So let us start, the topic of Week-1, which is Introduction to

Electric Vehicle.
➢ So contents of this first topic are the following; we start with
historical background.

➢ Then we will discuss, the benefits of using EVs, compared to

other modes of transpotation overview of different types of EVs
and their challenges;

➢ Motor Drive Technologies; Energy Source Technologies; Battery

Charging Technologies; Vehicle to Grid;

➢Different Types of EV Sub systems and their Configurations and

Different types of HEVs sub systems and their Configurations
➢With this development, it was possible to
develop commercial products, by 1886.

➢So all these developments, led to,

popularisation of EVs, in the mainstream
automobiles, in the global scenario.

➢ So it can be seen that, in 1900, among 4200

automobiles that were sold in USA, 38% were
EVs.
But unfortunately, EVs started disappearing by 1930’s. There were two
developments, which led to this happening. First development was, that, Henry
Ford, has gone for mass production of, ‘Ford, Model T’, in 1925. And was able to
reduce the price of it, by over one third of its, conventional price,at 1909.

So due to this, the EV became much costlier, compared to IC engine based cars.
Another
development, which supported the first development, was the invention of
Automobile Starter motor.

Incidentally, the IC engines that time were unable to start on its own and need
manual cranking. So this automobile starter motor, were able to start and
provide electrical ignition to the IC engines which was a big milestone, in the
development of, IC engine based, vehicles. So due to these two developments,
not only the cost of IC engines, based cars were less, also it is very user friendly,
compared to, compared to EVs in customer satisfaction. Because IC engine can be
used now in Urban areas and Remote areas. And it doesn’t require electricity, to
charge the batteries, required in a, conventional EV
So after a gap of around 40 years’, again there was a, resurgence,
in the evolution of EVs. There were few developments at that
time, which led to this. First was, there was oil shortage in
Arabian countries and Global countries were looking at possibility
of alternate, energy resources. Secondly, by 1950s onwards, lot of
cities like, London and California, have seen worst kind of smog.
And this has pushed the governments, to bring strict, rules and
regulations, which can enable governments to take decision, in
development of EV technologies and make it feasible for
commercial deployment. There is a famous regulation, which is
known as, ‘CARB’, which is, ‘California Air Resources Board’. So
the regulation is very famous in EV domain. Because, this was the
regulation, which has led a serious rethink, in the development of
EV. So the rule says that, 2% of all vehicles to be sold in California
by 1998, should be, Zero Emission Type and it should be 10% by
2003.
There was also a great push, in academic circles, to promote the
research and development, in EVarea. One of them was the
organisation of, ‘Great Electrical Car Race’ that was organised in
1968.

So this race is between, Boston near MIT, to Pasadena, near

California Institute of Technology, which is known as, ‘Caltech’ in
short. So the challenge was this, both the universities, will develop
their own EVs and the EVs developed by these universities, will
travel from, MIT to Pasadena and Pasadena to MIT, covering a
distance of, around 3500 miles and they were able to recharge
their EVs, by 53 intermediate recharging stations.

So this was one of the important event, which led to development

of EVs, in many universities in US. And it helped the industry in US,
to come up with commercial EVs.
So by late 90s, many companies were able to launch their EVs.
And which were, you can say, a very good vehicles, in terms of
performance and efficiency. There is a vehicle names, named as,
‘GM

EV1’. So, it used 100 Kilo watt, induction machine, with lead acid
battery and it is able to achieve, 100 kms/hr, within 9 seconds.
And it has a range of, 144 kilometres. This vehicle has got a very
good name, in terms of design and it was almost certain that, EV
will picked up from there.

