KEKEBALAN TUBUH:

Aspek Umum

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019

Imunologi dari Masa ke Masa (1)

• Edward Jenner (1796): perlindungan oleh

agen penyebab cowpox (vaccinia)
terhadap penyakit smallpox (cacar) ~
vaksinasi [1979 WHO menyatakan dunia
bebas dari cacar].
• Robert Koch (akhir abad ke-19):
mikroorganisme sebagai penyebab
penyakit infeksius = patogen
Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019
Penggolongan Patogen

• Virus
• Bakteri
• Fungi (yang patogen)
• Parasit (eukariot)

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019

 Imunologi dari Masa ke Masa (2)

• Louis Pasteur (1880an): vaksin terhadap

kolera ayam, vaksin rabies
• Emil von Behring & Shibasaburo
Kitasato (1890): serum individu yang
divaksin mengandung antibodi ~
kekebalan dapatan (adaptive immune
response), protective immunity
• Elie Metchnikoff: peran makrofag (sel
fagosit) dalam membasmi patogen ~
kekebalan alami/bawaan (innate immunity)
Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019
Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019
 Komponen Sistem Imun (1)
• Kekebalan tubuh bergantung pada
aktivitas sel-sel darah putih (leukosit):
Granulosit ~ leukosit PMN, mis. Netrofil.
makrofag, limfosit.
• Semua sel sistem imun berasal dari sel
stem yang tersimpan di sumsum tulang
dan beredar di dalam darah dan di dalam
sistem pembuluh khusus disebut
pembuluh limfe.

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019

 Cells of the innate immune response
• All white blood cells (WBC) are known as leukocytes.

• Leukocytes are different from other cells of the body ~ they are not
tightly associated with a particular organ or tissue; thus, they
function similar to independent, single-celled organisms

• ~ Leukocytes are able to move freely and interact and capture

cellular debris, foreign particles, or invading microorganisms.

• Unlike many other cells in the body, most innate immune leukocytes
cannot divide or reproduce on their own, but are the products of
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells present in the bone marrow.

• The innate leukocytes include:

– Natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils;
– the phagocytic cells (macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic
cells)
and function within the immune system by identifying and
eliminating pathogens that might cause infection.
Jenis Sel dalam Sistem Imun

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-

2019
 Komponen Sistem Imun (2)

Prekursor sel
sistem imun Granulosit
(di sungsum progenitor mieloid ~ (Netrofil,
tulang) progenitor granulosit/ eosinofil,
makrofag basofil),
monosit,
sel dendrit
muda
Di dalam darah:
progenitor limfoid
Di Jaringan:

Limfosit B
Sel mast,
Limfosit T
makrofag,
sel dendrit
muda
Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019
Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019
 A neutrophil
A scanning electron
microscope (SEM)
image of a single A scanning electron
human lymphocyte. microscope image of
normal circulating
human blood. One can
see red blood cells,
several knobby white
blood cells including
lymphocytes, a
monocyte, a
neutrophil, and many An eosinophil
small disc-shaped
Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019
platelets.
T lymphocytes

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019

T lymphocytes
⚫ Cytotoxic T cells – destroy
virally infected cells and
tumor cells
⚫ Helper T cells – they divide
rapidly and secrete cytokines
⚫ Memory T cells – They are
antigen specific cells
⚫ Regulatory T cells( suppressor
T cells) – Cell mediated
immunity
⚫ Natural Killer Cells – Connects
the innate and the adaptive
immune system
⚫ Other subsets of cells

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-

2019
 Fagosit
• The word 'phagocyte' literally means 'eating cell'.
• These are immune cells that engulf, i.e. phagocytose, pathogens or
particles. To engulf a particle or pathogen, a phagocyte extends
portions of its plasma membrane, wrapping the membrane around
the particle until it is enveloped (i.e. the particle is now inside the
cell).
• Once inside the cell, the invading pathogen is contained inside an
endosome which merges with a lysosome.[2] The lysosome
contains enzymes and acids that kill and digest the particle or
organism.
• Phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens, but
are also able to react to a group of highly specialized molecular
signals produced by other cells, called cytokines.
• The phagocytic cells of the immune system include macrophages,
neutrophils, and dendritic cells.
• Phagocytosis of the hosts’ own cells is common as part of regular
tissue development and maintenance. When host cells die, either
internally induced by processes involving programmed cell death
(also called apoptosis), or caused by cell injury due to a bacterial or
viral infection, phagocytic cells are responsible for their removal from
the affected site.[1] By helping to remove dead cells preceding
growth and development of new healthy cells, phagocytosis is an
important part of the healing process following tissue injury.
A macrophage of a mouse forming two processes to
phagocytize two smaller particles, possibly
pathogens

