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 SENTENCE
A sentence fragment is incomplete sentence or a group of words that does NOT express a complete thought.
Exp: Around the corner, brown cat.

A sentence may be defined as a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete
thought.
Exp: I’m going to work.

 CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES
a. According to use into 4 kinds: Declarative, Imperative, Interrogative, and Exclamatory.
b.According to form into

 DECLARATIVE SENTENCE
- A declarative sentence is one which states or declares something or one that states a fact.
- In a declarative sentence, the subject usually comes before the verb. It starts with a capital letter and ends with a
full stop.
- Exp: The students are playing basketball.

 IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
- An imperative sentence is one which expresses a request, command or an order.
- An imperative sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a period. Generally, the subject is not
mentioned and only the predicate is expressed.
- Exp: Please, give me a glass of water. Please cole the door.

 INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
a. An interrogative sentence is one that asks a question.
b.An interrogative sentence usually begins with an asking word with the first letter in capital, and always ends
with a question mark (?).
c. Exp: Do you know that mean?. What is your name?

 EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE
a. An exclamatory sentence is one which expresses a sudden or strong emotion or feeling such as happiness,
sadness, anger, surprise, fear or excitement.
b.An exclamatory usually begins with a capital letter and ends with an exclamation mark (!). Sometimes, a period
is used to lessen the force of the exclamation.
c. Exp: Help! Our house is on fire!., What a good dinner that was!.

 DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
Is a kind of text with a purpose to give information. The context of this text is description of particular thing,
animal, person or other.

 Generic Strucuture:
- Identification, contain about the introduction of a person, place, animal, or object will be described.
 - Description, contain a description of something such a animal, things, place , animal, or object will be
described.

 Language Futures:
- Specific Participants: Has a certain object. (Ex. My Beloved Mother)
- Using simple present tense. (Ex. My Mother’s name is Khodijah) (She is short, but not too short).
- Using adjectives (kata sifat) yang bersifat menggambarkan (describing), menomerkan (numbering), dan
mengklasifikan (classifying). (Ex. Short, Old, Beautiful).
- Using adverbs (kata keterangan) untuk memberikan informasi tambahan mengenai perilaku atau sifat
(Adjective) yang dijelaskan, seperti: very, extremely, definitely. (Ex. The existence of her among us is
definitely important).
- Using linking verb (kata kerja penghubung). (Ex. Is, are, has been, have)

 THE EXAMPLES
Identification:
Every people certainly have a mother. It is because people are born from her. The existence of her among us is
definitely important. That is why I love her so much. I owe great debt to what she has been doing to me until right
now. And here is my mother.

Description:
My mother’s name is Khodijah. She was born 49 years ago. She is short, but not too short. She is little fat. And
she is old. She has got short white straight hair. She has got brown skin. She is beautiful. Her hand is so soft, the
hand that have taught me to be kind person. She never stops to support me. She always tells me to not give up so
easily. She always gives me some fine solutions when I have some problems. The importance of her is never
denied. That is why I never reject her willing

Tanah Abang Market

(the largest textile market in Indonesia)

Traditional market (Tanah Abang Market) is place where sellers and buyers meet and are
characterized by direct seller-buyer transactions, usually there is a bargaining process and the building
usually consists of stalls. Most of these markets sell daily necessities such as groceries, clothing, or other
goods. Therefore, the existence of traditional markets is very important to fulfil the needs of daily life
because the price is affordable for any group.
This market in Central Jakarta is a large building and consists of several buildings or sections named
blocks, for example, such as block A and block B. Each floor in block A, block B, and block F. Block A and
block B has its own specialization in sales, as the B2 floor offers a variety of textile raw materials (batik,
chiffon, woven fabric). On the B1 floor there are various kinds of home equipment such as curtains or
spring bed while on the SLG floor. LG floor, G floor, and 1st floor there are various kinds of clothes
ranging from children to adults. Every day the tanah abang market is always busy because there are many
street vendors who sell various kinds of souvenirs from Jakarta for visitors outside Jakarta.
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 ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT
Argumentation Text is a paragraph explaining and convincing to the reader about the pro (agree) and contra
(disagree) of the issue. The aim is for the reader to believe that the idea or opinion is true and proven.

