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DISASTER RISK REDUCTION | 4RTH QUARTER
LESSON 1: GEOLOGICAL HAZARD: 4. VOLCANIC ERUPTION

LANDSLIDE • If an eruption occurs in a wet condition, the soil
will start to move downhill instigating a landslide.
GEOLOGICAL HAZARD
• Is an extreme natural event in the crust of the earth
that poses a threat to life and property.
• high-magnitude - low frequency events are
earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis while
• low -magnitude -high frequency events are soil,
fluvial, and coastal erosion.
5. GRAVITY
LANDSLIDES • Steeper slopes coupled with gravitational force can
• The movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth trigger a massive landslide. Steeper slopes can also
down slope. cause the debris to move farther from the foot of
• They can happen suddenly or more slowly over the area.
long periods of time.
TWO MAIN CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
• Natural Causes of Landslide
• Man Made Causes of Landslide
NATURAL CAUSES OF LANDSLIDE
1. EARTHQUAKE HUMAN CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
• seismic activities have, for a long time, contributed 1. CLEAR CUTTING
to landslides across the globe. • Clear cutting is a technique of timber harvesting
that
2. WEATHERING • eliminates all old trees from the area.
• It is the natural procedure of rock deterioration that
leads to weak, landslide-susceptive materials.
2. QUARRYING
3. EROSION • the process of removing rock, sand, gravel or other
• caused by sporadic running water such as streams, minerals from the ground to use them to produce
rivers, wind, currents, and waves wipe out latent materials for construction or other uses.
and lateral slope support enabling landslides to
occur easily. • other term for quarrying is "surface mines" "open
pits" and "opencast mines
S.Y. PLATA
MAJOR TYPES OF LANDSLIDE

4. SLIDES
1. FALLS • Is a type of landslide in a downslope movement of
• Falls are landslides that involve the collapse of material that occurs along a distinctive rupture or
material from a cliff or steep slope. Falls usually slip surface.
involve a mixture of free fall through the air,
bouncing or rolling.
• A fall-type landslide results in the collection of
rock or debris near the base of a slope.
• Earthquake can trigger falls to occur.
TWO TYPES OF SLIDES
2. TOPPLES ROTATIONAL (SLUMPS)

• Topple failures involve the forward rotation and • This is a slide in which the surface of rupture is
movement of a mass of rock, earth or debris out of curved concavely upward and the slide movement
slope. is roughly rotational about an axis that is parallel to
• Toppling are sometimes cause by water (rainfall) the ground surface and transverse across the slide.
in a displace mass.
TRANSLATIONAL (PLANAR)
• A downslope movement of material that occurs
along a distinctive planar surface of weakness such
as a fault, joint or bedding plane.
5. FLOWS
Flows are landslides that involve the movement of
material down a slope in the form of a fluid. Flows
often leave behind a distinctive, upside-down
funnel shaped deposit where the landslide material
3. TALUS CONES
has stopped moving. There are different types of
• Topple often results in the formation of debris or a
flows these are the; Mud flows, debris flow and
debris cone at the base of the slope; this pile is
rock.
called a talus cone. New talus cones don't have any
plants growing on them. Old talus cone can have
weeds and even trees on them.
LESSON 2: GEOLOGICAL HAZARD:
SINKHOLE
SINKHOLE
• is a depression or hole caused by the collapse of the
surface layer of the ground. water is the primary
cause of most sinkholes, it dissolves soluble rocks
such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum.
THREE TYPES OF SINKHOLE
1. SOLUTION SINKHOLE
• It occur where Thin overburden there is little soil
or vegetation over the soluble rock.
S.Y. PLATA
2. COVER SUBSIDENCE SINKHOLE

• Is tend to develop gradually where the covering
sediments are permeable and contain sand. MAN MADE CAUSES OF SINKHOLE
• Disturbance of the soil - digging through soil
layers, soil removal, drilling.
• Point-source of water - leaking water/sewer pipes,
injection of water.
NATURAL CAUSES OF SINKHOLE
• Rainfall percolating, or seeping, through the soil
absorbs carbon dioxide and reacts with decaying
vegetation, creating a slightly acidic water.
• That water moves through spaces and cracks
3. COVER-COLLAPES SINKHOLE underground, slowly dissolving limestone and
• Occur when the bedrock is covered by a deep layer creating a network of cavities and voids.
of soil and earth.
THE IMPENDING SIGNS OF A RAINFALL-
INDUCED LANDSLIDE
• Unusual noises, such as breaking trees, or
knocking boulders together, can mean moving
debris.
• As the landslide nears, a slight rumbling sound
that rises in amplitude is noticeable.
• Rapid rise in water levels of the creeks, likely
followed by increased turbidity (soil content).
THE IMPENDING SIGNS OF A SINKHOLE
• New cracks at the foundations of buildings and
KARST houses
• Cracks in an area
Karst terrain is a type of topography that is formed by
dissolution of bedrock in areas underlain by limestone,
dolostone or, as in some western states, gypsum.
This photo shows a sinkhole under a house in the

village of Mececani, central Croatia, Thursday
March 4 2021
• Depressions at ground level

• Rapid appearance of a crater in the ground
S.Y. PLATA
This photo shows crater but no evidence if it caused

by meteorite or volcanic eruption. Cabarungan
Hills, Malasqui Pangasinan
MONITORING AUTHORITIES
Early Warning System (EWS)
• They empower individuals and communities
threatened by hazard to act in sufficient time.
Philippines Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
• Provide protection against natural calamities and
to ensure the safety, well-being and economic
security of all the people, and for the promotion of
national progress by undertaking scientific and
technological services in meteorology, hydrology,
climatology, astronomy and other geophysical
sciences.
(Base ito sa ni-search ko, wala kasi nakalagay na
definition sa ppt o baka di lang naipicture hehe)
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS)
• Responsible for monitoring and studying
earthquake, volcanic activity and tsunami in
Philippines.
S.Y. PLATA

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DISASTER RISK REDUCTION | 4RTH QUARTER

LESSON 1: GEOLOGICAL HAZARD: 4. VOLCANIC ERUPTION

MAJOR TYPES OF LANDSLIDE

TWO TYPES OF SLIDES

2. TOPPLES ROTATIONAL (SLUMPS)

2. COVER SUBSIDENCE SINKHOLE

This photo shows a sinkhole under a house in the

• Depressions at ground level

This photo shows crater but no evidence if it caused

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