Research Workshop Series

Multivariate and Multilevel Data Analysis using SPSS, AMOS,

SmartPLS and MPlus
Module 1: Data Analysis using SPSS

Procedures for generating SPSS Outputs

4. Screening and cleaning the data

4.1 Checking for errors
4.1.1 Checking for Categorical Variables
Procedure
Click Analyze === > Descriptive Statistics === > Frequencies (Sex, Marital, Edu)
Move to Variable box
Click Statistics button ===> tick Minimum and Maximum ====> Continue ====> OK
4.1.2 Checking Continuous Variable
PROCEDURE
Click Analyze === > descriptive statistics === > Descriptives
Move ‘Age’ into variable box
Click options : mean, SD, Minimum, Maximum === > continue === > ok
4.2 Finding and Correcting the errors in Data File
Procedure
Click Data Menu and choose sort Cases ====> sort by (Sex) ====> descending ====> ok

5. Descriptive Statistics
5.1 Categorical variable
5.1.1 Frequency and Cross tabs
Procedure
Click Analyze, Descriptive Statistics ==== > Frequencies
Move ‘Sex’ (Variable) into variable box ==== > OK
5.1.2 Continuous variable
Procedure
Analyze === > Descriptive Statistics === > move ‘age’, tpstress’ into variables
Click options ==== > Mean, SD, minimum, maximum, skewness, kurtosis, ==== > continue ====
> ok
5.1.4 Assessing normality
Procedure
Analyze === > Descriptive Statistics ==== > Explore
Click on variables ‘tpstress’, and move to Dependent List === > labal cases by put ‘ID’ variable
Display section “both” is selected
Click on Statistics button == > Descriptive and Outliers === > continue
Click on Plots button === > Descriptive -- > Histogram, normality plots with test === > continue
Click on the option button ====> missing values section, ==== > exclude cases pairwise ====>
continue ===> OK
6. Manipulating the data
6.1 Calculating Total Scale Score
Trainer: Waqar Akbar Assistant Professor: waqar.akbar@szabist.edu.pk
Organized by: Faculty of Management Science, SZABIST Karachi
 Research Workshop Series
Multivariate and Multilevel Data Analysis using SPSS, AMOS,
SmartPLS and MPlus
6.1.1 Step 1: Reserving Negatively worded Items
1. Click on Transform, then click on Recode Into Different Variables.
2. Select the items (op2, op4, op6). Move these into the Input Variable—Output Variable box.
3. Click on the first variable (op2) and type a new name in the Output Variable section on the
right-hand side of the screen and then click the Change button. Repeat for each of the other
variables you wish to reverse (op4 and op6).
4. Click on the Old and New Values button.
In the Old Value section, type 1 in the Value box.
In the New Value section, type 5 in the Value box (this will change all scores that were
originally scored as 1 to a 5).
5. Click on Add. This will place the instruction (1 → 5) in the box labelled Old > New.
6. Repeat the same procedure for the remaining scores. For example:
Old Value—type in 2 New Value—type in 4 Add
Old Value—type in 3 New Value—type in 3 Add
Old Value—type in 4 New Value—type in 2 Add
Old Value—type in 5 New Value—type in 1 Add
Always double-check the item numbers that you specify for recoding and the old and new
values that you enter. Not all scales use a five-point scale; some have four possible responses,
some six and some seven. Check that you have reversed all the possible values for your
particular scale.
7. Click on Continue and then OK

6.1.2 Step 2: Adding up the total scores for the scale

1. From the menu at the top of the screen, click on Transform, then click on Compute
Variable.
2. In the Target Variable box, type in the new name you wish to give to the total scale scores.
3. Click on the Type and Label button. Click in the Label box and type in a description of the
scale (total optimism). Click on Continue.
4. From the list of variables on the left-hand side, click on the first item in the scale (op1).
5. Click on the arrow button to move it into the Numeric Expression box.
6. Click on + on the calculator.
7. Repeat the process until all scale items appear in the box.
8. The complete numeric expression should read as follows:op1+op3+op5+Rop2+Rop4+Rop6.
Or (op1+op3+op5+Rop2+Rop4+Rop6)/6.
9. Double-check that all items are correct and that there are + signs in the right places. Click
OK

6.2 Procedure for collapsing a continuous variable into groups

1. From the menu at the top of the screen, click on Transform and choose Visual Binning.
2. Select the continuous variable that you want to use (e.g. age). Transfer it into the

