SD470 Test 1

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UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT
ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
TEST No. 1
2007/2008 ACADEMIC YEAR
1st SEMESTER
SD 470: DESIGN OF BRIDGES
DATE: 7th December 2007
INSTRUCTIONS
Closed book examination
Duration: 2 hours
Total marks: 100%
Answer all TWO questions given in this paper
Remember to indicate the question answered on the top page of the answer book
Total number of pages including tables and this page is 5
© Dr JK Makunza – 2007
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Problem No. 1 (40%)

1.1 With respect to bridges, what is a superstructure?
1.2 What is a bridge substructure? Support your answer with sketches.
1.3 Provide properly labeled sketches for at least 5 types of bridges.
1.4 What are the causes of movements in bridges?
1.5 Where are the bearings provided in a bridge structure?
1.6 Sketch three types of bearings with their respective labels.
1.7 Briefly, describe the functions of bearings in bridges
1.8 Calculate the longitudinal movement if the design horizontal force is 600 kN, the
span is 20.0 m, the coefficient of linear expansion is 16 x 10-6/0C, the temperature
change is 25oC, the area is 5.8 m2 and Ec = 30000N/mm2.
Problem No. 2. (60%)
Figure 1: Transversal section of a concrete bridge
2.1 Compute and sketch all dead and imposed loads acting on the bridge shown in
Figure 1 above, given that the density of concrete is 24 kN/m3 and that of surfacing
course material is 20 kN/m3. The bridge longitudinal effective span is 18.00m.
Take HB as 37.5 units in which each unit is 2.5 kN per wheel.
2.2 Compute the transversal bending moment for the deck slab.
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Design Aids
Table: 1: Notional lanes for design purposes according to the carriageway width
Carriage Width W(m) < 4.6 4.6-75 7.6-11.4 11.4-152 15.2-19.0
No.of Notional Lanes W/3 2 3 4 5
.
Table 2: HA Loading
Loaded length L (m) < 30m 30m - 379m > 379m
Uniform Load (k N/m/Lane) 30 151 L0.475 9
Knife edge load(kN/Lane) 120
HB Loading
The length of the vehicle is varied for the severest effect by dimensions shown in Figure 3.
Figure 2: HB Vehicle
Figure 3: A combination of HA and HB loading: HB within one notional lane

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Pedestrian and Cycle Track Bridges

The imposed load on pedestrian and cycle track bridges is uniformly distributed and
depends upon the loaded lengths as follows:
 If L  30m then P = 5 kN/m2

 If 30 < L < 379m then P = 25.2 (L) -0.475 kN/m2
 If L > 379m then P = 1.5 kN/m2
Load Combinations
Principal Load Combinations
Combination 1: permanent + imposed loads
Combination 2: permanent + imposed + wind loads
Combination 3: permanent + imposed + constraining loads
Secondary Combinations
Combination 4: permanent + collision loads
Combination 5: permanent + friction loads at bearings
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SOLUTIONS
Problem No. 1 (40%)
1.1 With respect to bridges, what is a superstructure?

A superstructure is that part of a bridge above the bearings. This include slabs, beams,
parapets, kerb, carriage way, etc.
1.2 What is a bridge substructure? Support your answer with sketches.

A substructure is that part of a bridge which is below the bearings. It includes abutments,
piers, wing-walls and foundations.
1.3 Provide properly labeled sketches for at least 5 types of bridges.

Any five types of bridges are acceptable (slab, slab-beam, truss, cable stayed, arch,
etc)
1.4 What are the causes of movements in bridges?

Movements at the bearings may be due to:
- Shrinkage of concrete
- Creep
- Change in temperature
- Horizontal longitudinal forces
- Horizontal transverse forces
- Rotational movement.
1.5 Where are the bearings provided in a bridge structure?

Bearings are provided under the deck for a slab bridge, or under beams at supports.
Bearings do separate the superstructure and the substructure in a bridge
1.6 Sketch three types of bearings with their respective labels.

Any three bearings are acceptable.
1.7 Shallow foundations transfer the design loads to the stiff sub-soil which is near the
ground surface under the base of the substructure. Characteristics of shallow
foundations are; they are cheap as their excavations do not go deep in the ground,
and they do not require sophisticated equipment for their construction.
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There are a variety of shallow foundation types used in the construction of

foundations.
- For columns
Isolated pad footings
Combined or Cantilevered footing
Mat/raft footing
- For walls
Strip footings
Spread Footings
Slab on grade
Mat/raft footing
Deep foundations transfer loads far below the substructure

- Mostly used for heavy loads
- These foundations penetrate weak soil until a satisfactory bearing stratum is
reached.
- Used to reach deeper layers with greater bearing stratum
1.8 this is reversible movement

Ltemp = 20 x 16 x 10-6 x 25 = 0.008 m – this is a reversible movement
Total longitudinal movement = 0.07 + 8.0 = 8.10 mm.
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Problem No.2 (60%)