Nissan has launched its EV, named as, ‘Altera EV’, which is based
on 62 kilowatt PMSM drive and it was able to go up to 120
kilometre per hour, with 192 kilometre range.
There is an institute in Japan, which is known as, ‘National
Institute of Environmental Studies’, short form NIES, which went
ahead with very high performance, EVs which are very complex to
build and operate. So, this works on a principle of, in-wheel drives.
Which means, that separate motors are used to control, separate
wheels of the vehicle. Is very complex, but it has taken the EVs to
a next level with performance, better than IC engine based
vehicles, in terms of, operation. Another university, known as,
‘Hong Kon University’, has launched a similar vehicle, named as,
‘U2001’, with similar performance. In India, electric car, called,
‘Reva’, was launched in 2002, which was a low power urban car,
based on separately excited DC machine with a top speed of 65
km/hour, and a range of, 80 kms. The hybrid electric vehicles, also
became popular in 1990s
Some of them were, Toyota Prius, all of us know
and Honda Insight. So, they were launched
within a span of 2, 3 years. So, both were based
on, high engine capacity and low power electric
motor. So, you can say, it is a engine heavy,
hybrid electric vehicle. There were some
popular, fuel cell electric vehicles also launched
at that time. So, one was from Ford and another
from, Daimler-Benz. So, this vehicle used,
hydrogen as fuel.
Hello everyone. So we have already covered the historical
background related to EV development in our previous interaction.
Let us begin the discussion on the next topic under introduction to
EV which is benefits of using EV compared to other modes of
transport. So the big question is why EVs .
It seems that the global population which is 6 billion
currently, if it increases with the current trend, may
become 10 billion by 2050. So what that means? It
means the vehicles in use may increase from 700
million which was there in 2000 to 2.5 billion by 2050.
And if all these vehicles are IC engine based vehicles
then most likely all the cities will be covered with
permanent smog with extreme air pollution. And this is
very drastic in terms of health. According to one of the
reports of ARB which is Air Research Board, which
came in 2011, around 9000 people die every year in
California due to fine particle matter. So these numbers
are alarming and there is a necessity to think ahead.
So what is the way out? One of the promising solutions
is sustainable transport. So what is sustainable
transport? It means use of low or zero emission
vehicles, promotion of public transport so that very less
vehicles will be on the road. Use of more and more
renewable energy sources for charging these zero
emission vehicles. It also means we will be less
dependent on fossil fuels which is the large source of air
pollution. So to better understand the advantages and
shortcomings of EV, let us compare the EVs with other
modes of transport. The comparison can be done on
following parameters.
➢ Energy sources.

➢ Pollution.

➢ Energy diversification.

➢ Efficiencies.

➢ Capital and operating cost and

➢ performance
Comparision of Energy sources (storage) used for transport

❑ GASOLINE (PETROL)

❑ DIESEL

❑ COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS

❑ HYDROGEN

❑ BATTERIES

❑ ULTRA-CAPACITORS

❑ ULTRA-FLYWHEELS
• So petrol and diesel are liquid fuels.
• While CNG and hydrogen are gaseous fuels.
• Battery stores the energy in chemical form
and provides energy in electrical form.
• Ultra-capacitors stores the energy in electrostatic form
• while ultra-flywheel stores the energy in mechanical
form.
• Both petrol and diesel have similar energy content per
unit mass which means they have same specific energy.
But since diesel is more denser compared to
petrol, it has higher energy content per unit
volume.
The energy per unit volume is also known as
energy density. By having higher energy
density the diesel is more fuel economical
compared to petrol.
The CNG has higher specific energy
compared to liquid fuels but it has very low
energy density.
On the other hand, hydrogen requires storage at a very high
compressed state by using high pressure and therefore it requires lot
of ancillaries around its fuel tank but on the positive side it
has very high energy density compared to petrol, diesel and CNG.
Therefore, there is a serious effort to make hydrogen based fuel cell
electric vehicles a commercial viability. Batteries if you take a recent
battery example, let's say lithium ion battery, the lithium ion battery
has specific energy and energy density very low around 75 times low
and 25 times low compared to petrol which means that for the same
energy content, the mass of lithium ion battery will be 75 times
more compared to a petrol and it requires 25 times more volume
compared to petrol. This is a serious limitation of batteries compared
to liquid fuels
Ultra capacitors provides very high
specific power. But it can store very limited energy. As
we know ultra-flywheel stores energy in
mechanical form at very high speeds but it has
drawbacks such as it is less reliable and there is a
safety concern around it when it is used inside the
electric vehicle.
There are various types of pollutants and
greenhouse gases which are released as
emission from vehicles and they are the reasons
for smog, and air pollution. So, some of them are
particulate matter which is known as PMx.
Carbon Monoxide and carbon dioxide, CH4
which is Methane. NOx gases which is N2O, NO
and NO2. VOC which is volatile organic
compounds. Total hydrocarbons and SOx gases
which is Sulphur dioxide
extremely small in the range of micrometers. Therefore, they cannot be
filtered by human throat and nose and therefore, it enters the body and
affect heart, lungs and brain. These particulate matters are cancerous in
nature and one of the major reasons for causing cancer due to air
pollution. Diesel engine release more PM compared to petrol. PM
particles less than 10 micrometer which is PM10 are very dangerous and
if inhaled can cause severe damage. So these are clubbed and referred
as PM2.5. These three gases are known as greenhouse gases. Due to the
presence of these gases, the infrared radiations are trapped in the
atmosphere. Due to the presence of these gases, the infrared radiations
will be trapped in the atmosphere and cause greenhouse effect such as
climate change and global warming. Carbon Monoxide is a colorless,
odorless gas which is very dangerous for human health. It is highly
poisonous. Large amount of CO2 is released by IC engine based vehicles
which adds to the already present CO2 in atmosphere and thus
contributes to greenhouse effect.
NOx gases, VOC and total hydrocarbons are
responsible for building ground level ozone layer.
So the ozone layer if it's present in the ground
level is very dangerous for humans. It can create
lining in the lungs, and cause major respiratory
illnesses such as asthma and lung inflammation.
So, diesel engine are the main source of NOx
gases. So, these gases can be filtered using
catalytic converter but these devices are costly.
So, NOx gases can be minimized by use of urea
filters.
So, SOx gases which is dominantly SO2, Sulphur dioxide
gas is released by coal based thermal
power plants. So, we can say that if electricity is used
in EVs, they are creating more SOx gases in the
atmosphere. So, the Sulphur dioxide gas reacts with
oxygen and water present in atmosphere and creates
sulphuric acid in the atmosphere. So, these are the
major reasons for acidic rains. The solution is low
Sulphur coal should be used for power generation
which is costly of course. So let us have a quick look at
the graph of relative emissions caused by various
pollutants with respect to type of EVs.
So it is interesting to compare energy diversification of
different types of vehicles. IC engine vehicles typically
use liquid fuels and gaseous fuels which are coming from
either oil or natural gas. While pure electric vehicle such
as battery electric vehicle and fuel cell electric vehicle
use either electricity or hydrogen as energy carriers. So if
we see the types of fuels and the sources which are
required to generate these fuels, we can clearly see that
electricity can be generated by almost all the energy
sources. Therefore, EVs have a definite advantage
compared to IC engine which requires oil and natural gas
as its fuel.
So among different types of vehicles, PHEV you can say is most energy diversified
because it can run on both liquid fuels, and electricity. And these two fuel sources
have an already excellent infrastructure support present now.

