Pakistan Navy Engineering College

National University Of Science& Technology

CEP REPORT

Group Members:
Huzaifa Khan (EE-1535)
Abdul sami (EE-1545)

Semester: 6th
Section: B-2
Department: Power & Electronic Engineering
Subject: Power Transmission & Distribution
Instructor: Sir Ashraf Yahya
 Problem:
A 1100 MW solar park is installed at Gharo near Karachi. The park is required to be
connected to grid for delivering power to Karachi city. Design a Tx line for integrating power
to Karachi grid keeping in consideration the environmental impact, Geological constraints,
EMI, thermal rating, cost & material constraints. Design requirements include conductor
selection, Tower design, line routing, insulation selection, and lightening protection .

 Objective:
To enable the successful integration of a solar farm, an Electrical Power Engineer must first
gain a deep understanding of the ratings and values of the Karachi grid. This entails learning
about the current state of the grid's capacity and infrastructure as well as the local renewable
energy initiatives that support it.

 Our Idea:

Based on this information, the design for integrating a solar farm into Karachi's grid includes several
critical components:

 Design of Solar Farm:

Solar inverters are used to convert the DC electricity generated into AC power. To guarantee
effective conversion and integration for a farm of this size, high power rating central
inverters (such SMA's Sunny Central 4600 UP at 4.6 MW) would be employed.

 Designing of Transformer:

To raise the voltage from the inverter output to the grid transmission level (500/220 kV),
design and install step-up transformers. This will entail choosing transformers rated
appropriately to manage the solar farm's overall power output.
 Designing of Transmission Line:

Plan High-Voltage Lines to link the solar farm to the closest grid station that is 500 or
220 kV. The design will take into account variables such as conductor size and type,
distance, and line losses.

 Analysis:
Examine how adding 1100 MW of solar electricity will affect the current grid
infrastructure, taking into account things like power quality, voltage stability, and
possible system upgrades.

 Solar Farm Design:

PV Cluster Design:
The selection of solar panels can have a significant impact on the arrangement and
effectiveness of the array due to the fact that the solar farm is intended to produce 1100 MW
of power. A portion of the decisions are referenced underneath.

Manufacturer of solar panels Panel Power (W)

Trina Solar 550

Inverters:
The selection of inverters is basic for the exhibition and dependability of the
planetary group. The following is a list of some of the options.

Inverter Manufacturer Suitable for Power Ratings (kW)

Fronius Solar Inverters Residential, commercial 2.5 kW to 200 kW

Growatt Solar Inverters Residential, commercial, industrial 1.5 kW to 100 kW

  Our recommendation:
Due to their demonstrated dependability and suitability for transmission and commercial
installations, Fronius Solar inverters and Trina Solar panels are my personal
recommendations. This mix can enhance the effectiveness and execution of the sun based
ranch.

 Transformer :

 Step Up Transformers:
The following justifies the installation of step-up transformers on the farm:

1. Sunlight based chargers produce power at a generally low voltage, ordinarily in the scope of
many volts to a couple of kilovolts. In any case, for effective transmission over significant
distances, higher voltages are liked to limit misfortunes. Move forward transformers increment
the voltage of the created power to levels reasonable for significant distance transmission.

2. In order for the generated electricity to reach population centers or the main electrical grid,
solar farms are frequently situated in remote areas. In order for the generated electricity to be
efficiently transmitted through the grid's high-voltage transmission lines, step-up transformers
are required.

3. Sun powered ranches need to synchronize their result with the lattice to guarantee steady and
dependable activity. Move forward transformers work with this incorporation by changing the
voltage levels of the sun powered ranch's result to match those of the lattice.

4. Move forward transformers can likewise help in load adjusting inside the framework by
changing voltage levels according to request. This ensures that the grid does not experience
voltage fluctuations or overloads as the electricity moves through it.

 System Protection:
The security framework for transformers introduced in sunlight based ranches is fundamental to
guarantee the wellbeing, dependability, and life span of the gear. The protection system's most
important parts and aspects are as follows:

Extra current Protection :

Overcurrent security gadgets, like wires and circuit breakers, are introduced to keep harm to the
transformer from inordinate flows. These gadgets excursion or open the circuit when the current
 surpasses a specific limit, consequently safeguarding the transformer windings and different
parts.

Over-burden Security:

Transformers can encounter transitory over-burdens because of vacillations in sunlight based

irradiance or lattice interest. Thermal relays or temperature sensors are examples of overload
protection devices that monitor the temperature of the transformer and trip the circuit if it
exceeds safe operating limits for an extended period of time.

Protection Against Short Circuits:

Faults in the electrical system, such as damaged insulation or malfunctioning equipment, can
cause short circuits. Impede gadgets, like fast circuits or differential transfers, distinguish these
deficiencies and seclude the transformer from the framework to forestall harm.