Trainer: Waqar Akbar Assistant Professor: waqar.akbar@szabist.edu.pk

Organized by: Faculty of Management Science, SZABIST Karachi
 Research Workshop Series
Multivariate and Multilevel Data Analysis using SPSS, AMOS,
SmartPLS and MPlus
Variables to Bin box. Click on the Continue button.
3. In the Visual Binning screen, a histogram showing the distribution of age scores should
appear.
4. In the section at the top labelled Binned Variable, type the name for the new categorical
variable that you will create (e.g. Agegp3). You can also change the suggested label that is
shown (e.g. age in 3 groups).
5. Click on the button labelled Make Cutpoints. In the dialogue box that appears, click on the
option Equal Percentiles Based on Scanned Cases. In the box Number of Cutpoints, specify a
number one less than the number of groups that you want (e.g. if you want three groups, type
in 2 for cutpoints). In the Width (%) section below, you will then see 33.33 appear. This means
that IBM SPSS will try to put 33.3 per cent of the sample in each group. Click on the Apply
button.
6. Click on the Make Labels button back in the main dialogue box. This will automatically
generate value labels for each of the new groups created.
7. Click on OK

6.3 Procedure for recoding a categorical variable

1. Click on Transform, then on Recode into Different Variables. (Make sure you select ‘different
variables’, as this retains the original variable for other analyses.)
2. Select the variable you wish to recode (educ). In the Name box, type a name for the new
variable that will be created (educrec). Type in an extended label if you wish in the Label
section. Click on the button labelled Change.
3. Click on the button labelled Old and New Values.
4. In the section Old Value, you will see a box labelled Value. Type in the first code or value of
your current variable (e.g. 1). In the New Value section, type in the new value that will be used
(or, if the same one is to be used, type that in). Click on the Add button.
5. For the second value, type 2 in the Old Value but in the New Value type 1.
This will recode all the values of both 1 and 2 from the original coding into one group in the
new variable to be created with a value of 1.
6. For the third value of the original variable, I would type 3 in the Old Value and 2 in the New
Value. This is just to keep the values in the new variable in sequence. Click on Add. Repeat for
all the remaining values of the original values. In the table Old > New, you should see the
following codes for this example: 1→1; 2→1; 3→2; 4→3; 5→4; 6→5.
7. Click on Continue and then on OK

7. Reliability test
1. From the menu at the top of the screen, click on Analyze, select Scale, then Reliability
Analysis.
2. Click on all of the individual items that make up the scale (e.g. lifsat1, lifsat2, lifsat3, lifsat4, lifsat5).
Move these into the box marked Items.
3. In the Model section, make sure Alpha is selected.
4. In the Scale label box, type in the name of the scale or subscale (Life Satisfaction).
Trainer: Waqar Akbar Assistant Professor: waqar.akbar@szabist.edu.pk
Organized by: Faculty of Management Science, SZABIST Karachi
 Research Workshop Series
Multivariate and Multilevel Data Analysis using SPSS, AMOS,
SmartPLS and MPlus
5. Click on the Statistics button. In the Descriptives for section, select Item, Scale, and
Scale if item deleted. In the Inter-Item section, click on Correlations. In the Summaries section, click
on Correlations.
6. Click on Continue and then OK

8.Correlation

8.1 Procedure for creating a scatterplot

1. From the menu at the top of the screen, click on Graphs, then Chart Builder, and then OK.
2. Click on the Gallery tab and select Scatter/Dot. Click on the first graph and drag this to the
Chart Preview area by holding your left mouse button down.
3. Click and drag your continuous independent variable (Total PCOISS:tpcoiss) to the X-Axis, and
click and drag your dependent variable (Total perceived stress:tpstress) to the Y-Axis. Both of
these variables need to be nominated as Scale variables.
4. Click on OK

8.2 Procedure for requesting Pearson r

1. Click on Analyze, then select Correlate, then Bivariate.
2. Select your two variables and move them into the box marked Variables (e.g. Total perceived
stress: tpstress, Total PCOISS: tpcoiss). If you wish you can list a whole range of variables here,
not just two. In the resulting matrix, the correlation between all possible pairs of variables will
be listed. This can be quite large if you list more than just a few variables.
3. In the Correlation Coefficients section, the Pearson box is the default option
4. Click on the Options button. For Missing Values, click on the Exclude cases pairwise box.
Under Options, you can also obtain means and standard deviations if you wish.
5. Click on Continue and then on OK