 CHARACTERISTICS OF ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT

1.Contains the author's opinion and view about the issue or problem.
2.Have factual data that is used to convince the reader.
3.Describe a problem by analyzing.
4.Ends with a conclusion.

 GENERIC STRUCTURE OF ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT

a. It has topic sentence
Kalimat utama adalah kalimat yang menjadi gagasan utama atau masalah utama yang akan dijelaskan di
kalimat selanjutnya.
b.It has supporting sentences for pros and cons
Supporting sentence merupakan kalimat pendukung yang menjelaskan kalimat utama.
c. It has conclusion
Setiap paragraph harus ditutup dengan kesimpulan. Bagi anda yang ingin menulis paragraph argumentative,
kesimpulan pada paragraph jangan sampai dilupakan.

 LANGUAGE FEATURES OF ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT

- Using simple present tense.
- Using verb: deliver, argue, explain.
- Using modal: can, will, should, etc.
- Temporal connectives: First, second, etc.
- Reasoning connectives (kosakata yang menunjukkan hubungan alasan): because, of, so, therefore, etc.

 THE EXAMPLES OF ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT

Should Students Take Part Time Jobs?

Topic Sentence
Working and going to school is challenging, it can be a rewarding experience if you use some foresight.
However, you’d better think a hundred times before you decide to take a part time job. There are a lot of things
that should be factored in on the decision to take a part time job.
Supporting Sentence (Pro and contra about the issue)
On the negative side, working and still maintaining a good grade at school is not an easy task. Having less time
for schoolwork becomes the main negative effect. Consequently, many students who work part time fail to
perform at their best both on schoolwork and on examinations. Moreover, a part- time job can really interfere
with the students’ free time. It also cuts into their studies and/or social life.
On the positive side of things, a part time job helps students to support day to day living expenses. Working
can be a valuable part of a student’s life, if taken on responsibly. Students can derive a great deal from
working, considerably more than just money. In most cases, they can acquire a nice dose of discipline and a
whole new set of skills and experiences. Another benefit of part- time work is the opportunity to expand the
resume. Ideally, a student should try to find a job that is related in some way to his/her selected field of study.
But even if not, a student can still gain some work experience and develop skills.
Conclusion

Working takes a lot of time and energy, so students need to make sure to be able to handle both employment
and their current commitments. Finally, if you are considering working part time, talk to your school
counselor to discuss this move. Simply explain your goals to someone else can help you make decisions and
figure out your priorities.

Or another example

Smoking Prohibition by MUI

Recently MUI (Indonesian Ulema Council) issued a fatwa that smoking is forbidden and should be avoided.
The prohibition of smoking causes a variety of reactions in the community. The society is divided into two
groups in considering fatwa issued by MUI. Most of the people agree with the MUI. However, the others do
not agree with MUI.
The party who agrees with MUI assumes that smoking is very dangerous for humans because smoking can
cause various diseases and even cause death. The danger of smoking is not only bad for the smoker but also
bad for people around them. It can cause death, impotence, internal organs damage, heart and many more.
Based on this fact, MUI issued that smoking is haram because basically anything that causes damage is
unlawful and should be avoided.
On the other hand, people who do not agree with the MUI assume that smoking is one of their rights which
could not be bothered. Most people who do not agree with the MUI are the smokers. They have made
cigarettes as a part of their lives. They reasoned that smoking could help them thinking, increase creativity,
soothe the nerves, and relieve fatigue and sadness. Forbid them to smoke means breaking their privacy, and
human rights.
The debate over smoking ban is hard to resolve. Many people remain in their opinion considered correct. For
us as who can think certainly can determine our position on this issue. It’s been scientifically proven that
smoking is harmful to our health. Based on these facts do we still think smoking is cool?
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 DEFINITION EXPOSITION TEXT
a. Exposition text is a type of text that deals with analysis, interpretation and evaluation of issue that are
happening around us. Its contents are dominated by the opinions and arguments of the author.
b.The purpose of an exposition text can be different, some aim to influence or convince the reader to think
towards the author's point of view, some are aimed at making the reader aware of the existence of an issue.
c. An exposition text divided into two: Analytical Exposition and Hortatory Exposition