Ground Shortcoming Insurance:

Ground flaws, where current streams from a live guide to ground, can present security dangers
and harm hardware. Ground shortcoming insurance gadgets, for example, ground issue transfers
or ground shortcoming sensors, identify these flaws and start defensive activities, like stumbling
the circuit or secluding the transformer

CONDUCTOR CHOSEN

Figure ACSR CONDUCTOR FOR 220KV

Selecting the appropriate conductor for the transmission line integrating the Gharo solar park (1100 MW) with
the Karachi grid is crucial for efficient and reliable power delivery. This process involves a multi-step
approach, considering both technical and practical factors
 CURRENT ESTIMATION:
𝑃
𝐼=
𝑉√3
𝐼 = 288 A

Distance b/w Gharo park and grid is about 80km (about 49.71 mi) from equation 1 we can lump our circuit
and find ampere rating per meter by using equation 1

𝐼 = 36 𝑚𝐴/𝑚

For designing Tx line, we need a conductor which has high conductivity, tensile strength and less effective at
temperature and pressure effect by keeping this characteristic we select ACSR (aluminum conductor, steel
reinforced) conductor because ACSR consists of a central core of steel strands surrounded by layers of
aluminum strands. ACAR has a central core of higher- strength aluminum surrounded by layers of electrical-
conductor grade aluminum. Alternate layers of wire of a stranded conductor are spiraled in opposite directions
to prevent unwinding and to make the outer radius of one layer coincide with the inner radius of the next layer.
Stranding provides flexibility for a large cross-sectional area. The number of strands depends on the number
of layers and on the strands’ diameter. The total number of strands in stranded cables, where the total annular
space is filled with strands of uniform diameter. is 7, 19, 37, 61, 91, or more.

From the table 1 we select conductor on basis of allowable ampacity rating we find Guinea ACSR would be
good option for our transmission line having size of 159.0 𝑘𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑙 so that corona discharge effect will be
minimum for large diameter. Also, we can find several parameters from this table like AC and DC resistance
etc.

Figure 1 ASCR conductor table for high mechanical strength

POWER LOSS ANALYSIS:
We can do power loss analysis by finding dc and ac resistance from table 1. Which is 𝑅 at 20°𝐶 =
0.101 Ω/1000 𝑓𝑡 and 𝑅 = 0.181 Ω/1000 𝑓𝑡 at 75°𝐶 and through 𝑋 and 𝑋 we can estimate total
power loss by using equation (4)

𝑅 =𝜌 (2)
𝑅 = = (3)

𝑃 = (4)

Where Z represents the total impedance of transmission line, we can only lump our circuit with resistances and
inductance and capacitance and find total impedances ohms / 1000ft.

TOWER DESIGING
The increasing adoption of renewable energy sources like solar power necessitates robust and efficient
transmission infrastructure. Integrating large-scale solar parks into existing grids requires careful consideration
of transmission line design, including the selection and design of transmission line towers. This paper explores
the crucial aspects of designing a tower for a 220 kV transmission line integrating a 1100 MW solar park with
the Karachi grid in Pakistan

TOWER TYPE SELECTION

The choice of tower type depends on several factors, including the voltage level, number of circuits required,
and right-of-way constraints. For a 220 kV transmission line with a single circuit and considering potential
space constraints, self-supporting lattice steel towers are a common and suitable choice. These towers offer a
good balance of strength, stability, and cost-effectiveness for supporting the weight of conductors and
withstanding wind and weather loads [3]

CONDUCTOR SAG:
Sag in a transmission line is the vertical gap between the support points, such as transmission towers, and the
conductor ’s lowest point.
𝑊𝐿 (0.372 × 502)
𝑆= = = 0.4 𝑚
8𝑇 (8 × 699)
 Span length

Maximum Sag

GND clearance

Figure 2 span length

Detailed Tower Design and Conductor Sag for

Gharo-Karachi Transmission Line (68 km)
Given the selection of lattice steel towers and a conductor (e.g., 300 𝑚𝑚 ACSR or larger), we can delve
deeper into determining the optimal tower spacing and conductor sag for the Gharo-Karachi transmission line
(68 km) connecting to the K-Electric grid station in Gulshan-e-Iqbal.

 Parameters of Transmission Line Design:

To ensure the efficient and reliable design of the transmission line in Gharo, Pakistan,
several critical parameters were considered. Each parameter is discussed below in detail.

