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SPSS

IBM SPSS Statistics is a software program for statistical data analysis, featuring a Data Editor window for data entry and an Output file window for results display. The document provides instructions on reverse coding items in SPSS, detailing steps for both recoding into the same variable and into different variables, along with tips for data entry and cleaning. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining data integrity and following proper procedures to avoid errors in analysis.

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toolbreaker8
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1 views

SPSS

IBM SPSS Statistics is a software program for statistical data analysis, featuring a Data Editor window for data entry and an Output file window for results display. The document provides instructions on reverse coding items in SPSS, detailing steps for both recoding into the same variable and into different variables, along with tips for data entry and cleaning. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining data integrity and following proper procedures to avoid errors in analysis.

Uploaded by

toolbreaker8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SPSS

IBM SPSS Statistics (SPSS) is a software program that helps users analyze data
statistically. The SPSS interface has two main windows: the Data Editor window and
the Output file window. The Data Editor window is similar to a spreadsheet and is
where you can create variables, transform data, and run analyses. The Output file
window records your actions and displays results and visuals.
Data Editor window
 The default window that opens when SPSS starts
 Displays data in a spreadsheet format
 Has two tabs: Data View and Variable View
 Data View shows the data set
 Variable View shows information about the variables in the data set
Output file window
 Keeps a record of your actions, including analysis results and visuals
 Displays results and visuals such as charts, graphs, and tables
Syntax Editor window
 Used to run commands, such as opening files, editing data, and running statistical
procedures

 QUESTION : HOW TO DO REVERSE CODING OF ITEMS IN


SPSS?
“RECODE INTO SAME VARIABLE”
STEPS 1: After data entry, go to Transform option and then click on Recode into
same variables .
Step 2 : Select items (variables) that has to be reverse , then it will appear in a
small box on the right side , when u select the item that has to be reverse code then
name and label that variable on the output variable box. then click on Old and
New values option . and add old value of that item and then add the new one .
Example: likert type 1-7, then how u reverse score :
(Old values) (NEW VALUES)
1 7
2 6
3 5
4 4
5 3
6 2
7 1

STEP 3 : and click on add as u entered the new values. And click on continue.
STEP 4 : so it will chng the values within your data or in that specific item
column , u can check it by the option of sorting ascending and descending
while clicking on that whole column or item that has been reversed.

AI : To reverse code a variable in SPSS, go to Transform > Recode into


Different Variables, select the variable you want to reverse, then in the "Old
and New Values" section, specify how you want to flip the values (e.g., a value
of 1 becomes the highest value and vice versa) and click "Add" for each change
you make; finally, click "Continue" and "OK" to create a new variable with the
reversed codes.

 “RECODING INTO DIFFERENT VARIABLE”

All steps are the same as for recode into same variable , but the difference in
this is ; after u do all the steps , a separate column will be showed at the last of
the data sheet .
 Use "Transform > Recode into Different Variables":
This is the function in SPSS to change the coding of a variable.
 Create a new variable:
It's generally recommended to create a new variable with the reversed codes
instead of overwriting the original data.
 "Old and New Values" section:
This is where you define how to flip the values, specifying the original value and
the new value you want to assign to it.
 Remember to label appropriately:
When creating a new variable with reversed codes, make sure to give it a clear
name that indicates it has been reverse coded.
Example:
 If you have a Likert scale where 1 means "strongly disagree" and 5 means
"strongly agree", and you want to reverse code it, you would set "1" as the "old
value" and "5" as the "new value" in the "Old and New Values" section.

There are some advantages and disadvantages of it :

 TIPS TO REMEMBER:
 Keep the originality of data
 Make a copy of your data sheet after u entered all data , all demographics
and items of scale , don’t do any reverse coding or analysis.
 Do all these chngs in copy data file.

 before the COMPUTATION PROCESS make sure to do the above steps and “
RECODE WITHIN SAME VARIABLE IS MORE PREFERABLE”.

 HOW TO CLEAN DATA MANUALLY ON SPSS


Key steps for manual data cleaning in SPSS:
 Access the data:
Open your dataset in SPSS and switch to the "Data View" tab where you can see the
raw data in a spreadsheet format.
 Identify errors:
 Visual inspection: Scroll through the data, looking for obvious errors like incorrect
values, inconsistent formatting, or missing data.

 HOW TO ENTER DATA ON SPSS


To manually enter data into SPSS, open a new dataset by clicking "File" > "New" >
"Data", then simply type your data directly into the cells of the spreadsheet-like
interface, where each column represents a variable and each row represents a case,
ensuring you define variable names and attributes in the "Variable View" before
entering data; you can navigate between "Data View" to enter data and "Variable
View" to set variable properties.
Key points about manual data entry in SPSS:
 Create a new dataset:
Start by going to "File" > "New" > "Data" to open a blank data sheet.
 Define variables:
Before entering data, switch to "Variable View" by clicking the tab at the bottom of
the window. Here, you will name each variable, specify its data type (numeric,
string, etc.), and set any necessary labels or value labels.
 Enter data in "Data View":
Switch back to "Data View" and start typing data values into the appropriate cells,
with each column representing a variable and each row representing a case.
 Important considerations:
 Label your variables clearly: Use descriptive names for your variables to avoid
confusion later on.
 Check for errors: Double-check your data entry for accuracy as you go.
 Use value labels for categorical variables: If you have categorical data, assign
meaningful labels to each value to improve analysis interpretation.

 Some important TIPS while using spss


1 Don’t make categories of your variables , make it open as it will not
restrict your data and your questionnaires will not be discarded . keep
them natural don’t force to make categories. EXAMPLE : age , keep it
open , education keep it open don’t make categories.
2 Keep your data file or save it , it can help u later in life if u ever want to
do research again .
3 Before computation process do reverse coding of items , not do it
manually by yourself like adding reverse score when entering data . No
just command spss as written above and it will do it for u . Otherwise it
will detriot your data , if u do it by yourself.
4 Make sure to do reverse coding if the manuall of scale has asked to do it ,
sometimes we forget to do it and run our whole analysis , but actually
that results are of no use.

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