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-

2019
 Steps of a macrophage ingesting a pathogen:
a. Ingestion through phagocytosis, a phagosome is formed
b. The fusion of lysosomes with the phagosome creates a
phagolysosome; the pathogen is broken down by enzymes
c. Waste material is expelled or assimilated (the latter not
pictured)
Parts:
1. Pathogens
2. Phagosome
3. Lysosomes
4. Waste material
5. Cytoplasm
6. Cell membrane

Neutrophil granulocyte migrates from the

blood vessel to the matrix, sensing
proteolytic enzymes, in order to determine
intercellular connections (to the
improvement of its mobility) and envelop
bacteria through phagocytosis.
 Neutrofil
• Neutrofil , beserta dua tipe sel lainnya yaitu eosinofil dan basofil,
disebut granulosit karena terdapatnya granula di dalam sitoplasma,
atau juga dikenal sebagai sel polimorfonuklir (PMNs) karena inti sel
yang bergelambir.
• Granula netrofil mengandung beragam zat beracun yang mampu
membunuh atau menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri dan fungi
(jamur). Mirip dengan makrofag, netrofil menyerang patogen
dengan cara mengaktifkan respiratory burst.
• The main products of the neutrophil respiratory burst are strong
oxidizing agents including hydrogen peroxide, free oxygen radicals
and hypochlorite.
• Neutrophils are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally
representing 50 to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes, and are
usually the first cells to arrive at the site of an infection.[3]
• The bone marrow of a normal healthy adult produces more than
100 billion neutrophils per day, and more than 10 times that many
per day during acute inflammation.[3]
 Sel Dendritik
• Adalah sel fagosit yang terdapat di dalam
jaringan yang berkontak dengan lingkungan
eksternal, terutama kulit (disebut sel-sel
Langerhans), dan pada lapisan mukosa bagian
dalam hidung, paru-paru, lambung, dan usus.
• Sel ini menyerupai dendrit syaraf, sehingga
dinamai demikian, namun tidak ada kaitannya
dengan sistem syaraf.
• Sangat berperan dalam proses penyajian
antigen (antigen presentation), dan berfungsi
sebagai mata rantai antara sistem imun bawaan
(innate) dan dapatan (adaptive).
 Basofil dan Eosinofil

• Cells related to the neutrophil.

• When activated by a pathogen encounter,
basophils releasing histamine are important in
defense against parasites, and play a role in
allergic reactions (such as asthma).[2]

• Upon activation, eosinophils secrete a range of

highly toxic proteins and free radicals that are
highly effective in killing bacteria and parasites,
but are also responsible for tissue damage
occurring during allergic reactions. Activation
and toxin release by eosinophils is therefore
tightly regulated to prevent any inappropriate
tissue destruction.[3]
 Sel Natural Killer
• A component of the innate immune system.
• NK cells attack host cells that have been
infected by microbes, but do not directly attack
invading microbes.
• For example, NK cells attack and destroy tumor
cells, and virus-infected cells, through a process
known as "missing-self." This term describes
cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker
called MHC I (major histocompatibility complex)
- a situation that can arise in viral infections of
host cells.
• They were named "natural killer" because of the
initial notion that they do not require activation in
order to kill cells that are "missing self."
Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-
2019
 Sel Mast
• A type of innate immune cell that resides in the
connective tissue and in the mucous membranes, and
are intimately associated with defense against
pathogens, wound healing, but are also often associated
with allergy and anaphylaxis.
• When activated, mast cells rapidly release characteristic
granules, rich in histamine and heparin, along with
various hormonal mediators, and chemokines, or
chemotactic cytokines into the environment.
• Histamine dilates blood vessels, causing the
characteristic signs of inflammation, and recruits
neutrophils and macrophages.