Solution:
Carriage way width = 3.80m,
The number of notional lanes = 1
For a loaded length of 15 m,

HA UDL = 30 kN/m/lane
Therefore, the load is; 30/3.8 = 7.895kN/m2
The knife edge load KEL
KEL = 120 kN/lane
= 120 /3.8 = 31.58 kN/m (transversal line load)
Loading analysis
Dead load Slab: 0.24 x 24 x 1.15 = 6.62 kN/m2
Kerb: 0.12 x 24 x 1.15 = 3.31 kN/m2
Figure 3
Superimposed dead load
Surfacing: 0.057 x 20 x 1.75 = 2.00 kN/m2
Surfacing: 0.03 x 20 x 1.75 = 1.05 kN/m2
Parapet: 5.00 x 1.75 = 8.75 kN/m
Figure 4
LIVE LOAD:
HA Load
Loaded length = 15.00 m
Carriageway width = 3.80 m
Number of notional lanes = 1
HA alone
UDL: 30 kN/m/lane : 30 x 1.5/3.8 = 11.84 kN/m2
KEL: 120 kN/lane: 120 x 1.5/3.8 = 47.37 kN/m (transversal line load)
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Figure 5
Pedestrian Load: 5 x 1.5 = 7.50 kN/m2
HB Loading (taking 37.5 Units) Figure 6

Total wheels: 16 wheels in 4 axles
Load per wheel: 37.5 x 2.5 x 1.3 = 121.88 kN
Load per axial: 121.88 x 4 = 487.50 kN
Total vehicle load: 487.5 x 4 = 1950.0 kN
Figure 7
Figure 8
ANALYSIS OF DECK SLAB
Case 1: Dead Load (DL)
Considering 1.0 m width along the longitudinal direction of the bridge slab
Slab VL = 6.62 x 1.20 = 7.94 kN ML = 6.62x1.22/2 = - 4.77 kNm
VR = 6.62 x 3.8/2 = 12.59kN MR = 6.62x3.82/8– 4.77 = 7.18 kNm
Kerb VL = 3.31 x 1.20 = 3.97 Kn ML = 3.31 x 1.22/2 = -2.38 kNm
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Surfacing Dead Load

Surfacin VR = 0.5x(1.16+3.05) x MR = 4.00 x 1.9 – 1.16 x 1.92/2 –
g: 3.8/2 = 4.00 kN (0.5 x 2.00 x 1.92/2 = 7.31 kNm
Parapet: VL = 8.75 kN ML = 8.75 x 1.2 = - 10.50 kNm
Live Load
Case 2: HA alone
Due to HA VR = 11.84 x 3.8/2 = MR = 11.84 x 3.82/8 =
22.5 kN 21.37kNm
Due to VR = 47.37 x 3.8/2 = MR = 47.37 x 3.82/8 = 85.5
KEL 90.0 kN kNm
Pedestrian Load
VL = 7.5x 1.20 = 9.0 kN ML = 7.5 x 1.202/2 = - 5.40 kNm
Case 3: HB alone
= (121.88/3.8) (4 x 3.8 – 4 x 0.25 – 6) = 263.00 kN
2.2 Total Moments:

Hogging moment: 4.77 + 2.38 + 11.6 + 5.4 = 24.10 kNm
Sagging moment: 10.36 + 7.31 + 21.37 + 85.5 = 124.54 kNm – (+HA)
Sagging moment: 10.36 + 7.31+ 227.4 = 245.1 kNm - (+ HB)

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1

UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

SD 470: DESIGN OF BRIDGES

DATE: 7th December 2007

Total number of pages including tables and this page is 5

Problem No. 1 (40%)

1.2 What is a bridge substructure? Support your answer with sketches.

1.3 Provide properly labeled sketches for at least 5 types of bridges.

1.4 What are the causes of movements in bridges?

1.5 Where are the bearings provided in a bridge structure?

1.6 Sketch three types of bearings with their respective labels.

1.7 Briefly, describe the functions of bearings in bridges

Problem No. 2. (60%)

Figure 1: Transversal section of a concrete bridge

Figure 3: A combination of HA and HB loading: HB within one notional lane

Pedestrian and Cycle Track Bridges

 If L  30m then P = 5 kN/m2

1.1 With respect to bridges, what is a superstructure?

1.2 What is a bridge substructure? Support your answer with sketches.

1.3 Provide properly labeled sketches for at least 5 types of bridges.

1.4 What are the causes of movements in bridges?

1.5 Where are the bearings provided in a bridge structure?

1.6 Sketch three types of bearings with their respective labels.

There are a variety of shallow foundation types used in the construction of

Deep foundations transfer loads far below the substructure

1.8 this is reversible movement

Problem No.2 (60%)

For a loaded length of 15 m,

HB Loading (taking 37.5 Units) Figure 6

ANALYSIS OF DECK SLAB

Case 1: Dead Load (DL)

Surfacing Dead Load

2.2 Total Moments:

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