 DEFINITION ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Analytical Exposition is a text that elaborate the writer’s idea about the phenomenon surrounding and to persuade
the reader or listener. Social Function to ensure the readers that topics presented are important to be discussed or
get the attention by giving some arguments which support the topics.

a. Generic Structure :
- Thesis, the riter introduces about the topics or main idea.
- Argument, the writer presents some arguments to support the main idea.
- Reiteration, this part is the closing of Analytical Exposition Text. Reiteration can be called as conclusion.

b.Language Features:
- Focus on Generic human and non-human participants : yang diceritakan bersifat umum (bisa apa saja)
yang penting bisa memengaruhi pendengar.
- Use of simple present tense
- Use of Relational Processes (Linking verb)
- Use of Connectives (words that links arguments)

 THE EXAMPLE OF ANALYTICAL

Title The Importance of English Language

Thesis I personally think that English is the world’s most important language. Why do I say that?

Firstly, English is an international language. It is spoken by many people all over the world,
Argument 1
either as a first or second language.

Secondly, English is also the key which opens doors to scientific and technical knowledge,
Argument 2
which is needed for the economic and politics development of many countries in the world.

Thirdly, English is a top requirement of those seeking jobs. Applicants who master either
Argument 3
active or passive English are more favorable than those who don’t.

Reorientation/ From the facts above, it is obvious that everybody needs to learn English to greet the global
Conclusion era.
 DEFINITION HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners or reader that
something should or should not happen. The reader or listener is persuaded to agree with the writer’s or speaker’s
point of view or thesis.

a. Generic Structure :
- Thesis, the writer point of view about the topic discussed.
- Argument, series of argument which strengthen the thesis stated before.
- Recommendation, the writer gives recommendation to the reader.

b.Language Features:
- Simple present tense
- There are several arguments that begin with, firstly, secondly, thirdly etc..
- It contain recommendation that begins with : “In my oppoinion, its better…”, or “I think… should…”, or “For
these reasons… should…”.

 THE EXAMPLES OF HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Topic Mobile Phones

Mobile phones is not used just for calling, but sending text, taking pictures, accessing
Thesis internet, and much more. Many students bring their phones to school. For them, mobile phone
has many uses. So, mobile phones should not be banned in school. Why do I said that?

Firstly, students call their parents for other needs. By mobile phone, student can call or
their close relative if they need something to be brought to school. In addition, mobile phone
Arguments 1
can be used to call their children when one of their family were hit by disasters suddenly. And
then, student can called their parent to pick her up when want to go home.

Secondly, increased of knowledge among students. When trying to find answer of

Arguments 2 difficult task at school, mobile phone can be used as a connecting to search the answer through
GPRS or WiFi networks.

Finally, expand the network of friendship among students. School is the right place to
find friend. Average, student been at school about 7 hours or more. So that, a lot of students
Arguments 3
found their friend in the school environment . Therefore, communication between friends
should be kept on of which using a mobile phone

So, I think mobile phone should not be banned in school. But, use your phone in the time
Recommendation
and right place so that no one was disturbed.
 EXAMPLE OF REITERATION AND RECOMMENDATION
a. Reiteration
- From the argument above we can conclude that…..
- Based on the argument above…..
- The conclusion of the argument above is……
b.Recommendation
- You should…., we must……, you should be….., and etc. (apabila kita merekomendasikan sesuatu yang
diperbolehkan)
- ·You shouldn’t……, you mustn’t……, we ought not to…., etc. (apabila kita merekomendasikan
yang tidak diperbolehkan atau tidak disarankan)

 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HORTATORY AND ANALYTICAL

The different from analytical exposition is on the last finalizing step which analytical exposition is ended by a
reiteration while hortatory is finalized by certain a recommendation.