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-

2019
 Fungsi utama sistem kekebalan alamiah
❖ Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection and inflammation,
through the production of chemical factors, including specialized
chemical mediators, called cytokines.

❖ Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate

cells and to promote clearance of dead cells or antibody complexes.

❖ The identification and removal of foreign substances present in

organs, tissues, the blood and lymph, by specialized white blood
cells.

❖ Activation of the adaptive immune system through a process known

as antigen presentation.

The innate system is thought to constitute an evolutionarily

older defense strategy, and is the dominant immune system
found in plants, fungi, insects, and in primitive multicellular
organisms (see Other forms of innate immunity).
A Summary of Some Nonspecific
Components of the First and Second
Lines of Defense

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 15.5
Evolusi Mekanisme Imun

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-

2019
Mekanisme Kekebalan: Alami dan Adaptif.

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-

2019
 Peradangan
• one of the first responses of the immune system to infection or
irritation.
• Stimulated by chemical factors released by injured cells and serves
to establish a physical barrier against the spread of infection, and to
promote healing of any damaged tissue following the clearance of
pathogens.

• Chemical factors produced during inflammation:

– histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, leukotrienes also
prostaglandins
• pain receptors are sensitized by chemical mediators which cause
vasodilation of the blood vessels at the scene, and attract
phagocytes, especially neutrophils. Neutrophils then trigger other
parts of the immune system by releasing factors that summon other
leukocytes and lymphocytes.

• The inflammatory response is characterized by the following

symptom quintet:
– Redness (rubor) Heat (calor) Swelling (tumor) Pain (dolor) and
possible dysfunction of the organs or tissues involved (functio
laesa). Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-
2019
Peradangan Akut

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-

2019
Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-
2019
Humoral immunity
⚫ The result of ⚫ Works on the
circulating immunities basis of
⚫ When stimulated by an
antigenm the B
a. Specificity
lymphocytes initate a b. Diversity
process that leads to c. Memory
the release of
antibodies d. Self vs. Non self
⚫ Most effective at
defending the body
against viruses and
bacteria
Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-
2019
 Sistem Komplemen
• The complement system is a biochemical cascade of the immune
system that helps, or “complements”, the ability of antibodies to
clear pathogens or mark them for destruction by other cells. The
cascade is composed of many plasma proteins, synthesized in the
liver, primarily by hepatocytes. The proteins work together to:
• trigger the recruitment of inflammatory cells.
• "tag" pathogens for destruction by other cells by opsonizing, or
coating, the surface of the pathogen.
• disrupt the plasma membrane of an infected cell, resulting in
cytolysis of the infected cell, causing the death of the pathogen.
• rid the body of neutralized antigen-antibody complexes.
• Elements of the complement cascade can be found in many species
evolutionarily older than mammals including plants, birds, fish and
some species of invertebrates.[4]

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-

2019
Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019
 The classical and alternative complement pathways. C2a should read C2b as in
the box about C2 fragments.
Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019
A complement protein attacking an invader. The C1 protein, showing subunits
C1r, C1s, and the C1q tails.

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019

 Innate immune evasion

• Cells of the innate immune system effectively prevent free growth of bacteria within
the body; however, many pathogens have evolved mechanisms allowing them to
evade the innate immune system.[6][7]
• Evasion strategies that circumvent the innate immune system include intracellular
replication, such as in Salmonella, or a protective capsule that prevents lysis by
complement and by phagocytes, as in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.[8] Bacteroides
species are normally commensal bacteria, making up a substantial portion of the
mammalian gastrointestinal flora.[9] Some species (B. fragilis, for example) are
opportunistic pathogens, causing infections of the peritoneal cavity. These species
evade the immune system through inhibition of phagocytosis by affecting the
receptors that phagocytes use to engulf bacteria or by mimicking host cells so that
the immune system does not recognize them as foreign. Staphylococcus aureus
inhibits the ability of the phagocyte to respond to chemokine signals. Other organisms
such as M. tuberculosis, Streptococcus pyogenes and Bacillus anthracis utilize
mechanisms that directly kill the phagocyte.
• Bacteria and fungi may also form complex biofilms, providing protection from the cells
and proteins of the immune system; recent studies indicate that such biofilms are
present in many successful infections, including the chronic Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia infections characteristic of cystic
fibrosis.[10]

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019

 Host defense in prokaryotes

• Bacteria (and perhaps other prokaryotic organisms),

utilize a unique defense mechanism, called the
restriction modification system to protect themselves
from pathogens, such as bacteriophages. In this system,
bacteria produce enzymes, called restriction
endonucleases, that attack and destroy specific regions
of the viral DNA of invading bacteriophages. Methylation
of the host's own DNA marks it as "self" and prevents it
from being attacked by endonucleases.[11] Restriction
endonucleases and the restriction modification system
exist exclusively in prokaryotes.

