Solutions to the Olympiad Maclaurin Paper 2016

M1. The positive integer N has five digits.

The six-digit integer P is formed by appending the digit 2 to the front of N .
The six-digit integer Q is formed by appending the digit 2 to the end of N .
Given that Q = 3P, what values of N are possible?

Solution
We have P = N + 200 000 and Q = 10N + 2. Hence
10N + 2 = 3 × (N + 200 000)

= 3N + 600 000.
Therefore, subtracting 3N + 2 from each side, we get
7N = 599 998
and so, dividing each side by 7, we obtain
N = 85 714.

Hence the only possible value of N is 85 714.

M2. A ‘stepped’ shape, such as the example shown, is
made from 1 × 1 squares in the following way.
(i) There are no gaps or overlaps.
(ii) There are an odd number of squares in the
bottom row (eleven in the example shown).
(iii) In every row apart from the bottom one, there are two fewer squares than in the
row immediately below.
(iv) In every row apart from the bottom one, each square touches two squares in the
row immediately below.
(v) There is one square in the top row.
Prove that 36A = (P + 2)2, where A is the area of the shape and P is the length of its
perimeter.

Solution
Let n be the number of steps in the shape.

Now the top row consists of one square, and each subsequent row has two more
squares than the one before. Hence the number of squares in the bottom row is
1 + 2 (n − 1) = 2n − 1.
The perimeter length P can be calculated by viewing the shape from four different
directions and counting the number of horizontal or vertical segments. There are n
vertical segments on each side (one for each row), making 2n in all. There are 2n − 1
horizontal segments viewed from above, and the same number viewed from below,
making 4n − 2 in all. Therefore P = 6n − 2.

The area A is the total number of squares in the shape. But we may rearrange the shape
into a square of side n, by dividing it into two pieces, rotating one of them by half a
turn, and then recombining the squares, as shown in the diagrams.

Thus A = n2 and hence

36A = 36n2

= (P + 2)2 .
M3. The diagram shows three squares with centres A, B B
and C. The point O is a vertex of two squares.
Prove that OB and AC are equal and perpendicular. C
A

O
Solution
Let the three squares with centres A, B and C have sides of length 2a,2b and 2c
respectively. Then
c = a + b. (∗)
Introduce coordinate axes as shown.
y

O x
Then A = (a, a), B = (b, 2a + b) and C = (−c, c).

Now consider the right-angled triangles OBF and ACP shown in the next diagram,
where PA is parallel to the x-axis.
y

F B

A
P

O x
We have BF = b and OF = 2a + b. Also CP = c − a and PA = c + a. Using
equation (∗), we get CP = b and PA = 2a + b. Thus CP = BF and PA = OF.
Using either congruent triangles (SAS) or Pythagoras' Theorem, we therefore obtain
CA = OB.
FO CP
Now the gradient of OB is and the gradient of AC is − . It follows that the
BF PA
product of these gradients is −1, and hence OB and AC are perpendicular.
M4. What are the solutions of the simultaneous equations:
3x2 + xy − 2y2 = −5;
x2 + 2xy + y2 = 1 ?

Solution
For convenience, we number the equations, as follows:
3x2 + xy − 2y2 = −5; (1)
x2 + 2xy + y2 = 1. (2)
By adding equation (1) to 5 × equation (2), we obtain
8x2 + 11xy + 3y2 = 0,
that is,
(8x + 3y) (x + y) = 0.
Thus either 8x + 3y = 0 or x + y = 0.
In the first case, from equation (2) we obtain 25x2 = 9, so that x = ± 35 . Because
8x + 3y = 0, if x = 35 , then y = − 85 , and if x = − 35 , then y = 85 .

Checking, we see that each of these is also a solution to equation (1).

In the second case, from equation (2) we get 0 = 1, so this is impossible.

Hence the solutions of the given simultaneous equations are x = 35 , y = − 85 ; and

x = − 35 , y = 85 .

Alternative
We may factorise the left-hand side of each of the given equations as follows:
(3x − 2y) (x + y) = −5; (3)

(x + y)2 = 1. (4)
From equation (4) it follows that x + y = ±1.
When x + y = 1, from equation (3) we get 3x − 2y = −5. Solving these two linear
simultaneous equations, we obtain x = − 35 and y = 85 .
3
Similarly, when x + y = −1, we obtain x = 5 and y = − 85 .

Checking, we see that each of these is also a solution to the original equations.

Hence the solutions of the given simultaneous equations are x = 35 , y = − 85 ; and

x = − 35 , y = 85 .
M5. The number of my hotel room is a three-digit integer. I thought that the same number
could be obtained by multiplying together all of:
(i) one more than the first digit;
(ii) one more than the second digit;
(iii) the third digit.

Prove that I was mistaken.

Solution
Suppose that my hotel room number is ‘abc’, that is, 100a + 10b + c.

If my belief is true, then

100a + 10b + c = (a + 1) (b + 1) c,
which we may rewrite as
(100 − (b + 1) c) a + (10 − c) b = 0. (∗)

Now (b + 1) c is at most 90 because b and c are digits. Also, a is at least 1 because the
room number is a three-digit integer. Hence (100 − (b + 1) c) a is at least 10; in
particular, it is positive.
Furthermore, 10 − c is at least 1 and b is at least zero, so (10 − c) b is at least zero.
It follows that the left-hand side of equation (∗) is positive, which is not possible.

Hence my belief is mistaken.

M6. The diagram shows two squares APQR and S
R
ASTU , which have vertex A in common. The
point M is the midpoint of PU . A
1 Q
Prove that AM = 2 RS. T

P
M
U

Solution
There are many methods, some of which use similar triangles or the cosine rule. The
method we give below essentially only uses congruent triangles.

Let the point B be such that AU BP is a parallelogram, as shown in the following diagram.
S
R

A
Q
T

P
M
U

B
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect one another. Therefore, because M is the
midpoint of PU , it is also the midpoint of AB, in other words, AM = 12 AB.

Now we show that the triangles ABP and RSA are congruent.

Firstly, PA and AR are equal, because each is a side of the square APQR.
Also, BP = U A because they are opposite sides of the parallelogram AU BP, and
U A = SA because each is a side of the square ASTU . Hence BP = SA.
Furthermore, because BP and U A are parallel, the angles BPA and PAU add up to 180°
(allied angles, sometimes called interior angles). But ∠RAP = 90° and ∠U AS = 90°
since each of them is an angle in a square. Then, by considering angles at the point A,
we have
∠SAR + 90° + ∠PAU + 90° = 360°,
so that the angles SAR and PAU add up to 180°. Hence ∠BPA = ∠SAR.
In the triangles ABP and RSA, we therefore have
PA = AR,
∠BPA = ∠SAR
and BP = SA.
Thus the triangles ABP and RSA are congruent (SAS). It follows that AB = RS.
1 1
But AM = 2 AB, so that AM = 2 RS, as required.