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Correlation and Regression

correlation and regression, their types and reporting in APA

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Lyba Hussain
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views

Correlation and Regression

correlation and regression, their types and reporting in APA

Uploaded by

Lyba Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Correlation and

Regression
BY LYBA, FARHEEN, SALMA, FAIZA, QOSAIN, SHUKRIYA
Table of contents

 Definition
 Types of correlation coefficient (e.g., Pearson, Spearman)
 Regression
 Types of regression (linear and multiple)
 Interpreting correlation
 APA rules for general formatting of correlation and regression
 References
Correlation

 Correlation is a statistical measure that describes the relationship between two variables. It
indicates both the strength and direction of the relationship between them.

Strength: Direction: Co efficient:


The strength of a The direction of a correlation In correlation, the
correlation is measured by is indicated by the sign with coefficient refers to the
a value called the the correlation coefficient. numerical value that
correlation coefficient, Positive correlation (ranging represents the strength and
denoted as ‘r’ or ‘R’. from 0 to 1) = one variable direction of the relationship
The correlation coefficient increases, the other variable between two variables
ranges from -1 to 1 also tends to increase.
 Correlation Coefficient: The correlation coefficient is a statistical measure that describes the
strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. It ranges from -1 to +1.
Types of correlation coefficient
(pearson and spearman)
Pearson correlation coefficient: often Spearman’s rank order correlation
denoted as "r", coefficient: denoted by p (rho)
is a measure of the strength and direction of is a non-parametric measure of statistical
a linear relationship between two dependence between two variables. It
continuous variables. assesses how well the relationship between
two variables can be described using a
monotonic function.
It ranges from -1 to 1, Ranges from -1 to 1,
1 = perfect positive linear relationship,
-1= perfect negative linear relationship
0 = no linear relationship
Linear relationship (continuous variables) Monotonic relationship (continuous and
ordinal variables)
Normally distributed Non-parametric: does not assume the data
distribution
Regression

 Regression refers to the statistical technique used to model the relationship


between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
 Regression is used to predict the value of a dependent variable based on
the values of one or more independent variable.
 Indicates causation
 Regression coefficient: weight of the impact.
 R values
Simple R: Correlation.
R square: percentage of change in DV by IV.
Types of Regression
Linear regression/simple regression Multiple regression

In linear regression, there is one In multiple regression, there are two or more
independent variable (X) and one independent variables (X1, X2, X3, ...) and
dependent variable (Y). one dependent variable (Y).

It is used when there is a single It is used when there are multiple predictors
independent variable and the relationship of the dependent variable and we want to
between the variables can be understand the combined effect of these
approximated by a straight line. predictors.

•Example: Predicting a person's weight based Example: Predicting a person's income


on their height. based on their education level, years of
experience, and age.
Interpreting correlation
Correlation representation on graph
APA formatting rules for reporting
correlation

 The table will only contain the R or r values and stearics with these values will
indicate significance.
 Table number must be in Bold.
 table name must be in italic with title case.
 No period after table number or name.
 No borders on the sides and between the table.
 p value must be written on the left side after the table and it must be in italic
(size 10).
 In the table description all the symbols and values must be in italics.
 Size 12 will be applied(except the p value)
 Line spacing can be 1, 1.5 or 2.0 but 1.5 is preferable.
Examples with descriptive statistics
Example with simple correlation
Example for two tables
APA formatting rules for reporting
regression analysis
Example for simple linear regression analysis
Example for multiple regression
analysis
References

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQP47ijt4LI& list=PPSV
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVfhz7Db KsE&list=PPSV
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2B eYY8JgokU&list=PPSV
 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sarad-Chandra-
Kafle/publication/343282545_Correlation_and_Regression_Analysis_Using_S
PSS/links/5f215510299bf134048f85d6/Correlation-and-Regression-Analysis-
Using-SPSS.pdf
 https://us.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-
assets/102341_book_item_102341.pdf

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