8.3 Procedure for comparing correlation coefficients for two groups of participants
Step 1: Split the sample
1. From the menu at the top of the screen, click on Data, then select Split File.
2. Click on Compare Groups.
3. Move the grouping variable (e.g. sex) into the box labelled Groups based on.
4. This will split the sample by sex and repeat any analyses that follow for these two groups
separately.
Step 2: Correlation
1. Follow the steps in the earlier section of this chapter to request the correlation between your
two variables of interest (e.g. Total optimism: toptim, Total negative affect: tnegaff).
The results will be reported separately for the two groups.

9. Partial Correlation

9.1 Procedure for partial correlation

Trainer: Waqar Akbar Assistant Professor: waqar.akbar@szabist.edu.pk

Organized by: Faculty of Management Science, SZABIST Karachi
 Research Workshop Series
Multivariate and Multilevel Data Analysis using SPSS, AMOS,
SmartPLS and MPlus
1. From the menu at the top of the screen, click on Analyze, then select Correlate, then
Partial.
2. Click on the two continuous variables that you want to correlate (e.g. Total PCOISS:
tpcoiss, Total perceived stress: tpstress). Click on the arrow to move these into the
Variables box.
3. Click on the variable that you wish to control for (e.g. total social desirability: tmarlow) and
move it into the Controlling for box.
4. Click on Options.
• In the Missing Values section, click on Exclude cases pairwise.
• In the Statistics section, click on Zero order correlations.
5. Click on Continue and then OK

10. Multiple Regression

10.1 Standard Multiple Regression

Procedure

 Analyze  Regression  Linear  DV ‘tpstress’

 Put IVs tmast, PCOISS
 Click Statistics button
o Select the following: Estimates, Confidence Intervals, Model Fit, Descriptive, Part
and Partial Correlations and Collinearity Diagnosis
o In the residuals section, select casewise diagnosis and outliers 3 standard
deviation. Continue
 Click on Options button: in the Missing Values section, select Exclude cases pairwise 
Continue
 Click on Plots button
o Click on ZRESID and the arrow button to move this into the Y box.
o Click on ZPRED and the arrow button to movie this into X box.
o In the section headed Standardized Residual Plots, tick the Normal Probability plot
option. click on Continue.
 Click on Save button
o in the section labelled Distances, select Mahalanobis box and Cook’s
o click on Continue and then OK

Procedure

 Analyze  Regression  Linear  DV ‘tpstress’

 Move the variables you wish to control for into the IV box(age, tmarlow)
 Click on the marked button Next. Choose your next block IV (tmast, tpcoiss)
 Click Statistics button

Trainer: Waqar Akbar Assistant Professor: waqar.akbar@szabist.edu.pk

Organized by: Faculty of Management Science, SZABIST Karachi
 Research Workshop Series
Multivariate and Multilevel Data Analysis using SPSS, AMOS,
SmartPLS and MPlus
o Select the following: Estimates, Confidence Intervals, Model Fit, Descriptive, Part
and Partial Correlations and Collinearity Diagnosis
o In the residuals section, select casewise diagnosis and outliers 3 standard
deviation. Continue
 Click on Options button: in the Missing Values section, select Exclude cases pairwise 
Continue
 Click on Plots button
o Click on ZRESID and the arrow button to move this into the Y box.
o Click on ZPRED and the arrow button to movie this into X box.
o In the section headed Standardized Residual Plots, tick the Normal Probability plot
option. click on Continue.
 Click on Save button
o in the section labelled Distances, select Mahalanobis box and Cook’s
 click on Continue and then OK

