charlotte Bronte
C Margaret Laurence
B J.K. Rowling A Los Angeles
C Chicago
B New York

2 Name the year . . . . . . .. man first walked on the 5 Name the film ........ tells the story of a brave
moon . warrior.
A 1976 B 1969 C 1960 A Beowulf B Shrek C Eragon
3 ,t;Jame the explorer ........ journeys from 6 Name the country . . ...... you can visit Mach
Europe to India made him famous . Picchu.
A Christopher Columbus B Vasco da Gama A India B China C Peru
C Marco Polo

23 Fill in: which, who or whose .

Broadstairs Dickens Festival

Don't miss the annual Dickens Festivall) •.. wbich ... is held every June in Broadstairs, Kent. This festival
celebrates Charles Dickens' visits to the town by turning Broadstairs into a Victorian holiday destination.
Charles Dickens, 2) ..........•.•. . . most famous books are Oliver Twist and Great Expectations, included
Broadstairs in his novel David Copperfield. About one hundred years later, Gladys Waterer, 3) ...•.•..........
owned the Dickens House, held the first festival. Since then, the festival has entertained thousands of visitors
with its plays, concerts and street fairs.
Follow in the footsteps of Charles Dickens by coming to this lovely town, 4) ................ he loved.
You'll be greeted by the townspeople of Broadstairs, 5) .•...•.•........ all take part in the festival. I'm sure
Charles Dickens, 6) •.•......•...... life and books are celebrated here, would have loved it, too!

24 Look at the pictures and make sentences as in the example:

• woman / invented the mobile X-ray machine • place / people can watch a play
• someone / looks after sick people • place / people read or borrow books
• animal / lives in Australia • piece of furniture / you sit in

A nurse is someone who looks after sick people.

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 Clauses o
25 Fill in: who, which, whose, when, where or why. Say whether they can be omitted
or not.

A: The restaurant ....... .wbicb. . . . . . .. you recommended was incredible! (can be omitted)
B: Yes, I know. Their food is delicious.
2 A: My friend , ..................... handbag was stolen yesterday, is still very upset.
B: I would be, too.
3 A: What's the name of the girl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. you 're meeting this afternoon?
B: Jenny Ellis. We used to go to school together.
4 A: My friend Julie lost her dog.
B: How terrible! Was that the new puppy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. we saw in her garden last week?
5 A: Your jumper is great!
B: Thanks. I bought it at the shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. you got your jeans.
6 A: Do you remember the time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. we tried to join the circus?
B: Of course! How can I ever forget?
7 A: Did Hector tell you the reason ........ '" ........ :; he was so angry yesterday?
B: No, but I th ink it was something serious.

26 Complete each sentence using relative clauses and the ideas below as in the
example:

• he sent the parcel to the wrong address • you were looking for a book • I saw you with a girl
• cl onny SOFR OS froFR Ql:Jobos • they went to a party yesterday

1 Quebec, ............... .wb(:((:. J~J1IJY. t<Q/1J(:~. ft;'Q(IJ • ••.••...•••..• " is famous for its winter festival.
2 The party, ................................................................... , was a big success.
3 Who was that girl ..........................•...........•..••......•.............. in the cinema?
4 Is this the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ?
5 The address, ....................................................................... , was wrong .

27 Fill in the gaps with the correct relative pronoun or adverb.

THE WORLD OF SCIENCE

Are you the kind of person 1) ... .wha ... always wonders how things
work? Are you a bright young mind 2) ................ dream is to
change the world ? Is Science your best subj ect in school? Then there is
no reason 3) ................ you shouldn't make a career out of it.
Scientists are very important! They are the ones 4) ............... .
help save lives, protect the environment and improve our way of life . So, take
courses like Physics, Chemistry and Biology in school so that you will have more
career options in the future. You'll be surprised at how many places there are out there
5) ................ you can use your new skills.
You can find out more about the ones 6) ....•.•......... interest you from your student counsellor.
Just drop by at their office when you have some free time to learn more about careers in Science. And
remember there is nothing 7) ................ you can't do!

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