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019

 Host defense in invertebrates

• Invertebrates do not possess lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral

immune system, and it is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune
system arose with the first vertebrates.[12] Nevertheless, invertebrates
possess mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of
vertebrate immunity. Pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by
nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with microbial
pathogens. Toll-like receptors are a major class of pattern recognition
receptor, that exists in all coelomates (animals with a body-cavity), including
humans.[13] The complement system, as discussed above, is a biochemical
cascade of the immune system that helps clear pathogens from an
organism, and exists in most forms of life. Some invertebrates, including
various insects, crabs, and worms utilize a modified form of the complement
response known as the prophenoloxidase (proPO) system.[12]
• Antimicrobial peptides are an evolutionarily conserved component of the
innate immune response found among all classes of life and represent the
main form of invertebrate systemic immunity. Several species of insect
produce antimicrobial peptides known as defensins and cecropins.

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-

2019
 Host defense in plants
• Members of every class of pathogen which infect humans also infect plants. Although the exact
pathogenic species vary with the infected species, bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes and insects
can all cause plant disease. As with animals, plants attacked by insects or other pathogens use a
set of complex metabolic responses that lead to the formation of defensive chemical compounds
that fight infection or make the plant less attractive to insects and other herbivores.[14] (see: plant
defense against herbivory).
• Like invertebrates, plants neither generate antibody or T-cell responses nor possess mobile cells
that detect and attack pathogens. In addition, in case of infection, parts of some plants are treated
as disposable and replaceable, in ways that very few animals are able to do. Walling off or
discarding a part of a plant helps stop spread of an infection.[14]
• Most plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals sent throughout a plant. Plants
use pattern-recognition receptors to identify pathogens and to start a basal response, which
produces chemical signals that aid in warding off infection. When a part of a plant becomes
infected with a microbial or viral pathogen, in case of an incompatible interaction triggered by
specific elicitors, the plant produces a localized hypersensitive response (HR), in which cells at
the site of infection undergo rapid programmed cell death to prevent the spread of the disease to
other parts of the plant. HR has some similarities to animal pyroptosis, such as a requirement of
caspase-1-like proteolytic activity of VPEγ, a cysteine protease that regulates cell disassembly
during cell death.[15]
• "Resistance" (R) proteins, encoded by R genes, are widely present in plants and detect pathogens.
These proteins contain domains similar to the NOD Like Receptors and Toll-like receptors utilized
in animal innate immunity. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a type of defensive response
that renders the entire plant resistant to a broad spectrum of infectious agents. SAR involves the
production of chemical messengers, such as salicylic acid or jasmonic acid. Some of these travel
through the plant and signal other cells to produce defensive compounds to protect uninfected
parts, e.g., leaves. Salicylic acid itself, although indispensable for expression of SAR, is not the
translocated signal responsible for the systemic response. Recent evidence indicates a role for
jasmonates in transmission of the signal to distal portions of the plant. RNA silencing mechanisms
are also important in the plant systemic response, as they can block virus replication.[16] The
jasmonic acid response, is stimulated in leaves damaged by insects, and involves the production
of methyl jasmonate.[14] Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-
2019
 Makrofag
• from the Greek, meaning "large eating cell",
• large phagocytic leukocytes, which are able to move
outside of the vascular system by moving across the cell
membrane of capillary vessels and entering the areas
between cells in pursuit of invading pathogens.
• In tissues, organ-specific macrophages are differentiated
from phagocytic cells present in the blood called
monocytes. Macrophages are the most efficient
phagocytes, and can phagocytose substantial numbers
of bacteria or other cells or microbes.[2]
• The binding of bacterial molecules to receptors on the
surface of a macrophage triggers it to engulf and destroy
the bacteria through the generation of a “respiratory
burst”, causing the release of reactive oxygen species.
• Pathogens also stimulate the macrophage to produce
chemokines, which summons other cells to the site of
infection.[2]
Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019
 The Generation of Antibody Response