The use of EV also provides higher energy

efficiency. So if we compare fuel tank to vehicle
efficiency, the battery electric vehicles provides
72% efficiency at the wheels and the fuel cell
and the IC engine vehicles provide 40% and
16% efficiency at the wheels if you take the
starting source as 100%.
A more fair comparison can be done if we start from the source of
energy which is let's say crude oil. So if we start with 100% crude oil
for both battery electric vehicle and IC engine vehicle we can see
that the efficiency on the wheels is 18% for battery electric vehicle
and 13% for the IC engine based vehicles. The major loss in
calculation of battery electric vehicle efficiency happens in power
generation. It is only 36% for a typical thermal power plant. While
the major loss component in the efficiency of IC engine based
vehicle is very inefficient engine efficiency which is only 20%. So the
overall efficiencies of battery electric vehicle and IC engine based
vehicles are comparable. But battery electric vehicle have few
advantages such that energy can be recovered during braking as
regenerative power. Secondly it can be charged using renewable
power which is pollutant free. So let's compare EVs with ICEV in
terms of capital cost and performance.
It can be classified in terms of
1) propulsion devices,

2) energy sources

3) energy carriers
which are used as medium to transfer energy from energy
sources to propulsion devices.
 So based on propulsion systems,
EVs can be classified as

1)pure electric vehicle(PEV)

1)hybrid electric vehicle.(HEV)

A pure electric vehicle uses electric motor as a sole device for
propulsion. While an
HEV uses both electric motor and IC engine for propulsion.
Popularly pure electric vehicles arealso known as EVs while HEVs
are known as HVs.
 If we classify the EVs on the basis of energy sources

