Transportation
Transportation
Transportation
Blood has two major components namely a (i) Fluid component and a (ii) Cellular component.
Fluid component of blood is called Plasma. Major portion of plasma is water with dissolved
minerals, nutrients and soluble proteins.
RBCs are circular, disc- They are irregular, colourless, Blood platelets are minute,
shaped and biconcave. and larger than RBCs. They oval or round, non - nucleated
They are produced in the bone have a large and lobed nucleus. cells.
marrow of long bones. WBCs are produced in the Platelets are formed in the
Mature RBCs do not have bone marrow, lymph glands bone marrow.
nuclei. and spleen. Blood platelets play an
The lifespan of RBCs is 120 WBCs provide immunity. important role in blood
days. The different types of white clotting.
RBCs are made up of a iron blood cells are- neutrophils,
containing respiratory eosinophils,basophils,
pigment called haemoglobin. lymphocytes and monocytes.
Haemoglobin transports
oxygen from the lungs to
tissues
The separation of the right side and the left side of the heart is useful to keep oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood from the mixing. Such separation allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the
body. It is useful in animals that have high energy needs, such as birds and mammals, which constantly
use energy to maintain their body temperature (warm blooded animals).
The blood vessels are tubes from which blood from the heart is carried to all parts of the body and
again brought back to the heart. There are three types of blood vessels - (i) Arteries, (ii) Veins and (iii)
Blood Capillaries.
Arteries Veins
Carry blood away from the heart to all Bring blood into the heart from all other
other organs organs
Generally carry oxygenated blood Generally carry de-oxygenated blood (except
(except for Pulmonary Artery) for Pulmonary Vein)
They are thick-walled to withstand blood Veins are generally thin walled
pressure generated by heart
Arteries do not have valves in them Veins do have valves in them
Arteries generally are deep seated Veins are generally Superficial
Capillaries: -
Capillaries are the microscopic blood vessels occur at the junction of arteries and
veins.
The smallest blood vessels which are one-cell thick are called capillaries.
Arteries, when enter into an organ, divides to form smaller vessels called arterioles.
Arterioles divide again to form fine capillaries.
The exchange of materials and nutrients between cells and blood takes place across
capillaries. The capillaries then unite to form venules and venules combine to become
veins.
6. The walls of the arteries are thick and elastic than veins. Give reason.
Arteries are the vessels which carry blood away from the heart to various organs of the body.
Since the blood emerges from the heart under high pressure, the arteries have thick, elastic walls. Veins
collect the blood from different organs and do not need thick walls because the blood is no longer under
pressure. They have valves that ensure that the blood flows only in one direction.
7. Define is Blood pressure.
The force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel is called blood pressure. It is expressed in
the form of two values. (1) Systolic Pressure (2) Diastolic Pressure.
Systolic Pressure - The pressure of blood inside the artery during ventricular systole (contraction) is called
systolic Pressure. The normal Systolic pressure is about 120mm of Hg.
Diastolic Pressure - The pressure of blood inside the artery during ventricular diastole (relaxation) is
called diastolic pressure. The normal diastolic pressure is 80mm of Hg.
Blood pressure is measured with an instrument called sphygmomanometer. The average value of blood
pressure in human is 120/80 mm of Hg.
8. Explain the structure of heart with the help of a diagram.
Location The heart is a muscular organ located in the chest cavity towards the
left side.
De oxygenated Blood
Vena Cava Right Atrium
Oxygenated Blood
Pulmonary Vein Left Atrium
The atria contract and pour the blood into the respective ventricles.
The blood from the right ventricle enters the lungs through pulmonary artery.
The blood from the left ventricle enters the aorta (largest artery of the body) which carries
blood to all parts of the body.
Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery
Left Ventricle Aorta
The valves present between the atria and ventricles ensure that the blood does not flow
backward.
Thus the deoxygenated blood enters the right part of the heart and after oxygenation it enters
into the left side of the heart.
The blood therefore goes through the heart twice during each cycle. This is known as Double
circulation.
The circulation through heart is called double circulation as the blood passes through heart
twice in one complete cycle. It involves two circulations
Pulmonary Circulation
The course of blood from the right ventricle to the left atrium of heart through lungs is Pulmonary
Circulation. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk which carries it
to lungs for oxygenation. The oxygenated blood from the lungs is brought to left atrium by two pairs
of pulmonary veins.
Systemic Circulation
The course of blood from the left ventricle to the right ventricle of heart through body organs called
systemic circulation. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic aorta which carries
it to all body. The deoxygenated blood from the body organs is brought to right atrium by superior
and inferior vena cava.
Importance of double circulation
Double circulation is a necessity for warm blooded organisms, which spends a lot of energy
for maintaining their body temperature. Warm blooded creatures are more active than the cold
blooded organisms, and hence their energy requirements are high. Thus they need a faster blood
circulation. In double circulation, since heart pumps the blood after oxygenation with very high
pressure, blood reaches the tissues and cells much more quickly. Moreover, the complete septum
between the right and left chambers of the heart prevents mixing up of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood.
11. Cardiac Pacemaker: is a specialized muscle tissue which sends rhythmic electrical impulses to the
cardiac muscles so that heart contract and relax in a rhythmic fashion. The contraction of heart is
called Systole and relaxation is called Diastole.
ECG: Electrocardiogram/graphy is a technique to analyze the electrical activity in the heart. ECG
measures electrical signals in the heart using specialized electrodes, which helps to monitor the health
of the heart.
12. What is lymph and what are the functions?
When blood flows through the blood capillaries under high pressure, some amount of plasma,
proteins and blood cells escape into intercellular spaces in the tissues to form the tissue fluid or lymph.
It is similar to the plasma of blood but colorless and contains less protein.
Functions of lymph
a). Lymph provides proper nourishment to each and every cell, even to the cells lying farthest from
the blood capillaries.
c).Lymph contains white blood cells called lymphocytes. This improves the immunity of the body.
d). Lymph carries digested fat and hence play a role in fat metabolism.
Transportation system in plants consists of Vascular Bundles. There are two types of Vascular bundles
in Plants namely Xylem and Phloem. Xylem is dead while phloem is living tissue.
Vascular
bundles
Xylem Phloem
Trachieds companion
Vessels Sieve tubes
cells