• The immune system is a diffuse sensory network that monitors the

outside environment. It functions by combining paracrine, juxtacrine,
and kairomone-type signaling. While we do not know the
environmental signals that trigger predator-induced polyphenism in
most animals, we do know a great deal about how foreign molecules
(antigens) set off the immune response against them in mammals
and birds.
• The immune system cannot determine if a foreign substance is
dangerous or not. It reacts to anything that is not "self," that is to say,
a part of the body. When we encounter an antigen, our B cells
respond by differentiating into plasma cells that make antibodies
and secrete them into our blood serum. These antibodies combine
with the antigen to inactivate or eliminate the antigen.

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019

The Clonal Selection Model (Burnett 1959).
• The basis for the immune response is summarized in This model contains four major postulates:
• Each B lymphocyte (B cell) can make one and only one type of antibody (immunoglobulin). That is
to say, one B cell may be making an antibody that binds to polio virus while a neighboring B cell
might be making an antibody that binds to diphtheria toxin.
• Each B cell will take the immunoglobulins it makes and place them into its cell membrane with the
specificity-bearing side outward.
• Antigens are presented to the B cells. Only those B cells that bind to the antigen can complete
their development into antibody-secreting plasma cells. These B cells divide repeatedly, produce
an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, and synthesize enormous amounts of antibody
molecules. These antibodies are secreted into the blood.
• The specificity of the antibody is exactly the same as that which was on the cell surface of the B
cells.
• The type of antibody molecule on the cell surface of the B cell is determined by chance. Out of the
ten million types of immunoglobulin proteins possible, each B cell only makes one type (for details,
click here.) These B cells are continually being created and destroyed. However, when an antigen
binds to a set of B cells, these cells are stimulated to divide and differentiate (Figure 1). Thus, a
person's constellation of B cells differs, depending upon which antigens he or she has
encountered. Identical twins have different populations of B cells in their spleens and lymph nodes.

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019

ANTIGEN DAN IMUNOGEN

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019

Antigen
⚫ Is a substance( molecule) that the
body identifies as foreign and it
mounts an immune response.
⚫ It is also known as an immunogen
⚫ Most antigens are proteins
⚫ Some are glycoproteins,
nucleoproteins, or polysaccharides

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019

 Immunobiology, Janeway & Travers 1994:

• Antigen ( antibody-generating)
• Imunogen: suatu zat yang akan memicu
pembentukan antibodi dan dapat menimbulkan
respon imun
• Antigen didefinisikan sebagai semua zat yang
dapat berikatan dengan antibodi spesifik.
• Tidak semua antigen menghasilkan respon imun,
tetapi semua imunogen adalah antigen.

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019

 Berupa apa Antigen itu?
• Umumnya protein atau polisakarida. Termasuk
berbagai bagian dari bakteri, virus, dan
mikroorganisme lainnya (mantel, kapsul, dinding
sel, flagela, dan toksin).
• Lipid dan asam nukleat bersifat antigen hanya
ketika tergabung dengan protein dan
polisakarida.
• Antigen dari luar tubuh (eksogen) yang bukan
dari mikrob tetapi bersifat non-self misalnya
serbuk bunga (pollen), putih telur, protein dari
organ dan jaringan tubuh yang
ditransplantasikan atau yang terdapat pada
permukaan sel Lecture
darahnotesttransfusi.
by Sulistiyani/2014-2019
• Tolerogen – Zat yang dapat menghilangkan
respon imun spesifik akibat dari bentuk
molekular yang dimilikinya. Apabila terjadi
perubahan bentuk molekular, suatu tolerogen
dapat berubah menjadi imunogen.
• Alergen – Zat yang menyebabkan reaksi alergi.
Reaksi alergi dapat muncul setelah terpapar
melalui rute pencernaan, pernafasan, injeksi,
atau kontak dengan kulit.