pure electric vehicle will be further classified

1)battery electric vehicle

2) fuel cell electric vehicle.
3) HEV uses both liquid fuel and battery as
energy source while a battery electric
vehicle uses battery as a sole energy
source.
On the other hand, a fuel cell electric vehicle
uses both battery and fuel cell as energy
sources. A similar classification can be done on
the basis of energy carriers where the energy
carrier for battery is electricity while the
energy carrier for a fuel cell is hydrogen .
So four types of EVs come under the family of pure electric vehicle.
They are battery electric vehicle, fuel cell electric vehicle, ultra-
capacitors electric vehicle and ultra-flywheel electric vehicle. In all
these vehicles, the battery is a common energy source. While a BEV
uses battery as sole energy source, fuel cell electric vehicle, ultra-
capacitor electric vehicle and ultra-flywheel electric vehicle uses
battery as a hybrid energy source. In a fuel cell electric vehicle,
battery is primarily used for absorbing the regenerative power since
fuel cell is incapable of storing the renewable energy. While in
ultra-capacitor and ultra-flywheel based EVs, batteries are required
for storing energy since ultra-capacitor and ultra-flywheel have very
low specific energy. So as we know, a hybrid electric vehicle uses
both motor and IC engine for propulsion
So on the basis of ratio of hybridization between electric motor
and IC engine, it is classified into five types. Micro hybrid, mild
hybrid, full hybrid, plug-in hybrid and range extended hybrid
electric vehicle. So the rating of electric motor is very low in
micro hybrid vehicle and is high in REVs. On the other hand, the
rating of IC engine is high in a micro hybrid while it is low in a
REV. So micro hybrid, mild hybrid and full hybrid are clubbed
and known as conventional hybrid electric vehicle. While plug-
in hybrid or PHEVs and range extended hybrid which is known
as REV are clubbed under grid-able HEVs. So the difference
between these two types is that the conventional HEVs can be
refueled only at the filling stations or petrol pumps. While grid-
able HEV can be refueled both electrically and at the filling
stations. So a grid-able HEV enables direct charging of battery
using charging ports in addition to refueling by liquid fuels at a
filling station.
The vehicle configuration of a typical battery electric vehicle is elaborated here. So
we can see
that the battery bank in a BEV is normally charged directly from the grid using a
battery charger
and the electrical energy stored in the battery is transferred to the wheels using an
electric drive
consisting of a power converter and electrical machine via transmission gears and
differential.
This power converter has to be designed to carry bidirectional power flow since it
can also be
used to regenerate the power coming from the wheels during braking. You can also
see that the
clutch is normally not required in a battery electric vehicle as in conventional IC
engine based
vehicle
 EV parameters

1. WEIGHT AND SIZE PARAMETERS

2. FORCE PARAMETERS

3.ENERGY PARAMETERS

4. PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
 1. WEIGHT AND SIZE PARAMETERS
1.Curb weight-the weight excluding payload;

2. Gross weight-the weight including payload;

3. Payload-the weight of passengers and cargo;

4.Inertia weight-the curb weight plus a standard payload;

5. Maximum weight-the maximum gross weight for safety

operation;

6. Drivetrain weight-the weight of the whole drivetrain in the EV;

7. Battery weight-the weight of the whole battery pack in the EV.

Another set of important parameters for EVs are the vehicle sizes
which are
identical to those of ICEVs. They are listed below:

1. Vehicle dimensions-the length, width, height and ground

clearance;

2. Frontal area-the equivalent frontal area affecting the vehicle

aerodynamic drag;

3.Seating capacity-the number of passengers, sometimes adult

or child is also

4. Cargo capacity-the volume of cargo.

 2. FORCE PARAMETERS

The force that a vehicle must overcome to travel is

known as road load.

F1 = Fd + Fr + Fc.

Aerodynamic drag force - Fd,

Rolling resistance force - Fr and
Climbing force - Fc
 Fd = O.5pCdA(V + V0)2,

c d is the aerodynamic drag coefficient (dimensionless)

p is the air density in kg/m3

A is the frontal area in m2

v is the vehicle velocity in m/s,

vo is the head wind velocity in m/s.

Fd = 0.0386pCdA(V + V0)2.
p is taken as 1.23 kg/m3 although it is dependent on
the altitude

Cd varies significantly, ranging from 0.2 to 1.5.

Cd from 0.2 to 0.3, passenger cars from 0.3 to 0.5,

vans from 0.5 to 0.6, buses from 0.6 to 0.7, and
trucks from 0.8 to 1.5
 Rolling resistance force - Fr and

Fr = MgCr
M is the vehicle mass in kg
g is the gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2),

Cr is the rolling resistance coefficient (dimensionless )

In general, the Cr of radial-ply tires (around 0.013) is lower than that of

cross-ply tires (around 0.018). It also varies inversely with the tire air
pressure
The climbing force is simply the climbing
resistance or downward force for a
vehicle to climb up an incline. This force
is given by:
Fc = Mg sin a,
where a is the angle of incline in radian or degree

Usually, the incline is expressed as a percentage

gradeability p: p = (h/l)100%,

where h is the vertical height over horizontal distance 1. So, p and sin a are
related
by:
a = tan-' (p/100).