1.2 Hierarchical multiple regression

Procedure for hierarchical multiple regression

1. From the menu at the top of the screen, click on Analyze, then select Regression, then Linear.
2. Choose your continuous dependent variable (e.g. total perceived stress: tpstress) and move it
into th Dependent box.
3. Move the variables you wish to control for into the Independent(s) box (e.g. age, total social
desirability: tmarlow). This will be the first block of variables to be entered in the analysis (Block
1 of 1).
4. Click on the button marked Next. This will give you a second independent variables box to
enter your second block of variables into (you should see Block 2 of 2).
5. Choose your next block of independent variables (e.g. Total Mastery: tmast, Total PCOISS:
tpcoiss).
6. In the Method box, make sure that this is set to the default (Enter).
7. Click on the Statistics button. Select the following: Estimates, Model fit, R squared change,
Descriptives, Part and partial correlations and Collinearity diagnostics. Click on Continue.
8. Click on the Options button. In the Missing Values section, click on Exclude cases pairwise.
Click on Continue.
9. Click on the Plots button.
• Click on *ZRESID and the arrow button to move this into the Y box.
• Click on *ZPRED and the arrow button to move this into the X box.
• In the section headed Standardized Residual Plots, tick the Normal probability plot option.
Click on Continue.
10. Click on the Save button. Click on Mahalanobis and Cook’s. Click on Continue and then OK.

Trainer: Waqar Akbar Assistant Professor: waqar.akbar@szabist.edu.pk

Organized by: Faculty of Management Science, SZABIST Karachi
 Research Workshop Series
Multivariate and Multilevel Data Analysis using SPSS, AMOS,
SmartPLS and MPlus
11.Factor Analysis
Procedure (Part 1)

1. From the menu at the top of the screen, click on Analyze, then select Dimension Reduction, and
then Factor.

2. Select all the required variables (or items on the scale). In this case, select the items that make up
the PANAS Scale (pn1 to pn20). Move them into the Variables box.

3. Click on the Descriptives button.

In the Statistics section, make sure that Initial Solution is ticked.
In the section marked Correlation Matrix, select the options Coefficients and KMO and
Bartlett’s test of sphericity. Click on Continue.
4. Click on the Extraction button.
In the Method section, make sure Principal components is shown, or choose one of the other
factor extraction techniques (e.g. Maximum likelihood).
In the Analyze section, make sure the Correlation matrix option is selected. In the Display
section, select Screeplot and make sure the Unrotated factor solution option is also selected.
In the Extract section, select Based on Eigenvalue or, if you want to force a specific number of
factors, click on Fixed number of factors and type in the number. Click on Continue.
5. Click on the Rotation button. Choose Direct Oblimin and press Continue.
6. Click on the Options button.
In the Missing Values section, click on Exclude cases pairwise.
In the Coefficient Display Format section, click on Sorted by size and Suppress small
coefficients. Type the value of .3 in the box next to Absolute value below. This means that only
loadings above .3 will be displayed, making the output easier to interpret.
7. Click on Continue and then OK

Procedure (Part 2)
1. Repeat all steps in Procedure (Part 1), but when you click on the Extraction button click on Fixed
number of factors. In the box next to Factors to extract type in the number of factors you would like
to extract (e.g. 2).
2. Click on Continue and then OK.

12. T-Test

12.1 Independent Sample t-test

Procedure for independent-samples t-test

1. From the menu at the top of the screen, click on Analyze, then select Compare means, then
Independent Samples T test.

Trainer: Waqar Akbar Assistant Professor: waqar.akbar@szabist.edu.pk

Organized by: Faculty of Management Science, SZABIST Karachi
 Research Workshop Series
Multivariate and Multilevel Data Analysis using SPSS, AMOS,
SmartPLS and MPlus
2. Move the dependent (continuous) variable (e.g. total self-esteem: tslfest) into the Test variable
box.
3. Move the independent variable (categorical) variable (e.g. sex) into the section labelled Grouping
variable.
4. Click on Define groups and type in the numbers used in the data set to code each group. In the
current data file, 1=males, 2=females; therefore, in the Group 1 box, type 1, and in the Group 2 box,
type 2. If you cannot remember the codes used, right click on the variable name and then choose
Variable Information from the popup box that appears. This will list the codes and labels.
5. Click on Continue and then OK

12.2 Paired-samples t-test

Procedure for paired-samples t-test

1. From the menu at the top of the screen, click on Analyze, then select Compare Means, then Paired
Samples T test.
2. Click on the two variables that you are interested in comparing for each subject (e.g. fost1: fear of
stats time1, fost2: fear of stats time2) and move them into the box labelled Paired Variables by
clicking on the arrow button. Click on OK.

Trainer: Waqar Akbar Assistant Professor: waqar.akbar@szabist.edu.pk

Organized by: Faculty of Management Science, SZABIST Karachi