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019

 Klasifikasi Antigen
• Exogenous antigens
• Exogenous antigens are antigens that have entered the
body from the outside, for example by inhalation,
ingestion, or injection.
• By endocytosis or phagocytosis, these antigens are
taken into the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and
processed into fragments. APCs then present the
fragments to T helper cells (CD4+) by the use of class II
histocompatibility molecules on their surface. Some T
cells are specific for the peptide:MHC complex. They
become activated and start to secrete cytokines.
Cytokines are substances that can activate cytotoxic T
lymphocytes (CTL), antibody-secreting B cells,
macrophages, and other particles.

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019

• Endogenous antigens
• Endogenous antigens are antigens that have been generated within
the cell, as a result of normal cell metabolism, or because of viral or
intracellular bacterial infection.
• The fragments are then presented on the cell surface in the complex
with MHC class I molecules. If activated cytotoxic CD8+ T cells
recognize them, the T cells begin to secrete various toxins that
cause the lysis or apoptosis of the infected cell. In order to keep the
cytotoxic cells from killing cells just for presenting self-proteins, self-
reactive T cells are deleted from the repertoire as a result of
tolerance (also known as negative selection).
• They include xenogenic (heterologous), autologous and idiotypic or
allogenic (homologous) antigens.
• Autoantigens

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019
Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019
Adaptive Immunity
⚫ Recognize non self
⚫ Respond to a foreign invader
⚫ Distinguish between invaders(
potential pathogen)

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019

Development of the immune
system( Immune cells)
⚫ T cells are are
⚫ Differentiation of stem differentiated in the
cells into lymphocytes is thymus
influenced by other ⚫ They are located in
tissues lymph nodes
⚫ B cells are differentiated ⚫ They are the majority of
in the bone marrow circulating lymphocytes
⚫ Found in the lymph nodes,
spleen, gut associated
lymphoid tissues( GALT)

B CELLS T CELLS

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019

Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019
Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019
Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019
Lecture notes by Sulistiyani/2014-2019
Teknik Pengujian
Imunokimia
SEM ESTE R GE N AP 2 02 0 / 20 2 1
POPI ASRI KUR NIATIN
 Learning Outcome

Mampu mengidentifikasi masalah dalam riset biokimia Teknik imunokimia: Pemanfaatan antibodi sebagai alat diagnostik
sederhana dan mampu memanfaatkan teknik dan riset
imunokimia yang sesuai untuk menyelesaikan Berbagai teknik imunokimia:
masalah tersebut Produksi antibodi poliklonal, asai serologis
Mampu menyusun laporan tugas mandiri dan Reaksi hemaglutinasi
menjelaskan berbagai teknik imunokimia dan Kromatografi imunoafinitas
12-14 manfaatnya kepada teman dalam kelompok
Radioimmunoassay (RIA), Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA)
Mampu melakukan penilaian kinerja diri sendiri kultur sel hibridoma, produksi antibodi monoklonal
maupun teman dalam kelompok
Mikroskopi imunofluoresens
Mampu menerapkan strategi penyelesaian masalah Imunohistokimia
yang bersifat open-ended
Imunopresipitasi, immunoblotting (Westen Blotting)
PENDAHULUAN

✓ Afinitas
✓ Aviditas
✓ Jenis Antibodi
✓ Monoclonal vs poliklonal

Interaksi antigen dengan antibody bersifat SPESIFIK DAN KUAT

→ menjadi dasar berbagai metode analisis

(Nelson and Cox, Lenhinger Principles of Biochemistry, 2017)

 IMUNOPRESIPITASI

(Abbas, et al, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2019)

KROMATOGRAFI IMUNOAFINITAS

(Abbas, et al, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2019)

ELISA (ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY)

(Matthew, et.al, Biochemistry 4th Ed)

 WESTERN BLOTTING

(Abbas, et al, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2019)

 MIKROSKOPI
IMUNISITOKIMIA IMUNOFLUORESENCE
 JENIS ELISA

Direct Indirect Direct Sandwich Indirect Sandwich

WESTERN BLOTTING
PRODUKSI ANTIBODI POLIKLONAL

(Matthew, et.al, Biochemistry 4th Ed)

PRODUKSI ANTIBODI MONOKLONAL

(Matthew, et.al, Biochemistry 4th Ed)

 Terima Kasih
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