 Conductor Selection

Due to their high conductivity, lightweight nature, and cost-effectiveness, conductors

made of aluminum or aluminum alloy are typically utilized in transmission lines.
Aluminum Conductor Steel-Reinforced (ACSR), Aluminum Conductor Aluminum Alloy
Reinforced (ACAR), and Aluminum Conductor Composite Core (ACCC) are some of the
more typical varieties.
 Ampacity
Conductor
(A)
Type Description
Suitable for medium to high
voltage transmission lines.
Balances current-carrying capacity
ACSR Drake 800-1000
and mechanical strength.
Designed for higher voltage
transmission lines. Higher current-
carrying capacity and mechanical
ACSR Mallard 400-800
strength.

ACSR “Drake” is recommended due to its high current-carrying capacity and suitability
for medium to high voltage applications.

 Tower Design
Supporting transmission lines requires transmission towers, also known as pylons or
power towers. Various sorts are picked in light of territory, voltage level, and ecological
circumstances.

Spacing
Tower Height
(m)
Type Description (m)
Made of steel angle
sections arranged in a
Lattice
lattice structure. Versatile
Towers 500-600
for various voltage levels. 40-50
Supported by guy wires.
Guyed
Suitable for difficult
Towers 300-400
terrain and limited space. 30-50

Lattice steel towers are preferred for their strength and flexibility across various terrains.
Foundation:
In order to withstand the moist soil conditions in Gharo and guarantee durability and stability,
reinforced concrete foundations are required.

 Line Routing Considerations:

 Appropriate line steering is fundamental to limit natural effect, address

geographical requirements, and consider land use. When planning a route, we take
into account the following factors: Regarding Gharo, our route would travel 500
meters between towers and 40 kilometers between the grid and solar farm. 

 Insulation Selection:
Different types of insulators are used based on voltage levels and environmental
conditions.

Type of
Description
Insulator

Mounted on a cross-arm or pin. Used for medium and low

voltage lines.
Pin Insulator

Made of composite materials, lighter and less prone to

damage. Used in both distribution and transmission lines.
Composite
Insulator

Composite insulators are recommended for their lightweight, high mechanical strength, and
resistance to pollution and vandalism. Insulators should be rated for 220 kV or 500 kV.
Configuration: Use double or triple insulator strings for reliability in high pollution areas.
  Lightning Protection:

For lightning protection, the following methods would be implemented. This will protect our transmission
line from surge charges. These are surge-protective devices installed at substations and along the
transmission line at specific intervals. Lightning arresters would be installed at both the Gharo solar park
and the K-Electric Gulshan-e-Iqbal grid station. Additionally, arresters might be installed at specific
intervals along the 68 km. Several methods are employed to protect transmission lines from lightning
strikes:

Protection
Description
Method
Overhead ground wires to protect from lightning strikes.
Typically ACSR or galvanized steel wires.
Shield Wires
Effective grounding of towers using ground rods or mats to
safely dissipate lightning strikes.
Grounding
Installed at key points, especially near substations and
Surge Arresters
junctions, to protect against surges.

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

To avoid signal and EM interference in our transmission line following methods would be
implemented. A longer string length or specific pollution-resistant designs might be
necessary for higher pollution severity. The chosen insulators should come from
reputable manufacturers and comply with Pakistani standards set by organizations like
the Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC). Prioritize quality and adherence to standards
for long term reliability, even if the upfront cost might be slightly higher compared to
other options.

Description
Method
Maintain adequate clearances from other lines and sensitive
equipment.
Clearances
Use shielding techniques and proper grounding of shield wires
to reduce EMI.
Shielding





  THERMAL RATING:

For designing Tx line, we need a conductor which has high conductivity, tensile strength and less
effective at temperature and pressure effect by keeping this characteristic we select ACSR
(aluminum conductor, steel reinforced) conductor because ACSR consists of a central core of steel
strands surrounded by layers of aluminum strands.
The thermal rating of the line would depend on the following conditions.

Description
Consideration
Ensure the conductor and design support the
required thermal rating to prevent
Current Carrying
overheating.
Capacity
Account for local temperature variations, solar
radiation, and wind conditions affecting
Ambient
thermal performance.
Conditions

.As our Wire is ACSR Drake so the thermal rating would be.

 Continuous Current Rating (75°C): Approximately 885 A

 Continuous Current Rating (100°C): Approximately 1,110 A
 Emergency Current Rating (150°C): Approximately 1,500 A

 CONCLUSION:
Planning a transmission line to interface the 1100 MW sunlight based park at Gharo to the
Karachi matrix includes an extensive methodology, taking into account various specialized and
natural variables. Key plan viewpoints incorporate choosing ACSR "Drake" channels, grid steel
towers, composite polymer encasings, and stirred steel safeguard wires. The course, around
80-100 km long, ought to limit natural effect and land requirements while guaranteeing
dependability. This design will incorporate solar power into Karachi's grid in a robust and
effective manner by taking into account electromagnetic interference, cost effectiveness, and
thermal rating